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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the two types of reproduction?
1. Asexual
2. Sexual
What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction?
1. Fission - organism divides into two
2. Budding - body region grows and seperates
3. Fragmentation - Body is broken into pieces, pieces become new organism
4. Regeneration - lost body part grows back and becomes new organism
What is the primary outcome of reproduction?
Producing genetic diversity.
What is recombination?
Exchange of DNA molecules present on chromosomes that shuffles genetic material
What is a mutation?
A change in the structure of amino acids in the proteins of DNA.
What are the two sexual forms of reproduction?
1. Dioecious - Female and male organisms mate
2. monoecious - both female and male reproductive systems
What is parthenogenesis?
Female produces egg that becomes new individual, only one gender in species.
What are the pros of being an asexual species?
1. adapted for stable environment
2. fast reproduction (colonizing)
3. no need to find mate
What are the pros and cons of sexual reproduction?
1. GENETIC DIVERSITY
2. slow/requires energy
3. requires finding of a mate
Review Female Hormonal Reproductive Cycle.
Review.
What are the 5 steps of mitosis?
1. prophase
2. metaphase
3. anaphase
4. telophase
5. cytokenisis
What is a linkage group?
A pair of genetic information that are often transmitted together.
What is an allele?
An alternative form of a gene found at a specific position on a specific chromosome.
What are the 3 steps of prophase?
1. chromosomes coiled tightly
2. centrosomes migrate to opposite sides
3. nuclear membrane breaks down
What occurs in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in middle between centrosomes
What 2 steps occur in Anaphase?
1. centromeres divide
2. chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
What occurs in telophase?
opposite of prophase.
1. chromosomes uncoiled
2. nuclear membrane reforms
What is cytokenesis?
Division of cell cytoplasm.
What was preformationism?
Inside of sperm there was a little human called a "hummunculus" that grew in the egg of a woman.
What is epigenesis?
Fertilized egg in early development has unspecialized cells, as egg grows the cells specialize.
What are the 3 Mendelian laws of genetics?
1. Law of Dominance and Recessiveness - One trait is dominant over another
2. Law of Segregation - Homologous chromosomes are seperated at first miotic division
3. Law of Random Assortment
What chromosome is not found in a pair?
The sex chromosome
What is sex-linkage?
Genes that are located on the x chromosome
What is autosomal?
Genes that are not located on x chromosome, (not sex-linkage).
What is a sex limited trait?
A trait that is limited to phenotypic expression based on gender.
What is a sex influenced trait?
A trait that is expressed in different ways because of gender based hormonal differences.
What is a pedigree?
A summary of recurring characteristics in a family.
What are the 2 major categories of chromosomal mutation?
1. change in chromosome number
2. changes in chromosome structure
What is nondisjunction?
Rather than seperating in meiosis homologs go to the same pole
What is an aneuploid? polyploid?
Not a normal chromosomal make-up.
Too many chromosomes.
What is the usual error that leads to changes in chromosome structure?
Breaks in chromosome that are not repaired correctly.
What is heterochromatinization?
Making a chromosome into heterochromatin, thus turning it off.
What is crossing-over or recombination?
Shuffling of genetic material present on homologues that occurs during Prophase.
What is recombinational mapping?
Measurement of the relative size of spacing between genes.
What are the 3 materials that make up a nucleic acid?
1. 5 carbon sugar
2. phosphoric acid
3. a base
What are the four bases found in DNA?
1. adenine
2. guanine
3. cytosine
4. thymine
Which bases are purine?
Adenine and guanine
Which bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine and thymine
What are the 3 major characteristics of a DNA molecule?
1. deoxyribose sugar
2. double-stranded helix
3. thymine instead of uracil
What are the 3 major characteristics of a RNA molecule?
1. ribose sugar
2. single-stranded
3. uracil instead of thymine
Which end does DNA add to in order to grow?
3' end
In which direction is DNA read?
5' to 3'
What does cytosine bond to?
Guanine, 3 hydrogen bonds
What does thymine bond to?
Adenine, 2 hydrogen bonds
Review central dogma of molecular biology.
review.
What is the code that RNA reads DNA with?
Non-overlapping triplet code
What is a frameshift mutation?
Massive change in coding product caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides.
What are the three steps of replication?
1. enzymes unwind double helix
2. proteins bind to single strand of dna to keep it seperated
3. process begins with short RNA primer that provides binding spot
4. ligase bonds Okazaki fragments
What are Okazaki fragments?
Unconnected fragments on the lagging strand in the DNA replication process.
What is a polymerase chain reaction?
An artificial dna replication.
What is transcription?
Making mRNA from a DNA molecule.
REVIEW REPLICATION/TRANSCRIPTION.
review
What are the 3 functional components of development?
1. cellular differentiation
2. pattern formation
3. morphogenesis
What is cellular differentiation?
A general cell type will specialize
What is pattern formation?
Defining where, spatially, cells are going to differentiate
What is morphogenesis?
Movement of cells to sculpt the shape of the body.
Review Operon system.
review.