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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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natural selection
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the differential survival and or reproductive success of individuals of particular genotypes in response to environmental challenges
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macroevolution
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large scale events such as new species appearing and new ones dying out.
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microevolution
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small scale changes that occur in allele frequencies within a population
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uniforitarinaism
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forces that formed the earth acted in gradual, yet uniform, way, producing profound changes overtime.
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catastrophism
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a series of catastrophes has caused the geographic changes.
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principle of superposition
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older simpler fossils appeared at lower layers of rock,
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convergent evolution
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adapted in similar ways to similar environmental conditions although they are not closely related
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artificial selection
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the breeding strategies used to produce varieties of organisms with specific combinations of inherited traits using naturally occurring versions of inherited traits.
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allele
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am alternate form of a gene
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gene pool
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all the genes and alleles in a population
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adaptive radiation
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the divergence of several new types from a single ancestral type
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sexual selection
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a type of natural selection that directly effects traits that increase an individuals chance of reproducing.
ex. elaborate feathers, horns, courtship songs |
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population
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a group of members of species that interbreed
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gene flow
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the allele movement among populations
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hardy-weinberg equilibrium
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mathematics used to describe the highly unlikely event that allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. Pg. 288
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genetic drift
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changes in gene frequencies when caused by separation of a small group from a larger population.
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founder effect
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genetic drift that occurs after a small group founds a new settlement, partitioning a subset of the original populations genes. Pg. 291
The new colony might have different allele frequencies then the original colony amplifying some traits while diminishing or eliminating others. |
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bottle neck effect/population bottleneck
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occurs when the size of a genetically diverse population drastically falls and only a few individuals mate to restore it.
Ex. the Cheetah Pg. 292 |
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sexual dimorphism
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the difference in appearance between males and females of the same species
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biological species
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a type of organism that can sexually reproduce only with others of the same type, or a type of organism whose set of characteristics distinguishes it from all others.
Pg. 302 |
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speciation
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The formation of a new species.
They can no longer interbreed and make fertile offspring |
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Phylogenies
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evolutionary tress. depict species relationships based on descent from shared ancestors.
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Prezygotic barriers
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affect the ability of two related species to combine gametes or even meet another.
Ex. Mechanical, Ecological, Temporal, Behavioral, Gametic, Chromosomal |
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Postsygotic Barriers
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May act at any time after fertilization, arresting development, or producing a weak, malformed, or infertile offspring.
Ex. Hybrid inviability, Hybrid Infertility |
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Ecological Isolation
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Different environments. Habitat isolation
Ex. Polar Bears and Pandas might be able to mate but they would never encounter eachother. |
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Temporal Isolation
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Based on differences or timing. Active or fertile at different times. d
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Behavioral Isolation
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Differences in activites.
Ex. the mating dances of different types of birds |
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Gametic Isolation
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Gametes Cannot combine
Ex. plants, the pollen tubes of one species may be to short to reach the ovum of a related species |
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Chromosomal Isolation
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chromosomes cannot pair. Can drive speciation.
Ex. Clarkia rubicunda under went a bottle neck event |
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Hybrid Infertility
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Hybrids lack the ability to make or deliver viable gametes
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Hybrid Inviability
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gametes combine, but development cannot produce a viable embryo
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Polyploidy
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chromosomal change in which the number or sets of chromosomes increase
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autopolyploid
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when extra chromsomes sets derive from the same species.
pg. 307 |
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allopolyploids
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gametes from two species fuse
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allopatric speciation
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a geological event or structure physically separates a population into two groups.
Agents of this are volcanoes, earthquakes, storms, tidal waves, glaciers, floods, formation or destruction of mountains or bodies of water |
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plate tectonics
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the movement of land masses that resting on plates that float on molten rock
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parapatric speciation
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neighboring populations share a border zone. The formation of a new species at the boundary zone between two species
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sympatric speciation
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the formation of a new species with in the boundaries of a parent species
Ex. Cichlids. Pg. 308 |
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adaptive radiation
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the divergence of several new types of organisms from a single ancestral type
Ex. the finches |
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cladograms
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a diagram representing evolutionary relationships of a group or organims
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synapamorphy
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shared derived characteristics. the red dots on the cladogram
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convergent evolution
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organisms that have similar adaptations to a similar environmental challenges but that are not related by descent.
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relative dating
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determining the age of a fossil by comparisons to known ages of adjacent fossils in rock strata
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absolute dating
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determining the age of a fossil by direct measurement, usually involving radioisotope decay
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clade
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a group with specific features that are common to only that group
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half-life
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the time it takes for half the isotopes in a sample of an element to decay into a second isotope.
Pg.331 |
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derived character
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the distinguishing feature or a clade
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isotope
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an element with different number or neutrons than the original element
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vesitgial
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a structure that seems not to have a function in an organism but that resembles a functional organ in another species
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analogous
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structures that resemble eachother superficially
Pg 333 |
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homologous
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similarities in body parts between two species related by common descent
Pg 333 |
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embryology
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the features and phenomena exhibited in the formation and development of an embryo. a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development
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phylogenetics
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Phylogenetic systematics is the formal name for the field within biology that reconstructs evolutionary history and studies the patterns of relationships among organisms.
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synteny
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identical sequences of genes along parts of chromosomes
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vertebrates
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animals with backbones
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invertebrates
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animals w/o backbone
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cephalization
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the tendency to concentrate neural elements such as sensory organs and a brain at the anterior end of the organism
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blastula
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the stage of early animal embryonic development that consists or hollow ball of cells
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heterotroph
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an organism that obtains carbon by eating another organism
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eukaryote
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a complex cell containing membrane-bounded organelles
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gastrula
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a three-layered embryo
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gastrulation
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the blastula becomes a gastrula through invagination
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blastopore
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an indentation in an animal embryo that develops into the mouth in protosomes and the anus in deuterostomes
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blastocoel
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the fluid-filled cavity of a blastula
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endoderm
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in an animal embryo, the germ layer, whose cells become the organs and linings of the digestive and respiratory systems
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ectoderm
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in an animal embryo, the outermost germ layer, whose cells become part of the nervous system, sense organs and the outer skin layer
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mesoderm
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the middle embryonic germ layer, whose cells become bone, muscle, blood, dermis, and reproductive organs
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acoelomate
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an animal that lacks a coelom (body cavity)
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coelom
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a fluid filled animal body cavity that is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
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coelomate
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an animal with a coelom
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pseduocoelomate
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an animal with a pseudcoelom
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pseudocoelom
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a fluid-filled animal body cavity lined by endoderm and mesoderm
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bilateral symmetry
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a body form in which only one plane divides the animal into mirror image halves
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radial symmetry
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an animal body form in which any plane passing from one end to the other divides the body into mirror images
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triploblastic
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an animal whose adult tissues arise from three germ layers in the embryo
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diploblastic
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an animal whose tissues arise from two germ layers in the embryo
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radial cleavage
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the pattern of directly alligned blastomeres in the early deuterostome embryo
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spiral cleavage
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patten of early cleavage in cells protostomes, resembling a sprial
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indeterminate cleavage
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cell division in early animal embryo in which cells are not committed to a particular developmental pathway.
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determinate cleavage
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cell division in early animal embryo in which cells commit to a particular developmental pathway
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spicule
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glassy or limy material that makes up sponge skeletons
pg. 467 |
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protostome
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an animal lineage with sprial, determinante cleavage and a blastopore that develops into a mouth
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deuterostome
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an animal lineage with radial, indeterminate cleavage, and an anus that forms into a blastopore
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indeterminate cleavage
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cell division in early animal embryo in which cells are not committed to a particular developmental pathway.
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determinate cleavage
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cell division in early animal embryo in which cells commit to a particular developmental pathway
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spicule
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glassy or limy material that makes up sponge skeletons
pg. 467 |
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protostome
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an animal lineage with sprial, determinante cleavage and a blastopore that develops into a mouth
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deuterostome
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an animal lineage with radial, indeterminate cleavage, and a blastopore that forms into an anus
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ecdysozoan
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one of the two protostome lineages, characterized by periodic molting. Pg. 465
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lophotrochozoan
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one of the two protostome lineages, characyerized by distinct developmental patterns and/or specialized feeding structures. pg 465
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gastropod
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a mollusk with a broad flat foot for crawling (snails and slugs)
Chapter 5 |
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cephalodpod
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a type or marine mollusk with a reduced or absent shell and well-developed brain and eyes. includes octopuses and squids.
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bivalve
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a mollusk that has a two part shell
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cnidocyte
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cell in cnidaria that contains nematocyte
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mantle
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a dorsal fold of tissue that secretes a shell in mollusks
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muscular foot
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a ventral organ in mollusks that is used in locomotion
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segmentation
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in digestion, localized muscle contractions in the small intestine that provide mechanical digestion. Also, division of an animal body into repeated subunits
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visceral mass
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part of the molluscan body; contains the digestive and reproductive systems
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mandibulate
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animals with jaws
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parazoa Pg. 463
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a subkingdom. contains only one extant phylum (porifera or sponges) in sponges cells aggregate to form a body, and different cells have distinct structures and functions but they do not interact as they would in true tissue.
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eumetazoa Pg. 463
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all other animals not in the subkingdom parazoa belong to this subkingdom. They have true tissues. For example some cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals) have cells linked into "nerve nets" that coordinate movement. In more complex ones tissues form organs linked into systems that carry out specific functions. Flatworms are the simplest.
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bilateria Pg. 465
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biateral symmetry and triploblastic
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radiata pg. 465
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radial symmetry and diploblastic.
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chelicerates
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subphylum of arthropods. include marine horseshoe crabs, and the mainly terrestrial arachnids such as mites, ticks, scorpions, and spiders.
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roundworms
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phylum nematoda. Has a "false coelom" aka pseudocoelom and are termed pseudocoelomates
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flatworms
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Phylum Platehelminthes. include planarians, flukes, and tapeworms. Triploblastic, unsegmented animals with bilateral symmetry.
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Segmented worm
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Phylum Annelids (annelida). Their main characteristic is being segmented. Includes three easily recognized classes, oligochaetes, such as earthworms, polychaetes (marine segmented worms), hirudinea includes leeches.
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tube feet
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cuplike structures connected to the water vascular system in the echinoderms, provides locomotion
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endoskeleton
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an internal scaffolding type of skeleton in vertebrates and some invertebrates
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
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one of the four characteristics of chordates, derived from a plate of embryonic ectoderm
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notochord
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a semirigid rod running down the length of a chordates body.
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pharyngeal gill slits/pouches/arches
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where endoderm and ectoderm grow towards eachother in the throat region or a chordate embryo
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post anal tail
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one of the four characteristics of chordates in which the notochord and associated muscles extend posteriorly beyond the anus
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chordate
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an animal that at some point during its development has a notochord, hollow nerve cord, hill slits, and postanal tail
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lancelet
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one of the three types of invertebrate chordate pg 493
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vertebrate
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an animal that has a vertebral column
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lamprey
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the first jawless fish with cartilage around the nerve cord; the simplest true vertebrate
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hagfish
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a jawless fish with a cranium and lacking supportive cartliage around the nerve cord. pg 496
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placoderm
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an extinct line of giant fishes with jaws, paired fins, and notochord with some bone.
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bony fish
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a fish with a skeleton reinforced with mineral deposits to form the bone.
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lobe-finned fishes
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a type of fish with limblike fins. Pg. 499
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lungfish
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a type of fish with air bladders adapted as lungs. pg 725
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hagfish
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a jawless fish with a cranium and lacking supportive cartliage around the nerve cord. pg 496
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placoderm
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an extinct line of giant fishes with jaws, paired fins, and notochord with some bone.
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bony fish
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a fish with a skeleton reinforced with mineral deposits to form the bone.
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lobe-finned fishes
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a type of fish with limblike fins. Pg. 499
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lungfish
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a type of fish with air bladders adapted as lungs. pg 499
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tetrapod
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a four limed vertebrate
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amphibian
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a tetrapod vertebrate that can live on land, but requires water to reproduce
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amniote
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a vertebrate that has extraembryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois) includes reptiles, birds, mammals
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anapsid
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reptiles lacking holes in the side of its skull
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synapsid
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vertebrate with a single opening behind each eye orbit; mammals and their immediate ancestors
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diapsid
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animals with two openings behind each eye orbit in its skull
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marsupial
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a pouched animal
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placenta
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a structure that connects the developing fetus to the maternal circulation in many mammals
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monotreme
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an egg laying mammal
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endotherm
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an animal that uses metabolic heat to regulate its temperature
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ectotherm
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an animal that obtains heat primarily from its external surroundings
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pentaradial symmetry
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a form where the animal has five arms. Ex sea stars and brittle stars
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urochordate pg 490
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subphylum of a chordate. tunicates.
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cephalochordate pg 490
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subphylum or chordates. lancelets. invertabrates.
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sea squirts pg 492
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the best studied tunicates (ascidians) are also called this. Called this because they forcibly eject water from their excurrent siphons if disturbed
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craniate
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having a cranium
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