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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aristotle
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384-322 B.C.
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Dioscorides
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First century surgeon to Nero's armies, wrote an influential herbal
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Physiologus
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Second century greek, wrote a popular bestiary
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Galen
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First experimental physiologist
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Vesalius
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Recognized mistakes of galen, added idea of observation instead of just appealing to authority
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Harvey
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circulation of blood, mechanism not mysticism
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Hooke
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cork of trees, coined term "cell"
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Leeuwenhoek
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invented microscope
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What is zoology?
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The science of animal life
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What are the 8 signs of life?
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Breathing, metabolism, organization, irritability, growth, movement, reproduction, adaptation
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What is metabolism?
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The sum total of all the biochemical processes that are occuring in a living organism.
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What is fixation?
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capturing and use of energy.
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What is irritability?
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The ability of a living system to adjust internally to an external stimulus.
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What is growth?
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Change in an organism size, while maintaining organization.
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What are the three ways to study animals?
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In groups, as individuals, specific kinds
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What is cytology?
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The study of cells
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What is morphology?
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The study of shape
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What is histology?
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The study of tissues
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What is anatomy?
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The study of larger structers (heart)
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What is taxonomy?
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The study of animal classification
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What is distribution?
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The spatial relationships of animals
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What is ecology?
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The study of a specific local environment
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What is zoogeography?
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The study of animal relationships on a larger scale
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What are the five major themes in Zoology?
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Theory of evolution, cell theory, gene theory, law of biogenesis, metabolism is mediated by enzymes
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What is the Theory of Evolution's two major components?
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1. Genetic make-up of an animal can change over time.
2. Descent with modification. |
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What are the two components of the Law of Biogenesis?
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1. All life comes from living sources.
2. There is no longer spontaneous generation. |
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What is the cell theory?
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All life is composed of cells.
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What is the gene theory?
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DNA encodes the information for development.
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What are enzymes?
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Catalysts made out of proteins.
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What is science?
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The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
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What are the steps of the scientific process?
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Observation>Hypothesis>Predictions>test
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What is heuristic value?
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It teaches us something.
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What is Occam's razor?
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Law of Parsimony - Hypothesis should not be more complicated than necessary.
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What are the three methods of experimental design?
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Common Factors, Concommitant Variation, Method of Differences
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What is the Common Factors method?
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If certain things happen there may be a cause/effect relationship.
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What is the Concommitant Variation method?
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If we change one variable the other changes along with it.
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What is the method of differences?
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Experimental/control groups
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What are the two factors that allowed spontaneous generation?
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1. Very little free oxygen, allowed molecules to grow.
2. There were no organisms that ate the first molecules. |
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When was the Miller-Urey experiment performed and what did it prove?
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The experiment was performed in 1953 and created a model of what the early atmosphere may have been like, sparking it with electricity which created the building blocks of life.
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What is a monomer?
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A single subunit, simple. (amino acids, simple sugars, nucleic acid)
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What is a polymer?
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A chain of monomers. (proteins, starch, DNA, RNA)
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What is a protobiont?
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A primitive system, capable of protecting areas of molecular activity, can perform simple metabolism.
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Who seperately produced the cell theory?
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Schleiden and Schwann
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What are the two domains in a cell?
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The nucleus and the cytoplasm
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What are the three types of mixtures?
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1. Solution
2. Suspension 3. Colloid |
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What is a solution?
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A homogenous mixture. (Salt in water)
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What is a suspension?
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A heterogeneous mixture. (sand in water)
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What is a colloid?
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Large molecules suspended in water. (flour in water)
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What is brownian motion?
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Thermal agitation.
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What is a sol?
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The water stage of colloid with evenly distributed particles.
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What is a gel?
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A colloid in which particles (proteins) form bonds
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What two factors influence gel consistency?
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Heat and acidity
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What is an ionic bond?
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A bond between two atoms which have almost complete outside shells; involves the complete transfer of an electron from one atom to another, with subsequent binding of the ions of opposite charge.
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What is a covalent bond?
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A bond between atoms that are neither strong electron donors nor strong electron acceptors; involves the sharing of electrons to form complete outer shells.
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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A low energy bond in which a hydrogen atom acts as though it is shared between two other atoms forming a "bridge".
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What are the 4 organic molecules?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids |
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What is a dehydration reaction?
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Synthesis reaction creating covalent bonds between monomers, thus creating polymers. (water removed)
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What is hydrolysis?
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Water replaces covalent bonds in polymers forming monomers.
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What are carbohydrates key characteristics?
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1. Includes sugars, starches (stored in plants) and glycogen (stored in animals.
2. Two hydrogen for each carbon and oxygen. |
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What are Lipids key characteristics?
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1. Best examples are fats
2. Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and other elements. MUCH LESS OXYGEN than carbohydrates. 3. Composed of glycerol plus three fatty acids. |
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What are proteins key characteristics?
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1. Chains of amino acids that may be 100 to over 1000 amino acids long.
2. Linked by dehydration reactions that form polypeptide bonds between adjacent amino acids. 3. Vary in shape- fibrous or globular. |
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What is a polypeptide?
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Many amino acids joined together.
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What is collagen?
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The most common protein in the body, fibrous in shape, forms matrix of areolar connective tissue and cartilage.
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What are enzymes?
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Proteins that serve as catalysts of biochemical reactions in the body. Have active sites that reduce the energy require in binding or breaking.
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What are the four different levels that protein shape can be described on?
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1. Primary - The specific amino acid sequence.
2. Secondary - The alpha helix, a coil common to many parts of a typical amino acid chain. 3. Tertiary - The three-dimensional folding of the chain, determines protein function. 4. Quaternary - The linking together of seperate polypeptides to produce a single functional protein |
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What are the six important elements occuring in living systems?
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Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur
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What are prokaryotes?
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A group of organisms that lack a nucleus and organelles. Ex. bacteria, blue-green algae.
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What are eukaryotes?
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A group of organisms which possess a nucleus and organelles. Ex. plant, animal cells
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What is diffusion?
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Movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
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What is differential permeability?
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When a membrane is selectively permeable.
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What is active transport?
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Transport carried out by specific proteins that bind with molecules and use ATP to actively bring in our put out molecules.
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What is phagocytosis?
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Cell eating large objects, surrounds target with membrane.
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What is pinocytosis?
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Smaller than phagocytosis, but still too big for active transport.
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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What does hypotonic mean?
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When there is less water inside a cell than outside the cell.
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What does hypertonic mean?
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When there is more water in a cell than outside the cell.
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What does isotonic mean?
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When there is an equal concentration of water inside the cell and outside the cell.
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What are microfilaments?
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Filaments inside a cell that play a role in cell size, movement and maintaining the shape of the cell.
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What are microtubules?
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Tubules that function in movement of molecules inside the cell.
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What is endoplasmic reticulum?
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An inner network of folded membranes with the cell that allows for cellular transportation.
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What is the difference between between smooth endoplasmic reticulum and rough?
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Smooth does not have ribosomes on its wall and rough does. The rough is a sight for protein synthesis.
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What are ribosomes?
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Protein and RNA solid globular structures that are the workbench of protein synthesis.
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What is the Golgi apparatus?
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A membraneous structure that packages cell products.
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What are vesicles?
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Cellular structures that function in the storage of products from the Golgi apparatus.
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What is the lysosome?
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Body within the cell that breaks down materials within the cell.
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What are the mitochondria?
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Organelles with a double membraneous structure. Inner membrane is folded to allow larger surface area for synthesis of ATP.
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What is the nucleus?
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The organelle that controls the growth and reproduction of the cell.
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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Reinforces cell's shape, functions in cell movement; components are made of protein
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What are cilia?
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Hairlike extensions of the cell membrane that aid in cell locomotion.
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What are flagellum?
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Locomotive organelle composed of membrane-enclosed microtubules.
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What are the three types of cellular junctions?
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1. Tighty junction - proteins sow cells together.
2. Desmosome - Anchoring junction, protein filaments extend into other cell 3. Gap junction - Communicating junction, spaces through wich molecules can pass. |
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What did Hammerling work on?
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Acetabularia.
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What is a tissue?
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A sheet or layer of similarly specialized cells.
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What is epithelial tissue's function, examples, and structure?
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Epithelial tissue functions as a cover and is eximplified in the skin and lining of organs. The structure consists of tightly attached cells.
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What is squamous epithelium?
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Thin and leaky, function in the exchange of material by diffusion. Line blood veseels and the air sacs of the lungs, where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical.
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What is cuboidal epithelium?
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Cells specialized for secretion, make up the epithelia of kidney tubules and many glands.
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What is columnar epithelium?
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Lines the intestines, secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients.
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What are the 5 types of connective tissue?
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1. loose/areolar
2. cartilage 3. bone 4. ligaments 5. tendons |
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What is loose/areolar connective tissue?
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Most widespread connective tissue in body, binds skin and holds organ in place, loose structure with collagen and fiber.
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What is cartilage?
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Abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix made of protein-carbohydrate complex. Nose, ears
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What is bone?
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Bone cells arranged in concentric rings around Haversian canals, material between cells is bone matrix. Called a Haversian system.
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What are ligaments?
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Connective tissues that attach bones to bones.
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What are tendons?
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Connective tissues that connect muscle to bone.
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What is blood?
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Red blood cells and white blood cells suspended in a liquid matrix called blood plasma.
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What are the three types of muscles tissue?
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1. skeletal
2. cardiac 3. smooth |
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What is skeletal muscle?
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Striated muscle, voluntarily moved, consists of long, multinucleated fibers.
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What is cardiac muscle?
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Muscle of the heart, a network of fibers, striated with nuclei centered.
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What is smooth muscle?
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Spindle shape cells found in internal organs, not striated, involuntary.
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How do we classify animals?
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By a relational organizational system. What degree of similarity/differences does a newly discovered organism have to others?
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Who established the hierarchical system in which animals are divided?
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Linnaeus
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What is the order of classification for living animals?
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Kingdom > Phylum > Order > Class > Family > Genus > Species
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What is the rule for the names of all the classification except genus and species?
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CAPITALIZE!
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What is the rule for genus and species names?
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UNDERLINE!
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What is scanning power?
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The eyepiece which has a magnification of 10x with the lowest nosepiece which is 4x thus 40x is scanning power.
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What are the four levels of classification?
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1. single cell vs. multicellular
2. no tissue vs. tissue 3. diploblastic vs. triploblastic 4. organs/systems |
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What are the three kinds of symmetry?
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1. radial symmetry (circular organisms)
2. bilateral symmetry 3. no symmetry (asymmetric) |
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What does homologous mean?
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Different functions modified from same ancestral structure.
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What does analogous mean?
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Same function derived from different origin.
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What is convergence?
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Similarity in body plan caused by environment. (shape of fish)
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What are the 7 phyla we must know?
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1. Protozoa
2. Porifera 3. Cnidaria 4. Platyhelminthes 5. Nematoda 6. Mollusca 7. Anellida |
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How is the Protista kingdom subdivided?
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By mode of locomotion.
1. pseudopodia - false feet (ameoba) 2. cilia 3. flagellae |
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What are the three systems of classification?
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1. Five kingdom system
2. 3 domain system 3. 8 kingdom system |
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What are the five kingdom names?
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1. Monera
2. Protista 3. Plantae 4. Fungii 5. Animalia |
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What are the names of the three domain names?
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1. Domain Bacteria
2. Domain Archaea 3. Domain Eukaryotes |
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What are the 3 important points of the Protozoa phylum?
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1. microscopic, one-celled or colonial cell groups
2. Volvox - important colonial protozoan that helps us visualize a step that may have occured towards multicellularity 3. Classes are defined by movement - pseudopodia, ciliates, flagellates |
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What are the Porifera and their four major characteristics?
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Sponges
1. the simplest multicellular phylum 2. shows early division of labor 3. walls are composed of jelly-like matrix of proteins containing spicules 4. Normal reproduction, sperm and egg, larvae moves out of adult attaches to solid object |
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What are the 4 important cells in the Porifera?
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1. Porocyte - holes in sponge allows particles in
2. Choanocyte - digests and moves water 3. Amoebacyte - carries food, creates protein 4. Epidermal cell - forms sponge wall |
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What are Cnidaria and what are there important characteristics?
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Hydra, jellyfish, coral
1. Have true tissues 2. tissues derived from diploblastic embyronic origin. 3. radial symmetry 4. dimorphic - polyp, medusa 5. nematocysts - harpoon like stunning structures 6. can digest multicellular organisms 7. don't require circulatory system |
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What is the difference between the polyp and the medusa?
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The polyp is attached to the ground with the mouth and tentacles up while the medusa is free floating with the mouth downward.
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What are Platyhelminthes and what are there characteristics?
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Flatworms, tapeworms, planaria, flukes
1. first phylum to show bilateral symmetry - adaptation for directed movement 2. first triploblastic phylum 3. solid body 4. incomplete digestive tract 5. sensory organs concentrated in anterior portion |
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What is the name for the head end of a tapeworm?
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scolex
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What are proglottids?
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The tail end of a tapeworm that breaks of forming new tape worms.
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What are Nematoda and what are their characteristics?
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roundworms
1. round body with a cavity between body wall and gut tube - psuedocoelomate (like inner mesoderm) 2. first phylum with complete digestive tract 3. no circulatory or respiratory systems 4. come in both parasitic and free-living forms |
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what is cephalization?
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evolutionary trend toward the formation of a head
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what is a coelom?
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a body structure in which the internal body cavity is lined on the inside and outside by a mesoderm
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What are the Mollusca and their key characteristics?
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snails, octopii, clams, slugs
1. possess muscular foot 2. possess mantle - secretes limey shell 3. octupus brain most similar of any invertebrate to human brain |
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What are the Annelida and what are their key characteristics?
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Segmented worms, leeches, earthworms
1. Bilateral symmetry 2. triploblastic 3. circulatory system 4. SEGMENTATION 5. Clitellum - sexual area |
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What is important about segmentation?
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Segmentation of an organism allows concentration of activities into different areas allowing for specialization.
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