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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Principles of General Relativity
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Equivalence - Inertial mass and gravitational mass are equivalent (F=ma and F=m1m2/asquared)
Theory of Acceleration, hoverboard example. Accelerated frame of reference gives illusion of a force |
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Consequences of General Relativity - Space is warped
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Gravity Geometrized, not a force in a strict sense.
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Consequences of General Relativity - Nonsymmetric retardation of clocks
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Top of mountain: Sees light from bottom as moving slower. Also sees clock at bottom as moving slower. Clock at bottom is subjected to acceleration due to warp in space-time fabric. Time also "stretched"
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Proof of gen. rel.
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Bending of light around stars
Perihelion shifts Atomic clocks subjected to accel. |
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Einstein Ricci Tensor
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Measures discrepancy between Euclidan and non-Euclidian geometry
Ri = .5R (gij) + 8h/c^4*(gamma)*(Tij) |
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Parts of Einstein Ricci Tensor
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gij - metric tensor. Determines curvature and geometry of space without considering matter and energy
tij - energy momentum tensor. How curved space will be given how space is withougt objects matter and energy |
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Euclidian geometry
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increasing, concave down graph. q(deceleration param) = 1/2, R(curvature) = 0 p (mass density) = critical mass
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Hyperbolic geometry
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increasing, straight line graph. q < .5, R < 0, p < critical mass
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Elliptical geometry
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q > 1/2, R > 0, p > critical mass
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Sums of angles
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E > 180
H < 180 Eu = 180 |
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Cosmological models -= Symmetry principles
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isotropy - form any galaxy you see same redshift
homogeneity - galaxies evenly distributed |
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Hubble Constant and corresponding equation
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V = Hd, H is hubble constant, d is distance, v is speed of expansion
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Cosmological constant
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lambda, created by Einstein to manufacture static universe. If it is zero then we have a dynamical universe
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"Proof" for existence of dark matter
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velocities of orbiting bodies usually slow down as they get farther out. Not so with galaxies. Must be other matter(?)
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Steady state model
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no big bang (requires constant growth of matter)
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First stellar structure phase
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protostar - He and H condense into ball
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Second stellar structure phase
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mature star - H and He begin to make nuclear reactions because of pressure of gravity. Emits energy, causes expansion. Progression h->He->C->O->Iron in this and next phase
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Third stellar structure phase
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Giant - continued expansion of star as more reactions take place. More energy
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Fourth stellar structure phase
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Collapse: if mstar < 1.5 mcore, collapse halted by Pauli's exclusion principle (electrons), dwarf
If m star is between 1.5mcore and 2.5 mcore, neutron star halted by nuclear forces If mstar is greater than or equal to 2.5, black hole |
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Sun's future
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Red Giant -> white dwarf
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Luminosity function
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kmass^3
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Brightness
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ktemp^4 times radius^2
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lifetime on main sequence
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k(1/mass^2)
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Schwartzchild's radius
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Defines event horizon. R = 2gamma(massstar/csquared)
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Classification of Forces: Gravity
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range infinite
acts on everything relative strength weakest quantum is carrier graviton rest mass of that particle is 0 srpn 2 |
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Classification of Forces: Electromagnetic
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Range infinite
acts on charged matter strength rank 2 quantum is photon rest mass is 0 srpn 1 |
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Classification of forces:
weak force |
range finite
relative strength rank 3 quantum is vector bosons, w-particles rest mass not zero srpn 1 |
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Classification of forces:
Strong force |
range finite
strongest of four quantum gluons eight mass 0 srpn 1 |
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fundamental particles
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leptons, electron-neutrinos, tauon-neutrinos, antileptons, anti-neutrinos, quarks
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Composite particles (Hadrons)
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Fermions, Bosons
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construct a proton
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two up 2/3 and 1 down 2/3 quark held together by gluons
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construct neutron
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down down up, 0 charge
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Construct hydrogen atom
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electron, proton neutron
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Construct anti-hydrogen atom
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antiproton, antineutron, positron
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Heisenberg unc. principle
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We can't know with absolute certainty both the velocity and position of an object. Inverse relationship of how sure you are about each.
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