Zilz Test 3

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Comprehension

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a process of constructing meaning from written texts, based on complex coordination of a number of interrelated sources of information. Simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language.

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Literal comprehension

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information printed in text.

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Inferential comprehension

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requires reader to move beyond the literal information to infer meaning from the text.

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Critical comprehension

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requires reader to analyze and evaluate the information that has been read, typically to develop new perspectives relative to the content.

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Narrative text

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storytelling includes beginning, middle, and end. Includes clear story elements.

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Expository text

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relates to text that is factual. Examples include textbooks, biographies, newspapers, magazines, etc.

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Explicit instruction

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skills and strategies are taught to students using a form of direct instruction.

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Intensive instruction

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sufficient time is allocated to comprehension; includes a broad scope and sequence, incorporating active participation in lessons.

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Persistent instruction

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instruction planned in such a way that is a systematic set of lessons developed and presented overtime.

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Science based or empirically validated approaches-

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National Reading Panel suggested approaches.

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Language Experience Approach

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encourages students to verbalize their thoughts and experiences, which are written down by the teacher or the student and can be read.

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Teacher-directed questioning strategies

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questioning by teachers used in teaching comprehension. Questioning to enhance connection of material read to prior knowledge.

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Directed reading/ thinking activity (DRTA)

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teacher-directed strategy to develop metacognition and enhance comprehension. Students make predictions about what they are going to read before they read the text. While reading, students refine their predictions.

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Student- Directed Questioning Strategies

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students ask themselves questions in order to become more effective and independent readers.

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Graphic-aid strategies

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visual formats to assist students in organizing information for better comprehension.

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Semantic mapping

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based on schema theory, understanding new information learned by integrating it with prior knowledge.

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Prosody

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expressive reading in terms of phrasing, intonation, and rhythm

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High-interest, low difficulty books (HILD)

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books designed for students who read at reading levels well below their interest level.

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Strategy instruction

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critical element of instruction. Provides ways for students to monitor their comprehension as they are learning new words and concepts presented in text.

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Text generation

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transfer of ideas into representations in language

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Transcription

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the translation of language representations into the format of written language, through handwriting and spelling.

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Informal measures of handwriting assessment

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help identify the many factors that affect writing performance as well as the skills and abilities involved in the process.

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Hoyle gripper

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a three-sided plastic device that requires the child to place two fingers and the thumb in the proper position.

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Mixed scripts

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writing with an element of manuscript and cursive merged.

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Proficiency

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enhancement of activities learned

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Maintenance

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retaining accuracy and fluency of activities learned.

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Precommunicative spelling

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randomly stringing together letters of the alphabet without regard to letter-sound correspondence

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Semi phonetic spelling

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letters represent sound, but only some of the letters are represented

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Phonetic spelling

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words are spelled like they sound, all the phonemes are represented in a word, although the spelling may be unconventional

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Mnemonic strategies

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strategies to help a student memorize a task or information

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Invented spelling

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students' creations of spelling which often reflect a direct application of phonology to words

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Narrative writing

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writing stories and personal essays

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Persuasive writing

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influencing the reader's action and bringing about change

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Prewriting

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what the writer considers prior to the act of writing itself. Basic intent to write

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Drafting stage

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handwriting and spelling and other craft aspects and content of written language

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Informative writing

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sharing knowledge and communicating instructions, ideas, and messages

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Postwriting stage

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editing of the craft aspects of writing and the revision of content, with emphasis on improving the written product (proofreading)

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Publishing

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sharing the written work with an audience

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Portfolios

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examples of writing samples to compare over time and allow students and teachers to evaluate progress.

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Sentence extension

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analyzes sentences to a series of WH-- questions (who, what, when, where) instead of initially labeling nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions.

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Sentence combining

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an effective way to increase syntactic maturity and improve quality of writing; encourages students to expand and develop their own creation.

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RAP

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paraphrasing strategy that involves Read a paragraph, Ask yourself the main ideas and details, and Put the mains ideas and details in your own words.

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Procedural facilitators and elaborated dialogue

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writing strategies that encourage students to think about, and talk to themselves, their teachers, and their peers about the writing process.

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holistic approach

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whole language emphasis; focuses on the meaningfulness of language, stresses the importance of the child's language as a bridge to literacy, and includes speaking, listening, and expressive writing as integral parts of literacy development

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advanced language stage

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the stage of language development that involves proficiency with the language required for intense social interactions, manipulating literate forms, and engaging in critical thinking

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augmentative or alternative communication (AAC)

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methods people use to communicate when speech may be difficult (i.e.: facial expressions, gestures, writing, electronic devices)

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benchmark

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a specific statement about what a student should be able to do

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classroom discourse

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comprises the content, form, and functions of the language used in teaching and learning

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compensatory strategies

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strategies to help reduce the student's difficulty with comprehension (i.e. analyzing text for clues, asking for help, reasoning through)

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comprehension monitoring

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recognizing when one does or does not understand something

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comprehensive curriculum

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curriculum that ensures the present and future needs of students

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Condition

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the setting or circumstances in which a behavior will be produced

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constructivist approach

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an approach to teaching that embeds instruction in meaningful activities, promotes self-regulated learning, demonstrates instructional responsiveness, and establishes classroom learning communities

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content standards

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knowledge, skills, and understanding that a student should attain in academic subjects

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contextual analysis

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involves the identification of an unknown word based on it use in a sentence or passage; functions as a system of syntactic and semantic cuing

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conversational discourse

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a way to communicate within social-interactive contexts

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creative comprehension

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refers to refining what was read to a level where the student produces new insights and thoughts that spin off the content read

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Criterion

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The measure to determine completion of a goal

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curriculum-based language assessment

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evaluates the student's use of language in attempting to learn the curriculum

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decoding-based programs

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emphasize a skill-based, "bottom-up" approach to reading. Usually focused on teaching sound-symbol correspondences in language, they are characterized by the direct teaching of a sequence of skills that begins with an emphasis on the phonological basis of language and thus provides a foundation for the subsequent transfer of skills to reading comprehension

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developing language stage

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language stage which typically begins at 27 months and ending at 46 months of age when children begin to routinely use utterances of two or more words

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developmental scales

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provide developmental milestones that the child is compared to in order to determine where the child falls in a particular aspect of language development

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direct instruction programs

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highly structured procedures which sequence each step of learning, and contain criteria for each task

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discourse

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a linguistic unit larger than a sentence

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dramatic discourse

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used whenever a scene, story, or play is portrayed by actors and conveyed to an audience either live or through radio, film, television, or the Internet

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dynamic assessment

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used to observe how a child engages in language behavior when given structured help

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Education for all handicapped childrens act

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1990 changed from EHA to IDEA

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embedding

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process that involves sentences that include phrases within clauses or combine two or more clauses into one

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Emotional disability

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(a) A condition whereby a child exhibits one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects the child's performance in the educational environment: an inability to learn which cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory or health factors; an inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances; a general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. (b) Includes children who are schizophrenic but does not include children who are socially maladjusted unless they are also determined to have an emotional disability as determined by evaluation.

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empowerment

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a multifaceted concept that includes assisting an individual to be truly self respected and given dignity

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expository discourse

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the nonnarrative discourses common to textbooks, treatises, articles, essays, and editorials. Descriptive-- describes a thing, process, event, or idea; Explanatory-- explains how something works or how to do something; Argumentative/ persuasive-- attempts to convince or persuade the audience/ reader of something

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figurative language

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language that conveys a more abstract and secondary meaning through expressing one thing but being understood as meaning something different

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fluency, reading

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ability to read clearly and accurately without hesitations or repetitions

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general curriculum

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curriculum that addresses content and performance standards

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gray oral reading test-4 (GORT-4)

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measures oral reading fluency and diagnoses oral reading problems

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imitative reading

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teacher reads a very simple segment aloud as the student follows silently, the student then tries to read the same phrase aloud

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indictor

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a statement of knowledge of r skills that a student has demonstrated in order to meet a benchmark

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language

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an abstract and rule-governed set of symbols that determines how sounds, words and word parts, and phrases can be combined to make meaning

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language differences

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differences that arise from differences in dialect, culture, ethnicity, or influence of a foreign language; not equal to language disorders

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language disorder

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an impairment in the ability to understand and/or use words in context, both verbally and non-verbally

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language literate households

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a home environment where adults frequently converse with their children in an effort to teach their children about the world and how to display their knowledge about it to adults

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language sampling

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a technique used to discover detailed information about the child's use of the structural aspects of language, specifically, syntactic and morphological forms

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language-based learning disabilities (LLD)

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most common type of learning disability; includes phonological, semantic, pragmatic, and discourse systems

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learning language stage

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acquiring of the more literate aspects of reading, writing, figurative language, and more abstract discourse forms

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lindamood phoneme sequence program

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focuses on the development of phonemic awareness by enabling learners to identify and sequence individual sounds in their order within words to promote competence in reading, writing, and speech

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literacy

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literacy involves reading, writing, speaking, computing, and solving problems

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literal language

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language that functions to convey the concrete, primary meaning of a word or phrase

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media literacy

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understanding and assigning value, worth, and meaning to media and their messages

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Medical services

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Services provided by a licensed physician to determine a child's medically related disability that results in the child's need for special education and related services.

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metacognitive ability

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ability for a student to reflect on and manage their own thinking and learning processes

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metalinguistic ability

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initial development of language literacy which may include alphabet knowledge, and print and word concepts nature

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Multidisciplinary evaluation team (MET)

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A team of persons including individuals described as the individualized education program team and other qualified professionals who shall determine whether a child is eligible for special education.

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Multifactored assessment

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Assessment and evaluation of a child with a variety of test instruments and observation procedures. Required by IDEA when assessment is for educational placement of a child who is to receive special education services.

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Multiple Testing requirement

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No educational decision may be based on the result of only one assessment.

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narrative discourse

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can include oral storytelling, poetic and dramatic

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Native language

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the language normally used by the individual or, in the case of a child, the language normally used by the parents of the child.

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nature model

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belief that the human brain is "hardwired" to learn language and that language acquisition is primarily the result of biological factors

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non-standardized assessments

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assessments that use criterion-referenced procedures, curriculum based assessment, developmental scales, interviews, questionnaires, observational checklists, sampling, and dynamic assessment

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woodcock reading mastery test-revised-normative update (WRMT-R-NU)

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an individual test, appropriate for students between grades 1-12, that measures reading achievements and provides specific diagnostic information

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wide range achievement test-4 (WRAT-4)

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an individual achievement test that covers arithmetic, spelling, and reading, including sentence comprehension

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transition planning

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supports and services that are required to begin at age 16 which include a coordinated set of activities for the student designed to promote movement from school to post school activities.

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timed-repeated readings

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derivative of multiple oral readings which involves reading a passage until a predetermined rate of fluency is achieved

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tiered instruction

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instruction that provides layers of intervention to meet student needs that increases in intensity in different layers

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test of phonological awareness-2nd edition (TOPA-2t)

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intended to measure young children's awareness of beginning and ending sounds in specific words

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supported education

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a term used for inclusion in order to emphasize that inclusion also focuses on the use of appropriate supports in general education classroom

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structural analysis

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enables students to use larger segments or words for decoding cues

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standards-based education

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the information that is taught must be tied to the state-derived content and performance standards that exist in the core subject areas of language Arts, math, social studies, and science

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standardized assessments

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assessments designed and administered in the same way that compare students' abilities to other children of the same chronological age

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spoken language

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oral communication; allows humans to communicate using a series speech, and language

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speech

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oral- motor movement which includes the actual sound of a given language

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specific language impairment (SLI)

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a significant deficit in linguistic functioning that does not appear to be accompanied by deficits in hearing, intelligence, or motor functioning

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speaking

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the unique human ability to communicate information, ideas, and emotions to others using oral language

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Spalding method

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a total language approach that involves explicit, multisensory instruction in spelling, writing, and listening/reading comprehension

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social-interactions model

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incorporates both nature and nurture model which involves the belief that children are primed to learn language at birth and need opportunities to interact with and practice using language with proficient language users; emphasizes the interaction between biological abilities and environmental influences

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slosson oral reading test -revised (SORT-R)

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an individualized test of a student's reading level using lists of sight words

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Self-contained class

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A special classroom, usually located within a regular public school building that includes only exceptional children.

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Section 504

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section of the rehabilitation act (1973)- includes special services for any student who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; provides services for those who do not meet IDEA criteria

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Screening

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A procedure in which groups of children are examined and/or tested in an effort to identify children who are most likely to have a disability; identified children are then referred for more intensive examination and assessment.

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scaffolding

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providing a model for learning a particular behavior or skill and gradually shifting responsibility to the student

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Respite care

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A service provided to the families of children who require extraordinary forms of care so that the family can take vacations, handle business affairs, and have some relief from the duties of caring for the child.

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Resource room

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Classroom in which special education students spend part of the school day and receive individualized special education services.

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Resource placement

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A special education placement for less than half a child's school day.

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Remediation

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An educational program designed to teach a person to overcome a disability through training and education.

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Remedial Intervention

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overcoming a disability through training or education.

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Related services

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Services that assist a student in accessing academic education

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Regular education initiative (REI)

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A concept promoted by former Assistant Secretary of Education Madeline Will. The goal is to merge the special education and regular education systems into a unitary system; the general education program.

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Regression/recoupment

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The amount of loss of skills a child experiences over an instructional break (primarily summer vacation) and the amount of time it takes him/her to recover the lost skills.

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reading mastery program

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relies on auditory and sound-blending skills; lessons include the teacher reading the material to a small group and asking individuals to respond orally when given a designating symbol

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Prior written notice

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Notice that includes a description of the action proposed or refused by the school, an explanation of why the school proposes or refuses to take the action, a description of any options the school considered and the reasons why those options were rejected, a description of each evaluation procedure, test, record or report the school used as a basis for the proposal or refusal, a description of any other factors that were relevant to the school's proposal or refusal, a full explanation of all of the procedural safeguards available to the parent and a listing of sources for parents to contact to obtain assistance in understanding the notice.

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Preventative Intervention

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keeping possible problems from becoming a disability.

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pre-suppositions

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assumptions about what the partner already knows that are not apparent

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prelinguistic stage

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emerging stage of language development occurs when children attend to communication and begin to acquire vocabulary

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poetic discourse

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utilizes language chosen and arranged to create a specific emotional response through meaning, sound, and rhythm

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Plessy v. Ferguson

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the case that centered around access to train cars by African American citizens, defined equality by function of service.

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Placement

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The setting in which the special education service is delivered to the student. It must be derived from the student's IEP.

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phonological awareness training for reading

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designed to increase phonological awareness in young children with particular emphasis on kindergarten children at risk for failure and first- and second-grade children who have already begun to experience difficulty in learning to read

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phonological awareness

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the understanding that speech consists of sounds and syllables

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phonetic analysis

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phonics; builds on phonological awareness as students learn how to apply their knowledge of the phonology to the written word; offers students a way to decode the unknown by applying a learned rule

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performance standards

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levels of achievement that students must demonstrate to show their proficiency in the subjects

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peabody individual achievement test-revised-normative update (PIAT-R-NU)

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tests mathematics, reading, recognition, reading comprehension, spelling, and general knowledge

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PARC

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Deinstitutionalized children with mental retardation (MR) in the state of Pennsylvania.

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Other health impairments (OHI)

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Limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, due to chronic or acute health problems which adversely affect a pupil's educational performance.

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OSERS - US Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services

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An agency of the federal government's executive branch within the Department of Education.

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Orthopedic impairment (OI)

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Impairments to the muscle or skeletal structure. Impairments that are caused by congenital anomaly, disease and other causes, such as amputation or cerebral palsy, and that adversely affect a child's performance in the educational environment.

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oral ready inventory

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samples a student's oral reading and comprehension capabilities at various levels

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Occupational therapist (OT)

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A professional who programs and/or delivers instructional activities and materials to help children and adults with disabilities learn to participate in useful activities.

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Nurture

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The environment’s influence on adapting a person’s behavior.The environment’s influence on adapting a person’s behavior.

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nurture model

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belief that language arises out of the interactions between the brain and its environment

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Normalization

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The philosophy that individuals with disabilities should, to the maximum extent possible, to be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability.

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Norm Referenced Assessment

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An assessment that compares a student’s performance to a sample of that student’s peers.