Zgross - Large Animal Osteology Of The Head And Neck - Final

Front 1

What are the three parts of the occipital bone?

Back 1

Squamous part - turquoise
Lateral part - sky blue
Basilar part - azure

Front 2

What is the highest point of the skull in horses, sheep and goats? In the ox?

Back 2

The nuchal crest of the occipital bone in the horse, sheep, and goats.
The intercornual protuberances frontal bone in oxen.

Front 3

Where does the funicular part of the nuchal ligament attach in horses?

Back 3

The external occipital protuberance.

Front 4

Which bone in large animals does the hypoglossal foramen course through?

Back 4

The occipital bone - the most caudoventral opening on the ventral part of the occipital bone

Front 5

What separates the occipital bone from the front bone in oxen?

Back 5

The parietal bone (the pea green, between the occipital (turquoise) and frontal (sage green)). This is more caudal than in other animals, where the parietal bone tends to be on the top of the skull

Front 6

What is the nuchal crest called in oxen?

Back 6

The nuchal line - it's not a crest in the oxen due to the parietal bone being at the caudal aspect of the skull and the frontal bone making up the top of the cranium. (nuchal line is between turquoise and pea green)

Front 7

What foramen runs through the frontal bone in the horse and small ruminant (goat/sheep)? What about in the oxen?

What is the process of the frontal bone.

Back 7

The supraorbital foramen in the horse and small ruminants, and foramina in the oxen (as there are many of them.

There is still the zygomatic process of the frontal bone in horses.

Front 8

What passes through the supraorbital foramen in horses?

Back 8

Supraorbital artery and nerve

Front 9

Why is the frontal bone so much bigger in the bovid than in most species?

Back 9

It's due to the large frontal sinus.

Front 10

What is the osteological description of horns?

Back 10

Cornual processes of the frontal bone.

Front 11

What species does the parietal bone contribute to the dorsal aspect of the cranium?

Back 11

Really, all but the bovid, it seems. Here's a goat skull.

Front 12

What is the continuation of the temporal line in horses and bovids?

Back 12

The temporal crest.

Front 13

What are the three parts of the temporal bone?

Back 13

Squamous (green), tympanic, and petrosal parts.

Front 14

What four parts make up the squamous part of the temporal bone of the horse and ox?

Back 14

Mandibular fossa
Retroarticular process
Retroarticular foramen
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone

(ox skull shown)

Front 15

What regions make up the tympanic part of the temporal bone of the horse and ox? What about the petrosal part?

Back 15

Tympanic part:
Tympanic bulla
External acoustic meatus
muscular process

Petrosal part (external part):
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen

(horse skull shown)

Front 16

What cranium hole do the CNs IX, X, XI, sympathetic trunk and internal carotid a pass through in the horse? What about ruminants?

Back 16

the tympano-occipital fissure in ruminants and the foramen lacerum in the horse

(horse skull shown)

Front 17

What are the two articulations of the temporal bone with non-skull bones?

Back 17

Stylohyoid bone and mandible.

Front 18

What four parts make up the ethmoid bone?

Back 18

Cribriform plate
Cribriform foramina
Perpendicular bone
Crista galli - Continuation of the perpendicular bone; protrudes into the cranial cavity, dividing the brain and olfactory bulbs into two parts.

This is a horse skull.

Front 19

What are the differences and similarities between the horse and ruminant maxillary bone?

Back 19

Horses have facial crests where ruminants have lacrimal bulla and facial tuberosities.

In common, they have: maxillary foramen, infraorbital canal, infraorbital foramen, osseous lacrimal canal, palatine process of the maxilla (portion of the hard palate), and dental alveoli.

Front 20

What is the space between the nasal bone and incisive bone called in large animals?

Back 20

The nasoincisive notch.

Front 21

T/F Maxillary bone articulates with all of the facial bones and temporal and frontal bones of the neurocranium.

Back 21

True.

ox skull shown.

Front 22

What are the three main bones forming the bony orbit in all domestic animals?

Back 22

Frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic

(horse skull shown)

Front 23

What forms the boundaries of the choana in all animals?

Back 23

The palatine bone.

(horse skull shown)

Front 24

What is the unique feature of the sheep maxillary bone?

Back 24

Sheep have external lacrimal fossa. The lacrimal pouch sits in it - a cutaneous pouch that secretes fatty, sticky, yellow material.

Front 25

What foramen does the mandibular branch of trigeminal n. pass through in horses?

Back 25

The oval notch at the rostral edge of the foramen lacerum.

Front 26

T/F The foramen of the pterygopalatine fossa and what passes through them is the same in the horse as in the dog.

Back 26

False - Ethmoid foramen, optic canal, orbital fissure, alar canal are all the same (including what exits them), but the oval foramen in the dog, is the oval notch in the horse that is located at the rostral extent of the foramen lacerum. Mandibular br. of trigeminal passes through this.

Front 27

T/F The foramen of the pterygopalatine fossa and what passes through them is the same in the bovid as in the dog.

Back 27

False. The ethmoid foramen, optic canal, and oval foramen are the same, but there is a foramen orbitorotundum (44"). This foramen is a meeting of the orbital fissure and round foramen, so through it passes, 3, 4, 5 (ophthalmic), and 6.

Front 28

How can you distinguish a ruminant mandible from an equine mandible?

Back 28

The ruminant mandible (shown from a goat) has coronoid processes that curve caudally, where the equine one are straighter.

Front 29

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

Back 29

A condylar joint.

Front 30

What are the two compartments of the temporomandibular joint meniscus?

Back 30

Fibrocartilaginous meniscus (12) is located between the two articular surfaces of the joint

Two compartments:
Dorsal meniscotemporal
More extensive
Ventral meniscomandibular

Front 31

What is the joint capsule of the temporomandibular joint reinforced by in the horse? In ruminants?

Back 31

Joint capsule (9) is reinforced by lateral (8) and caudal (10, 11) ligaments in the horse
The caudal ligament is absent in ruminants allowing for more extensive transverse movement of the mandible

(horse skull shown)

Front 32

Which bone of the hyoid apparatus is quite diminished in the horse?

Back 32

The epihyoid - it's pea-shaped.

Front 33

What modification do the basihyoid bones have in large animals? Is it bigger in horses or ruminants?

Back 33

The lingual process. It is larger in horses.

(horse hyoid shown)

Front 34

What do the stylohyoid and thyrohyoid bones articulate with in the horse?

Back 34

Stylohyoid bone articulates with the styloid process of the temporal bone via the tympanohyoid cartilage

Thyrohyoid bone articulates with the rostral cornu of the thyroid cartilage

Front 35

ID these numbers

Back 35

1. Cartilage of the auditory tube
2. Stylohyoid bone
3. Ceratohyoid bone
4. Thyrohyoid bone
5. Lingual process of the basihyoid bone
6. Epiglottic cartilage
7. Thyroid cartilage
8. Arytenoid cartilage
9. Cricoid cartilage

Front 36

ID 5, 6, 7

Back 36

5. Styloid process
6. Tympanohyoid cartilage
7. Stylohyoid bone

Front 37

empty

Back 37

empty

Front 38

What are the three cranial joints that Dr. Mansouri mentioned are joined by synchondrosis through hyaline transformation to bone?

Back 38

Intersphenoid (between basi and pre), intraoccipital (between the occipital parts), and spheno-occipital joint.

Front 39

T/F Ruminants don't have transverse foramen in C1.

Back 39

True. They have alar foramen instead. In dogs, this was the alar notch. Horses have both transverse and alar foramen.

(bovid C1 shown)

Front 40

T/F Lateral vertebral foramen is present in C1 in all species

Back 40

True

(bovid C1 shown)

Front 41

T/F Lateral vertebral foramen is present in C2 in all species

Back 41

False - dogs don't have the lateral vertebral foramen in C2. All species have it in C1.

(horse axis shown)

Front 42

Where are the two joint capsules of the atlanto-occipital joint?

Back 42

Dorsal capsule is located between the dorsal arch of the atlas and the dorsal rim of the foramen magnum
Ventral capsule is located between the ventral arch of the atlas and the rim of the foramen magnum

(dorsal view shown)

Front 43

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint? What about the atlanto-axial joint?

Back 43

Atlanto-occipital joint:
Condylar joint with hinge movement - extension and flexion.

Atlanto-axial joint:
Pivot joint – the atlas and head rotate upon the axis; the axis of rotation passes through the body of the axis

Front 44

How many joint capsules does the atlanto-axial joint have?

Back 44

One loose joint capsule – allows extensive movement. Does not communicate with the atlanto-occipital joint.

Front 45

What are the three bony landmarks you would you use in the collection of CSF from the cerebellomedullary cistern in the horse?

Back 45

Bony landmarks:
Wing of atlas
Spinous process of axis
External occipital protuberance

Front 46

What are the two bony landmarks you'd use for the collections of CSF from the cerebellomedullary cistern in the goat?

Back 46

Occipital condyles and cranial extent of wing of atlas.

Front 47

What three features can help you tell C7?

Back 47

Transverse process not divided – just one part.
No transverse foramen.
Caudal costal fovea for the head of the first rib.