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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 factors that limited awareness of AAC’s history? |
information is often undocumented (known by individuals’ memories)
field’s existences is unknown or inaccessible to many ppl with interest in the field |
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Why did the field of AAC emerged in the late 1950s and 1960s? |
Field of AAC emerged in late 1950s and 1960s to help individuals that could not develop adequate oral communicate despite receiving traditional speech therapy |
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What were the factors that lead to a need to facilitate this new developing field on an international basis? |
Advances in medical technology and pharmacology Led to adults living longer lives to see them develop risk for acquired disabilities that resulted of neurologic diseases, trauma, and strokes. Increased population of babies Increased likelihood of babies of survive neonatal, infancy, and early childhood periods with developmental disabilities. Increased population of babies may be due to the baby boom after WW2 WW2 Many had acquired disabilities from the war and government were expected to provide rehabilitation services. |
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What were some factors that led to increased awareness and development of AAC? |
o Increase of information that became available to thepublic through tv, printed media, radio, and film o Legislatureproviding services for disabled individuals o Researchand technological advancement led to the development of currentclinical and educational practice. |
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List some examples of how nonspeech methods for communication has been used for thousands of years. |
Early forms for manual signing by deaf individuals could be traced as early as classical Rome. One handed manual alphabets were used by those with hearing impairment as early as 1679 in Italian records. Manual signs were used by Benedictine monks to take vows of silence, but still communicate with one another. Luis and Clark used Hand Talk to communicate to Native Americans during their trek across the Louisiana Purchase. |
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Describe the changed view in the 1950s in caring for those with cognitive impairments. What was the new emphasis on? |
There was a movement away from viewing their primary needs with physical care and protection to a more humanitarian model. There was an emphasis on teaching cognitively impaired individuals to learn and develop skills to become more independent like their nondisabled peers. It was internationally led by Scandinavian countries to form the concept of “normalization”. Parents became advocates for their disabled children and formed organizations to provide support and share experiences and resources. |
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Which organization in the United States had an impact on increased services for children with cognitive disabilities in the 1950s?
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Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC) was formed in the 1950 by parents in United States to provide services to moderately retarded children and youth. Children with disabilities started to receive increased educational programming and related services in American public schools thanks to ARC’s lobbying efforts. |
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What caused professionals to recognize that individuals need some form of AAC in the 1950s? |
Emphasis on education led to professionals to realize that people with mild and moderate cognitive impairments need and are able to learn how to refine their communication skills. Early documentation began in the 1950s. Ex. Speechless people were often instructed to use written messages when having surgical or disease-impaired speech mechanism until they could learn to produce esophageal speech. Those unable to were often taught to use artificial larynx devices. |
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How did documentation of early intervention efforts and clinical research come about in the 1950s? |
They primarily came from the field of rehabilitation. Professionals rarely used AAC strategies for those with communication impairments, but still have a larynx. Communication intervention were often guided by trial and error. |
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What were some of the changes in the educational sector in the 1950s? |
There was a philosophical shift from an exclusive oralist approach to a less restrictive or directly supportive use of manual sign language. New linguistic trends emphasized distinction between language performance and language competence and stressed that linguistic competence should not be restricted to speech as a modality. Increased acceptance in manual sign language as a legitimate mean to communicate in educating and interacting with individuals with hearing impairment and for individuals with no hearing impairment, but may have cognitive impairment. |
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List the factors that help supported the emergence of AAC as an identifiable academic and clinical/educational field in the 1960s. |
Social changes Technological advances Shifts in educational thinking Insights from research in related areas |
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What were the social changes in the UK that led to the emergence of AAC as a multidisciplinary field in the 1960s? |
UK issued the Scott Committee Report in 1962 with mandatory 2 year program to prepare personnel in training centers to provide educational and custodial services to those with cognitive impairments. This helped broaden the scope of services provided to this population. |
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What social changes helped led to the emergence of AAC as a field in the US in the 1960s? |
In the US in 1961, JFK provided the general public insight into the problems and needs of those with cognitive impairments. Head Start Program to provide preschool instruction to disadvantaged children for remediation in social, learning, and communication problems. Bills were passed to provide money and serves for the education of young children with disabilities (PT 90-538 Handicapped Children’s Early Education Program). JFK and VP Hubert Humphrey acknowledged having relatives with cognitive impairment, something typically conceived in the 1960s. |
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What led to the “disability rights movement” in the 1970s that generated interest in AAC? |
Increasing number of people with disabilities, increase in public awareness of the group, and increased activity in civil rights that resulted in increased advocacy and civil rights legislation for the upcoming decades. They advocated use of all appropriate means of input and output (E.g. Manual signs, speech, graphic symbols) to facilitate communication and learning. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, manual signs with cognitively and hearing impaired individuals were well established. Programs for those with cognitive impairments were moving in the direction of improved training and rehabilitation methods. |
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What was AAC method was introduced to those with autism for intervention in the 1960s? |
Manual signs were introduced as intervention for those with autism whose spoken language skills were extremely limited despite systemic training efforts. |
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What was a problem professionals discovered in the 1960s when trying to teach oral skills to many severely cognitively impaired individuals? What did some professionals did about it?
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Many could not translate the oral skills to functional communicative gains. Some educators and clinicians used AAC symbols and strategies to teach those client communication skills they could learn and use in meaningful ways. |
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What did some professionals do in response to the increased clinical and research attention for clients that were unable to use speech effectively for physiologic reasons in the 1960s?
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Educators and clinicians began using communication boards and Morse code with physically disabled individuals (E.g. CP). They were also successful for adult patients with demyelinating and neurological disorders. |
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What caused the linkage between communicative (re) habilitation and technology to emerge in the 1960s? |
Increase in technology advancement and research, including the POSSUM made available by the British Ministry of Healthy on a prescription basis to appropriate patients and the release of the PILOT to help severely disabled individuals to utilize head movement as.a control and activation site. |
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What political influence helped pave a way for the development of AAC as a field in the 1970s? |
The UN issued a Declaration of the General and Special Rights of the Mentally Handicapped, emphasizing the universal rights of individuals to educational services that allow them to develop to their fullest potential. The US passed the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 to prohibit any program that received federal funds from discriminating against individuals because of their disability. 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act in the US declared that free appropriate public education and related services are provided to all students that needed them. |
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AAC emerged in the 1970s as a legitimate area of specialization and benefited from the gains of...? List them. |
Understanding language development Advances in technology Increased dissemination of information Emergence of base of systematic research during this period |
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Researchers with interest in exploring areas of nonverbal communication in the 1970s considered what aspects of communication to be important? List them out. |
Posture Body orientation Proxemics |
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What role did behavior play in the 1970s for AAC? |
Increased use of language programs based on the behavioral model, which allowed the breakdown of communicative behaviors into smallest teachable units. |
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Linguists, deaf educators, SLPs, and other professionals continued to express interest in natural sign languages in the 1970s. What else did they contribute to the development of AAC for intervention in this time period? |
Several pedagogical or contrived manual sign systems were created to promote its use and resulted in more educational materials such as storybooks and training materials. There was an increase use of manual signs for individuals with autism and mental retardation and the use of manual signs in total communication environments. |
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What made the Auto-Com an innovation for AAC users in the 1970s? |
It eliminated the need for the communication partner to monitor or record the AAC user’s message. It was one of the first AAC devices with printed outlook to accompany the user in different environments. |
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What were some microcomputer technology that were beginning to become commercially available at the end of the 1970s? List them. |
Express 1 HandiVoice - Had self contained vocabulary and phoneme capabilities that let users program their own vocabulary, focus on personalizing. Form-A-Phrase |
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What happened as the number of AAC devices increased? |
The need to standardize technology became more apparent, which led to how devices were designed in the 1980s and beyond. |
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What are Blissymbols? Why were they important? |
Blissymbols are semantically based, generative graphic system from a combination of pictographic, ideographic, and/or arbitrary components. First introduced in Canada to teach to children with CP who were unable to use traditional orthography effectively. Currently used in many countries to teach those with cognitive and physical impairment. |
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What is AmerInd? Why was it important? |
Based on hand signals used by Native Americans by Skelly and her colleagues and was developed for an adult with acquired loss of speech due to glossectomy Allowed many SLPs to provide a new AAC approach to nonspeaking adult clients. |
