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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Diabetes is the leading cause of treated _______ renal disease,
end-stage
DM is the
most common cause of ____ amputations,
nontraumatic
DM is the foremost
cause of new blindness in adults ages ____.
20-74
To find out what a diabetic pt's kidney bv damage looks like, where should you look?
in the eye
The diagnosis of diabetes requires a fasting plasma glucose of ≥ ____
mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) on at least two occasions
126
The diagnosis of diabetes requires a casual plasma
glucose level (or 2-h post-glucose load level) of ≥ _____ mg/dL (11.1
mmol/L).
200
Normal fasting plasma glucose is < ___ mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
100
normal
glucose levels 2 h post-glucose load are < ____ mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L).
140
Oral glucose tolerance tests should be performed to diagnose
_______ diabetes.
gestational
What should not be used to diagnose diabetes or hypoglycemic
disorders?
Whole blood capillary glucose values obtained with point of care devices
The standard clinical specimen is arterial? or venous? plasma glucose.
venous
Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of 7 mg/dL/h (0.4
mmol/L/h); at 4°C, the loss is approximately ___ mg/dL/h
2
A serum specimen is appropriate for glucose analysis if serum is
separated from the cells within 30 minutes, but if serum is in contact with
cells for longer than 30 min, a preservative such as ____ that
inhibits glycolysis should be added.
sodium fluoride
When refrigerated, glucose is stable in serum or plasma for ___ hours.
48
Three enzyme systems are currently used to measure glucose:
glucose dehydrogenase,
glucose oxidase and
hexokinase.
HbA1c levels should be performed every _____months in individuals
with diabetes to monitor glycemic control using a certified method.
3-6
What diminishes the reliabiltity of HbA1C levels?
certain hemoglobinopathies and
hemolytic conditions, as well as with uremia.
why are strips and tablets for ketone testing use sodium
nitroprusside, which does not detect beta-hydroxybutyrate, not useful to monitor therapy?
Since beta-hydroxybutyrate levels are high in diabetic ketoacidosis
(DKA) and fall with treatment, whereas acetoacetic acid and
acetone levels rise with treatment,
Calculation of the _______ is commonly used to monitor recovery
from DKA.
anion gap
Circulating autoantibodies (GAD65, ICA512, IA-2, IAA) may
be present before and at the onset of autoimmune type __
diabetes.
1
proinsulin splits into insulin and _____
C-peptide
A fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), on at
least ___ occasions, is diagnostic for diabetes.
two
What is the fasting time?
8 hrs
Symptoms of hyperglycemia (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia,
unexplained weight loss) with a casual plasma glucose level of ≥ ______
mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) also are sufficient to diagnose diabetes.
200
Pathogenesis of Type I DM
Destruction of pancreatic beta cells, usually autoimmune
C-peptide levels in Type I DM
low or none
C-peptide levels in Type II DM
detectable
oral meds for DM2
metformin and acarbose
ADA target GHB% (170mg/dl, 9.5mmol/L)
7
Non-diabetics have what GHB% values?
< 7
Which DM do you see amyloidosis of a pancreatic islet cell?
DM 2
COmplications of DM
islet cell loss (insulinitis for DM1, amyloid for DM2)
ceripherial vascular aterholsclerosis
gangrene
retinopaty, cataracts, glaucoma
HTN
Nephrosclerosis
microangiopathy
cerebralvascular infarcts
MI
Kimmelsteil-Wilson Nodular Glomerulosclerosis

"Christmas Balls"
"Big Balls in the kidney"
?
Renal cortex showing thickening of tubular
basement membranes in a diabetic patient (PAS
stain).
?