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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Diabetes is the leading cause of treated _______ renal disease,
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end-stage
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DM is the
most common cause of ____ amputations, |
nontraumatic
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DM is the foremost
cause of new blindness in adults ages ____. |
20-74
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To find out what a diabetic pt's kidney bv damage looks like, where should you look?
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in the eye
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The diagnosis of diabetes requires a fasting plasma glucose of ≥ ____
mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) on at least two occasions |
126
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The diagnosis of diabetes requires a casual plasma
glucose level (or 2-h post-glucose load level) of ≥ _____ mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). |
200
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Normal fasting plasma glucose is < ___ mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L)
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100
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normal
glucose levels 2 h post-glucose load are < ____ mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). |
140
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Oral glucose tolerance tests should be performed to diagnose
_______ diabetes. |
gestational
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What should not be used to diagnose diabetes or hypoglycemic
disorders? |
Whole blood capillary glucose values obtained with point of care devices
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The standard clinical specimen is arterial? or venous? plasma glucose.
|
venous
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Glucose is metabolized at room temperature at a rate of 7 mg/dL/h (0.4
mmol/L/h); at 4°C, the loss is approximately ___ mg/dL/h |
2
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A serum specimen is appropriate for glucose analysis if serum is
separated from the cells within 30 minutes, but if serum is in contact with cells for longer than 30 min, a preservative such as ____ that inhibits glycolysis should be added. |
sodium fluoride
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When refrigerated, glucose is stable in serum or plasma for ___ hours.
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48
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Three enzyme systems are currently used to measure glucose:
• |
glucose dehydrogenase,
glucose oxidase and hexokinase. |
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HbA1c levels should be performed every _____months in individuals
with diabetes to monitor glycemic control using a certified method. |
3-6
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What diminishes the reliabiltity of HbA1C levels?
|
certain hemoglobinopathies and
hemolytic conditions, as well as with uremia. |
|
why are strips and tablets for ketone testing use sodium
nitroprusside, which does not detect beta-hydroxybutyrate, not useful to monitor therapy? |
Since beta-hydroxybutyrate levels are high in diabetic ketoacidosis
(DKA) and fall with treatment, whereas acetoacetic acid and acetone levels rise with treatment, |
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Calculation of the _______ is commonly used to monitor recovery
from DKA. |
anion gap
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Circulating autoantibodies (GAD65, ICA512, IA-2, IAA) may
be present before and at the onset of autoimmune type __ diabetes. |
1
|
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proinsulin splits into insulin and _____
|
C-peptide
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A fasting plasma glucose level of ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), on at
least ___ occasions, is diagnostic for diabetes. |
two
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What is the fasting time?
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8 hrs
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Symptoms of hyperglycemia (e.g. polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia,
unexplained weight loss) with a casual plasma glucose level of ≥ ______ mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) also are sufficient to diagnose diabetes. |
200
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Pathogenesis of Type I DM
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Destruction of pancreatic beta cells, usually autoimmune
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C-peptide levels in Type I DM
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low or none
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C-peptide levels in Type II DM
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detectable
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oral meds for DM2
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metformin and acarbose
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ADA target GHB% (170mg/dl, 9.5mmol/L)
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7
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Non-diabetics have what GHB% values?
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< 7
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Which DM do you see amyloidosis of a pancreatic islet cell?
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DM 2
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COmplications of DM
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islet cell loss (insulinitis for DM1, amyloid for DM2)
ceripherial vascular aterholsclerosis gangrene retinopaty, cataracts, glaucoma HTN Nephrosclerosis microangiopathy cerebralvascular infarcts MI |
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Kimmelsteil-Wilson Nodular Glomerulosclerosis
"Christmas Balls" "Big Balls in the kidney" |
?
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Renal cortex showing thickening of tubular
basement membranes in a diabetic patient (PAS stain). |
?
|