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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is syngeneic?
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sufficiently identical & immunologically compatible as to allow for transplantation
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Three ways tissue damage occurs in autoimmune disease? Cell causing it... what cell initiates it?
*** - *** *** - *** *** - *** *** |
Activated macrophage - Inflammation and local DTH
Tc cell - CTL Plasma Cell - Ab to self antigens Th cell |
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Number of pathogens possess antigenic *** identical or similar to host cell components.
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determinants
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autoantibody?
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"auto" – self
"anti" – against "body" |
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What is clonal anergy? When *** *** clones are stimulated *** & become unresponsive... this must occur with ***.
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CD4+ T cell
solely through TCR NO costimulatory molecules such as CD28/B7 |
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Treg cells release cytokines *** & *** to aid in suppressing immune response.
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IL-10
TGF-β |
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Treg cells express high levels of ***(also called ***) which helps suppress immune response.
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CD28
IL-2R α chain |
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*** *** cells play a HUGE central role in the development of autoimmunity.
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CH4+ Th
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***/*** balance can affect whether autoimmunity develops.
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Th1/Th2
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***(T subtype) has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity...
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Th1
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***(T subtype) cells protect against induction and progression of autoimmune disease...
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Th2
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Cytokine *** promotes development of Th2 cells(good).
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IL4
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Cytokine *** & *** promotes development of Th1 cells(bad).
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IL12
IFN-γ |
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MBP?
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Myelin basic protein
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Human autoimmune diseases can be divided into *** and *** diseases.
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Organ-specific
Systemic |
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Organ-specific diseases - response @ ***.
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single organ/gland
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Systemic diseases – response @ ***.
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broad spectrum of tissues
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Spontaneous autoimmune diseases result from ***.
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genetic defects
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Experimental animal autoimmune disease models *** animals with self antigens in the presence of *** to cause disease.
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immunize - adjuvent
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Current autoimmune disease treatment includes ***, ***, ***.
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immunosuppressive drugs
thymectomy plasmaphersis |
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Nude mice lack *** and consequently lack *** were found to be incapable of graft rejection.
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a thymus
functional T cells |
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Graft rejection rates...
1) Removing all CD4+ T cells 2) Removing all CD8+ T cells 3) Removing all CD4+/CD8+ T cells |
1) 30 days - 1/2 rate
2) 15 days - no change 3) 60 days - 1/4 rate |
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Tissues that are antigenically similar are said to be *** and will not be rejected. The opposite is ***.
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histocompatible
histoincompatible |
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Survival of grafts depends primarily on donor-recipient matching of the HLA class *** antigens... HLA class *** antigens have less of an affect on survival rates.
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II more
I less |
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The ***(abbrev. ***) is the name of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans and is a super locus containing a large number immune system genes.
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human leukocyte antigen system (HLA)
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Immune suppression in HLA-identical individuals is required because of ***.
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minor histocompatibility loci/antigens
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Graft rejection is caused principally by a cell-mediated immune response to ***(primarily, MHC molecules) expressed on graft cells.
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alloantigens
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*** and *** are the major reactions implicated in graft rejection.
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DTH & cell-mediated cytotoxicity
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During the sensitization phase, *** and *** *** cells recognize allogens expressed on the cells of the foreign graft and proliferate in response.
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CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
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*** cells generally serve as the major APC in grafts. They constitutively express high levels of class ***.
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dendritic
class II MHC molecules |
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*** *** *** fail to induce an immune response because they are effectively sequestered from the cells of the immune system.
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Immunologically privileged sites
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Two cytokines that result in the activation of pathways inhibiting protein synthesis (blocking viral replication) are...
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IFN-α
IFN-β |
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Trypanosoma - etymology
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trypano (borer)
soma (body) corkscrew-like motion. |
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*** are unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa found in bloodstream / intracellular environment... cause sleeping sickness.
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Trypanosoma
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Three life stages of plasmodium...
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sporozoites
merozoites gametocytes |
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Viruses are controlled by *** cells and is the first line of defense.
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NK
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Innate immune response to viral infection primarily consists of *** and *** cytokine production and *** cell activation.
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IFN-α and IFN-β
NK |
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An inoculation is also knows as an ***.
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inoculum
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Humoral immune response is the main protective response against *** bacteria and is secreted by plasma cells in the regional *** *** and *** respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
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extracellular
lymph nodes submucosa |
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Diptheria toxin functions by ***.
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blocks protein synthesis
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Endotoxins such as *** are generally components of bacterial cell walls.
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LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
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*** is the complete removal of a pathogen from the body.
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Clearance
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Innate immunity is not very effective against *** bacterial pathogens.
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Intracellular
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Intracellular bacteria can activate *** cells which can provide an early response. Intracellular bacterial infections tend to induce a ***-*** response... specifically DTH.
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NK
cell-mediated |
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P***-s*** *** of *** leads to the symptoms of bacterial septic shock, food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome.
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Pathogen-stimulated overproduction of cytokines
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SARS?
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severe acute respiratory syndrome
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In tuberculosis infection, cytokines produced by *** *** cells(*** subset) play an important role in *** macrophages to enable them to kill/inhibit bacilli.
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CD4+ T cells(Th1 subset)
activating |
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Tuberculosis is caused by inhaled bacilli being *** by a*** m*** and multiplying intracellularly by inhibiting *** formation.
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ingested by alveolar macrophages
phagolysosomes |
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ana = ***
phylaxis = *** Anaphylaxis is an acute multi-system severe ***. |
type I hypersensitivity reaction
against protection |
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Populations slacking w/immunization programs develop a lowered *** *** which can lead to an outbreak.
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herd immunity
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No toxoid vaccine against *** has been developed for humans.
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Botulism
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Synthetic peptide vaccines tend to induce *** response but are less likely to induce *** response.
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humoral antibody response
cell-mediated antibody response |
