Z Pharmacology 3

Front 1

What are corticosteroids used to tx? (5)

Back 1

1. inflammatory dzs
2. pruritic dzs
3. Immune-mediated dzs
4. Shock
5. Many others

Front 2

Natural corticosteroids are produced by the_________

Back 2

adrenal cortex

Front 3

The release of corticosteroids is controlled by the what?

Back 3

hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Front 4

Corticosteroids used clinically are __________ produced

Back 4

synthetically

Front 5

Classification of corticosteroids is based on what?

Back 5

Predominant activity

Front 6

Two groups of corticosteroids

Back 6

mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids

Front 7

What do mineralcorticoids do?

Back 7

Regulate electrolyte and water balance in the body.

Front 8

Group of drugs that inhibit the actions of histamines

Back 8

antihistimines

Front 9

Two major uses of antihistimines

Back 9

dermatology and allergies

Front 10

How is histimine released?

Back 10

It is released from mast cells in the skin due to cell destruction (bee stings, colds, injury) or through certain histimine liberators (drugs such as morphine, x-ray contract media).

Front 11

What can result from histimine release?

Back 11

pruritis, hypotension, and contstriction of bronchioles

Front 12

Tha major use of antihistimines is for what?

Back 12

Canine atophy (allergies)

Front 13

Approximately what percentage of allergies respond to a regimen of antihistimines?

Back 13

30%

Front 14

What drug is the drug of choice for allergies? What else might be used?

Back 14

Antihistimines are drug of choice, but other tx such as glucocorticoids may be used. Antihistimines are safer though, and thus the first choice.

Front 15

Clinical uses of antihistimines (8)

Back 15

pruritis, urticaria, laminitis, motion sickness, anaphylactic shock, reverse sneeze syndrome, heaves in horses, and upper respiratory tract infections

Front 16

Side effects of antihistimines (5)

Back 16

sedation/lethargy, CNS excitation, teratogenicity (birth defects), anti-cholinergic action (decrease in secretions), rare agranulocytosis

Front 17

What is the most common side effect of antihistimines? When does it usually subside?

Back 17

Sedation or lethargy, subsides after 2-4 weeks

Front 18

What is a contraindication for antihistimines?

Back 18

Anticonvulsant drugs - both are CNS depressants

Front 19

Antihistimines are more effective when used preventively - why?

Back 19

Because they do not displace histimine when it is already combined with receptors.

Front 20

diphenhydramine trade name?

Back 20

Benadryl (R)

Front 21

Benadryl (R) generic name?

Back 21

diphenhydramine

Front 22

What are two of the most commonly used antihistimines?

Back 22

diphenhydramine/Benadryl (R) and chlorpheniramine/Chlor-trimetron (R)

Front 23

Which is not as effective for skin problems? diphenhydramine or chlorpheniramine?

Back 23

chlorpheniramine/Chlor-trimetron (R)

Front 24

What med is somewhat effective against heaves in horses?

Back 24

chlorpheniramine/Chlor-trimetron (R)

Front 25

Trade name for hydroxyzine HCL?

Back 25

Ataratx (R)

Front 26

What is the generic name for Atarax(R)?

Back 26

hydroxyzine HCL

Front 27

What antihistimine causes relaxation of skeletal muscles, has some analgesic effect, and fewer side effects than classic antihistimines?

Back 27

hydroxyzine HCL

Front 28

Trade name for terfenadine?

Back 28

Seldane(R)

Front 29

Generic name for Seldane(R)?

Back 29

terfenadine

Front 30

Trade name for dimenhydrinate?

Back 30

Dramamine(R)

Front 31

Generic name for Dramamine(R)?

Back 31

dimenhydrinate

Front 32

What antihistimine also has an antiemetic effect?

Back 32

dimenhydrinate/Dramamine(R)

Front 33

Trade name for pyrilamine maleate?

Back 33

Histavet(R)

Front 34

Generic name for Histavet(R)?

Back 34

pyrilamine maleate

Front 35

What are the two types of mineralocorticoids?

Back 35

aldosterone and fludrocortisone acetate/Florinef(R)

Front 36

What mineralcorticoid is natural?

Back 36

aldosterone

Front 37

What mineralocorticoid is synthetic?

Back 37

fludrocortisone acetate/Florinef(R)

Front 38

What is fludrocortisone acetate/Florinef(R) used for?

Back 38

used as replacement therapy for aldosterone

Front 39

What do glucocorticoids do?

Back 39

Have anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant action, and also influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. They keep the body from doing bad things to itself at the site of injury.

Front 40

Specific things that glucocorticoids do

Back 40

reduce capillary wall permeability, stabilize cells/lysosome membranes, inhibit phagocyte chemotaxis, reduce cell response to histimine, and maintain micro-circultaion at an injury site

Front 41

Two natural glucocorticoids

Back 41

cortisol and corticosterone

Front 42

Examples of synthetic glucocorticoids

Back 42

prednisone, prednisolone, betamethasone/Betason(R), dexamethasone/Azium(R), methyprednisolone/Depro-medrol(R), prednisolone sodium succinate/Solu-Delta-Cortef(R)

Front 43

Trade name for betamethasone

Back 43

Betason(R)

Front 44

Generic name for Betason(R)

Back 44

betamethasone

Front 45

Trade name for dexamethasone

Back 45

Azium(R)

Front 46

Generic name for Azium(R)

Back 46

dexamethasone

Front 47

Trade name for methyprednisolone

Back 47

Depro-medrol(R)

Front 48

Generic name for Depro-medrol(R)

Back 48

methyprednisolone

Front 49

Trade name for prednisolone sodium succinate

Back 49

Solu-Delta-Cortef(R)

Front 50

Generic name for Solu-Delta-Cortef(R)

Back 50

prednisolone sodium succinate

Front 51

What two synthetic glucocorticoids are often used interchangeably?

Back 51

prednisone and prednisolone

Front 52

What does the word "depo" mean?

Back 52

long-acting

Front 53

What synthetic glucocorticoid is **very** fast acting and is often used for shock?

Back 53

prednisolone sodium succinate/ Solu/Delta/Cortef(R)

Front 54

What is the most common use of a corticosteroid?

Back 54

allergic reactions

Front 55

what are some clinical uses of corticosteroids?

Back 55

allergic reactions, inflammatory conditions (reduces scar formation), shock, toxemia, lameness, Addison's, autoimmune dzs, inflammatory ocular dzs, lymphocytic neoplasias

Front 56

Side effects of short term uses of corticosteroids

Back 56

PU/PD/PP, wt gain due to PP and water retention, reduction in immune response, more susceptible to infections, inhibits the healing response, in high doses - gastric ulcers

Front 57

Side effects of long-term corticosteroid use

Back 57

Iatrogenic Cuchings dz, iatrogenic Addison's dz, decreased muscle mass, brittle bones

Front 58

Contraindications of corticosteroids

Back 58

pregnancy (may induce labor), diabetes, vaccinations, immature animals (slows growth and bone calcification), dehydrated animals, animals w/ actively healing wounds (slows healing), animals w/ severe infections, corneals ulcers - can cause cornea to rupture!

Front 59

NSAID stands for?

Back 59

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories

Front 60

What does analgesic mean?

Back 60

anti-pain

Front 61

What does anti-pyretic mean?

Back 61

anti-fever

Front 62

Why are NSAIDs preferred over steroids?

Back 62

Analgesic and anti-pyretic effects and fewer side effects

Front 63

NSAIDs should be used with caution in _________ patients

Back 63

geriatric

Front 64

Combining NSAIDs w/__________ should be avoided

Back 64

corticosteroids

Front 65

OTC products should be checked carefully for any presence of _________

Back 65

acetominophen

Front 66

What is the "Triple A" effect of NSAIDs?

Back 66

Anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, analgesic

Front 67

NSAIDs are used as an analesic primarily for what type of problem?

Back 67

musculoskeltal - arthritis and hip dysplasia

Front 68

Advantages of NSAIDs over corticosteroids?

Back 68

no steroidal side effects such as PU/PD/PP, no CNS suppression in order to provide analgesia, fewer serious side effects than those associated w/ steroids

Front 69

Possible side effects of NSAIDS?

Back 69

GI bleeding and ulceration (most common), blood abnormalities, clotting problems, decreased renal blood perfusion, possible hepatotoxicity

Front 70

Contraindications of NSAIDs

Back 70

kidney or liver dz, hypotension, dehydration, thrombocytopenia or clotting dzs, GI ulcerative dzs, corticosteroid use

Front 71

flunixin meglumine

Back 71

Banamine (R)

Front 72

Banamine (R)

Back 72

flunixin meglumine

Front 73

phenylbutazone

Back 73

Butazolidin (R)

Front 74

Butazolidin (R)

Back 74

phenylbutazone

Front 75

acetylsalicylic acid

Back 75

asprin/ Ecotrin(R) - coated

Front 76

asprin

Back 76

acetylsalicyclic acid/ Ecotrin

Front 77

dimethyl sulfoxide

Back 77

DMSO (R)

Front 78

DMSO(R)

Back 78

dimethyl sulfoxide

Front 79

carprofen

Back 79

Rimadyl (R)

Front 80

Rimadyl(R)

Back 80

carprofen

Front 81

naproxen

Back 81

Naprosyn(R), Equiproxen(R)

Front 82

Naprosyn(R), Equiproxen(R)

Back 82

naproxen

Front 83

etodolac

Back 83

EtoGesic(R)

Front 84

EtoGesic

Back 84

etodolac

Front 85

examples of some meds used to manage pain for osteoarthritis in dogs but are neither steroids or NSAIDs

Back 85

Cosequin(R), PetFlex(R), Adequan(R), Arquel(R, Hyalovet(R), Seletoc(R)

Front 86

Example of a muscle relaxant?

Back 86

methocarbamol/Robaxin-V(R)

Front 87

What is methocarbamol/Robaxin-V(R)

Back 87

muscle relaxant

Front 88

What NSAID is used for acute pain management (post operative soft tissue)?

Back 88

flunixin meglumine/Banamine(R)

Front 89

For what med is one-time dosing recommended due to the potential for gastric ulcers and nephro toxicity?

Back 89

flunixin meglumine/ Banamine(R)

Front 90

What is also known as "bute"?

Back 90

phenaylbutazone/Butazolidin(R)

Front 91

What is used mostly as an anti-inflam in large animals - not recommended for small animals

Back 91

phenylbutazone/Butazolidin(R) - bute

Front 92

To what NSAID are cats **very** sensitive, should only be used by Rx from DVM, and if used, is used in VERY low doses for an extended period of time?

Back 92

acetylsalicyclic acid/asprin/Ecotrin(R)

Front 93

What med has many brand names, should be used in a buffered form, and provides cheap and effective tx of pain and inflammation?

Back 93

acetylsalicyclic acid/asprin/Ecotrin(R)

Front 94

What med will penetrate intact skin?

Back 94

dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO(R)

Front 95

What med has a triple A effect but is used primarily as a universal solvent/carrier for other meds?

Back 95

dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO(R)

Front 96

What med is only labeled for topical use?

Back 96

dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO(R)

Front 97

What med will cause a garlic taste if touched?

Back 97

dimethyl sulfoxide/DMSO(R)

Front 98

What med is used for pain associated with degenerative joint dz or postoperative pain resulting from soft tissue or orthopedic pain?

Back 98

carprofen/Rimadyl(R)

Front 99

What med is approved for oral use in dogs only in the US but is used in dogs and cats in Europe?

Back 99

carprofen/Rimadyl

Front 100

What med has an adverse effect rate of less than 1%, but if toxic effects occur in both liver and kidneys, the results could be fatal?

Back 100

carprofen/Rimadyl(R)

Front 101

What med stays in dog plasma 5x as long as in humans, thus accurate dosing is difficult and it is not recommended for use in dogs?

Back 101

naproxen/Naprosyn(R)/Equiproxsen(R)

Front 102

What med is labeled for use in horses and humans?

Back 102

naproxen/Naprosyn(R), Equiproxen(R)

Front 103

Besides carprofen/Rimadyl(R), what other med is labeled for use in dogs for osteoarthritis?

Back 103

etodolac/EtoGesic(R)

Front 104

What meds are given IM or inter-articular, labeled for horses and dogs, reduces degenerative changes induced by non-infectious or traumatic joint dzs and promotes activity of the synovial membrane?

Back 104

Adequan(R) or Hyalovet(R)

Front 105

What med is approved for dogs, cats, and horses is used primarily to tx back problems but also used to tx disk problems, sprains, muscle spasms, etc? What kind of med is it?

Back 105

methocarbamol/Robaxin-V(R), it is a muscle relaxant

Front 106

What two NSAIDs have the potential for serious side effects and are not used in vet med?

Back 106

acetominophen and ibuprofen

Front 107

One _______ could be fatal to a cat

Back 107

Tylenol/acetominophen

Front 108

Symptoms of Tylenol/acetominphen poisoning

Back 108

facial edema, cyanosis, depression, anorexia

Front 109

Fever is a change in body temp from ________ causes, v. hypothermia which is from _________ causes

Back 109

fever-internal, hypothermia - external

Front 110

What are pyrogens? Examples?

Back 110

Chemical agents that cause fever - bacteria, viruses, drugs, fungi, immune complexes, leukocyte proteins, and damaged tissue

Front 111

What might happen if fever becomes excessive (over 107)?

Back 111

damge to liver, kidneys or CNS, cardiovascular collapse and shock

Front 112

3 anti-pyretic drugs?

Back 112

buffered asprin/acetylcyclic acid, phenylbutazone/Butazolidin(R), flunixin meglumine/Banamine(R)

Front 113

2 supplemental tx of fever?

Back 113

fluids, steroids (severe cases)

Front 114

With use of what med should you keep small animals well hydrated?

Back 114

flunixin meglumine/Banamine(R)