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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What chamber of the heart recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs?
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left atrium
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(T/F) the specialized conduction pathway of the heart is made of cardiac muscle cells and nervous tissue?
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false
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What valve allows blood to flow out the right ventricle?
aortic semilunar, mitral, tricuspid, bicuspid, none |
none
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Which is not part of specialized conduction pathway of the heart?
vagus nerve, sinoatrial node, bundle of his, atrioventricular node, |
vagus nerve
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Purkinje fibers of the heart carry AP from one place to another, therfore there are no neurons true/false
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false
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Which is not a function of the cardiovascular system?
transport oxygen, transport hormones, transport immune cells, transport wastes, none |
none they all are functions of Cardiovascular system
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What is the thickest tunic in arteries?
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tunic media
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What is tachycardia?
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rapid heart rate than normal
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Which layer is thickest one in a arteriole?
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tunica intima
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Name 7 functions of the cardiovascular system?
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1. Carry oxygen from lung to tissue
2. Carry CO2 from tissue to lungs 3. Carry nutrients from GI system in liver to rest of body 4. Carry nutrients from tissues to liver 5. Carry wastes from tissues to kidneys for excretion 6.Carry hormones from source organs to target organs 7. Carry immune cells around |
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What is the Media Stynem?
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portion of thoracic cavity where the heart is
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The Heart is enclosed in a what kind of membrane and is
made of 2 parts describe? |
pericardium
1. fibrous= outer part, tough, for protection and support, holds heart up 2. cerous= inner part, used for lubrication, allows 2 parts to slide past each other with no friction |
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What does Parietal Pericardium consists of and what does Visceral Pericardium consist of?
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1. Fibrous and cerous
2.only cerous |
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The smooth muscle of a large vein is located in? the
tunica externa, tunica interna, tunica vaginalis, tunica intima, none |
none
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Which of the following is not part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
sinoatrial node, purkinjke fiber, chordae tendinae, atrioventricular node, none |
chordae tendinae
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which is not part of the specialized conduction pathway of the heart?
AV node, AV valve, SA node, purkinje fiber, none |
AV valve
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The Heart Wall is divided into 3 parts name and describe?
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1.Epicardium= outer portion, cerous portion of visceral pericardium
2.Myocardium= middle portion of wall, mostly muscle, CT within called Fibrous Skeleton= gives heart shape, provide support, electrical insulation 3.Endocardium= innermost portion, made of epithelium tissue continuous with endothelium (epithelium that binds blood vessels) |
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What is endothelium?
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continuous lining of simple squamous tissue that lines the cardiovascular system
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Which tunic of a blood vessel contains endothelium?
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tunica intima
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The tricuspid valve is found where?
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between the right atrium and right ventricle
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The outermost tunic of a vein is the?
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tunica adventitia
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How does Blood flow in the Heart?
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1.Blood enters right atrium
2.When heart not contracting, flows into right ventricle 3.Heart contracts, Right Ventricle ejects blood into the pulmonary artery 4.Blood travels to Right and Left lungs 5.Blood returns from lungs and flows into pulmonary veins 6.Blood enters Left atrium 7.Freely flows into left ventricle 8.Then heart contracts, left ventricle pumps blood into aorta 9.Blood flows to rest of the body |
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Which is found in arteries but not in veins?
tunica vaginalis, tunica intima, tunica adventitia, tunica media, none |
none all are found in both
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Which is not a function of the cardiovascular system? gas transport, info transport, immunity, heat produciton
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heat produciton
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What is a Atrioventricular Valve (AV valves)? what are right and left called
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between atrium and ventricle, blood enters right atrium free to flow into right ventricle immediately, same goes for left
right=tricuspid left=bicuspid |
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What are chordae tendineae
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cords attached to flaps of AV valves, and to Pappillary Muscle
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How do we make sure blood does not flow back into atrium from ventricle? And how do we make sure flaps don’t blow out backward?
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-When heart contracts ventricle pressurizes blood and blood tends to flow backward toward the atrium ,
-flaps of the AV valve close not allowing blood to go into atrium -don’t want flaps to blow out backward, so Chordae Tendinae contract Pappilary Muscles before rest of ventricle contracts -muscles pull on Chordae Tendinae prevents flaps from being pushed all the way through to atrium |
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What are the valves between the ventricle and associated artery?
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Semilunar Valves=
-normally closed b/c pressure in artery is higher than pressure in ventricle -Kept closed to prevent blood from going to artery from ventricle while heart at rest, and filling with blood -when heart contracts, pressure increases -valve opens when pressure in ventricle is greater than pressure in artery |
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name and describe the 2 separate circulations
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1.Pulmonary Circulation=
-once deoxygenated blood enters Right atrium -flows into Right ventricle -flows into pulmonary artery -then to the lungs - blood is oxygenated as pass through capillaries in the lungs -and blood drops off CO2 in lungs -blood returns by pulmonary veins to left side of the heart 2. Systemic Circulation= -blood flows from left atrium -into the left ventricle -to the aorta -supplies blood to all parts of the body - blood passes through capillaries and oxygen is removed and CO2 is added -once passed through capillaries blood is collected by veins and returns to right side of the heart |
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Why is the right side of the heart not as strong as the left side of the heart?
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-very little resistence in pulmonary circulation
-a lot of resistence in systemic circulation -this is why right ventricle is thin walled and left ventricle is thick walled because takes more force to push blood through systemic circulation than pulmonary circulation |
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Coronary artery disease is one of the top killers of Americans. Why is such a tiny blood vessel killing so many people?
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-because the coronary artery is the source of oxygen to cardiac muscle,
-cardiac muscle incapable of anaerobic respiration |
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Name 3 tunics of blood vessels?
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Tunica Media, Tunica Intima, Tunica Adventitia
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What is fenestration?
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gaps between endothelium cells
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Explain thickness of different tunics for arteries and veins
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Large arteries=thick TA, Thick TM
Small arteries= thin TA, thick TM Arteriols=thin TI, no TA, few smooth muscle cells Large veins=thick TA, thin TM Small veins= thick TA, no TM Venules=thin TI, no TA, no TM |
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What is a cappillary?
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consist of only endothelium, are so small only a single red blood cell can pass through
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What are Precapillary Sphincters?
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rings of smooth muscle at arteriol end of capillary, are opened or closed depends on how much blood is required in capillary bed
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What is a shunt?
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in all capillary beds have a straight shot through
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What happens on a cold day?
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1.As we go outside we open up precapillary sphincters, inc. blood flow to the skin to bring heat to surface (rosy cheeks)
2. As we get too cold we lose too much heat, precapillary sphincters shut off 3.Face becomes white 4.Are pink spots because a little bit of blood flow through the shunts |
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Name 3 classes of Arteries and there different functions
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1.Elastic Arteries= large arteries: aorta, brachiocephallic trunk, lower portion of left common carotid, left subclavian artery,
-have thick TM, Thick TA, they help keep pressure on the blood, swell when heart contract, and contract back down to size when heart is at rest 2.Distributing Arteries= get blood to destination, large TM, not much TA, not elastic, as pressure pushes blood in them blood goes in one side out the other, diameter determines resistence of blood flow, controls where blood goes in body 3.Arteriols= supply blood flow to capillary systems, have moderate TM, has control on where blood flows, size of arteriol determines blood flow to tissue |
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Which is site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange?
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capillaries
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How Cardiac muscle different from skeletal muscle?
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-skeletal muscle AP last 1-2 ms
-AP last around 200 ms for cardiac muscle |
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Which of the following is not a way in which cardiac AP differ from AP in skeletal muscle?
A. initial depolarization in cardiac AP is due to Na influx B. Cardiac AP last many times longer than skeletal muscle AP C. Cardiac cells allow Ca to enter from outside the cell D. the absolute refractory period is so long that tetany is not possible in cardiac muscle |
initial depolarization in cardiac AP is due to Na influx
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Why are there valves in veins but not in arteries?
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when blood flows back to heart there is little pressure, valves prevent backflow
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Why cant cardiac muscle be tetanized
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length of absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle is 250 ms. which is very long and prevents tetany from occuring
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The AP of cardiac muscle lasts very long, what is the ultimate advantage of this fact?
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ensures cardiac muscle will not undergo tetany, if it did then it would never refill
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What makes AP last so long in cardiac muscle?
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- Na channels in cardiac muscle are like Na channels in all muscle cells, depolarize quickly, and repolarize quickly
- extra thing added is Ca channels in cell membrane for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle gets Ca from inside SR, but in cardiac muscle Ca comes from SR and from outside the cell -Ca leaks into cell and helps to keep cell depolarized -Na channels cant reset during plateau phase because cell still repolarizing -decrease K leaking out of cell |
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Which ions permiability increases during plateau phase of a cardiac AP?
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Ca
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Below is characteristics of blood vessels.
V=veins EA=elastic arteries DA=distributing arteries AO=arterioles 1.Tunica externa thicker than other layers 2.blood flows toward heart 3.recieves blood directly from the heart 4. tunica media simply coils of smooth muscle 5.deliver blood to individual organs 6. has valves |
1.Tunica externa thicker than other layers=veins
2.blood flows toward heart=veins 3.recieves blood directly from the heart=elastic arteries 4. tunica media simply coils of smooth muscle=arterioles 5.deliver blood to individual organs=distibuting arteries 6. has valves=veins |
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Which is an elastic artery?
aorta, internal artery, capillary, saphenous vein |
aorta
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Draw graphic representation of Cardiac AP, label Na influx, K efflux, plateau phase, Ca channels open, Begin/end abs ref period, contraction period end/begins, relaxation period begins
what type of cardiac muscle cell was this AP observed in? |
Draw graph
SA node |
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What are differences between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?
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-Cardiac-
- Ca comes from SR and from outside of cell -has 2 types of K channels -1st type close when cell depolarizes, less K leak out, helps keep cell depolarized -2nd type of K channels open when plateau period ends, K leaks out to repolarize the cell as Ca permeability drops -skeletal- -Ca is stored in SR |
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Which is not true?
1. specialized conducting system of heart made of cardiac cells, 2. specialized conducting pathway has different Na channels than rest of heart 3. specialized conducting cells do not share intercellular connections with regular cardiac muscle cells 4. fibrous skeleton of heart does not conduct electricity 5. none all are true |
none all are true
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Which is correct sequence of parts of heart that depolarize during AP?
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SA node, both atria, AV node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers, both ventricles
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Which are not autorythmic?
AV node, SA node, bundle of his, none |
none all are autorythmic
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which compartment of heart contains pacemaker?
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right atrium
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What has the most leaky sodium channels?
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SA node
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Name parts of Specialized Conduction Pathway of the Heart and describe?
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-cells don’t contract
-are autorythmic -cells elongated -look like neurons -are muscle cells, -still have actin and myosin but don’t work - are cardiac muscle cells, they can conduct their own AP, no input from Nervous System -are autorythmic -Found in 1.Sinoatrial node (SA Node) 2.Atrioventicular Node (AV Node) 3.Bundle of His 4.Purkinje Fibers |
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Which ions permiability increases during plateau phase of cardiac AP?
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Ca
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What does autorythmic mean ?
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means we can take a heart cut out of an organism put in a dish, heart still beats all by itself, no input from Nervous System
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Draw an autorythmic cardiac cell voltage vs. time. label Na channels, K channels, and Ca channels
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draw graph
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How do you make a regular cardiac muscle cell have an AP that looks Autorythmic?
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-Add a chemical that blocks Na channels
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Define systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
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Systolic=maximum pressure in the aorta
Diastolic=minimum pressure in the aorta |
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What is Mean arterial pressure?
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what is regulated, Mean means time awaited avg. of blood pressure,
when heart contract pressure goes up, while ventricle relaxing and refilling pressure falls off |
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What are Baroreceptors?
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-tiny pressure sensors in the aorta,
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The period when pressure in ventricles is increasing but the AV and semilunar valves are closed is called?
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isovolumetric contraction
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What closes after 1st after ventricles relax?
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aortic semilunar valve
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During which phase of systole is pressure in the ventricle increasing but both sets of valves remain closed?
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isovolumetric contraction phase
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acetylcholine causes depolarization of cardiac pacemaker cells? T/F
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false
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Which valve of the heart is open during isovolumetric contraction?
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none
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Which will not increase cardiac output?
dec EDV, sympathetic stimulation, inc. venous return, inc. central venous pressure, none |
dec. EDV
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MAP is equal to
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COxTPR=MAP
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Cardiac output is equal to?
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=(product of stroke volume)x(heart rate)
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Stroke volume is defined as?
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-volume of blood ejected from the heart in 1 cycle or 1 beat
SV=EDV-ESV |
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Heart rate is defined as?
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-number of cardiac cycles in a given amount of time, usually in bt/min
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Define ventricular systole?
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ventricular contraction
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What is the period of time when the heart is contracting but no blood flow is being ejected?
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isovolumetric contraction
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What is end diastolic volume?
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-volume of heart right before ventricles contract, max amount blood in heart, depends on Venous return
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What is end systolic volume
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-amount of blood left in heart at end of contraction
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WHat is Venous return
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amount of blood that flows into the heart per unit time
-depends on central venous pressure and basomotortone |
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What is central venous pressure?
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pressure in the veins at the center of cardiovascular system (heart),
-how much pressure there is just before enter heart -minimum pressure of entire cardiovascular system -Back pressure against which blood has to flow, -never quite 0 -for blood to return to heart it has to be pushed with more pressure than CVP |
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WHat is contractility?
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how forcefully the heart contracts,
-if heart squeezes hard, it releases a lot of blood, |
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During fight or flight response epinephrine has effects on cardiovascular system that effect MAP? how does epinephrine effect TPR, HR, and contractility, then explain how they effect MAP
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TPR=epinephrine dialates blood vessels, makes radius larger, decrease TPR on blood
MAP will decrease HR=opens more leaky Na channels, HR becomes more rapid, MAP increases Contractility= epinephrine can activate Ca channels -increases the # of active Ca. channels, increases Ca -increases MAP |
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Sympathetic stimulation causes an increase in HR, Why?
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-Epinephrine increases rate of depolarization,
- increase # of leaky sodium channels -SA Node depolarizes faster, more sodium let in -threshold reached sooner -less time between heart beats - more activated Ca channels, -repolarize faster, AP be skinnier than normal because AP last less time |
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What is Total Peripheral resistance?
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-the total resistance (arteriols, venules, arteries, veins, no heart) preventing blood from flowing
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Draw chart with MAP, CO, TPR, SV, HR, EDV, ESV, CVP, vasomotortone, contract, automotortone?
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look at notes
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What happens if you stimulate PSNS?
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-If apply acetylcholine to SA node, it activates extra potassium channels,
-K flows out of cell, hyperpolarizes, -If add AcH to SA node, heart rate slows down, -# Na channels hasn’t changed |
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What are the correct units for CO?
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mL/min
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What is The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
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-contractility of heart is proportional to preload or
-“what comes in goes out” |
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What is ventricular diastole?
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relaxation of ventricle after contraction
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Which increases as AcH is applied to the heart?
1. permeability of K channels 2.length of plateau phase 3.rate at which Na/K ATPase pumps Na out of cells 4. heart rate 5. none |
none
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Compare cardiac muscle force vs. Skeletal muscle force of contraction?
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Cardiac muscle
-optimal length where we get maximum amount of force -Change in force maximum due to # of overlap of actin and myosin Skeletal -when contract a skeletal muscle always get the maximum force out of it |
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Below is Poiseuilles equation which describes that the influence of flow through a cylinder vessel. Write the equation for resistance. What is the most important factor he discovered?
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Resistance= (Z*L)/(R4 )
Resistance depends on radius of blood vessels to the 4th power |
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What is the average resting CO? and how much blood is in a human at one time?
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5L
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Explain the Baroreceptor reflex?
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-when subject was horizontal
-When subject stood up blood pools up in feet, doesn’t come up to heart -venous return decrease, SV decrease, CO decrease, MAP dropped, -baroreceptors in Aorta detect this -trigured reflex to activate sympathetic NS and increase heart rate, -as tilted up should see increase in heart rate -Problem with increasing heart rate, less time between beats, less time for blood to return to heart, so EDV will decrease unless do something to increase venous return -So we need to make veins constrict in feet so blood doesn’t pool up, will increase TPR -Venous return goes up, Makes stroke volume go back to normal -should See increase in heart rate, increase in TPR, and decrease in stroke volume, for the baroreceptor reflex |
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The baroreceptor reflex is triggered when there is a sudden decrease in blood pressure. One response is to inc. HR and another is to stimulate contraction of the veins. Since inc. HR will inc. CO. why should you constrict veins in order to bring blood pressure back to normal?
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-Problem with increasing heart rate, less time between beats, less time for blood to return to heart, so EDV will decrease unless do something to increase venous return
-So we need to make veins constrict in feet so blood doesn’t pool up, will increase TPR -Venous return goes up, Makes stroke volume go back to normal -should See increase in heart rate, increase in TPR, and decrease in stroke volume, for the baroreceptor reflex |
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What is a Hematocrit?
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is the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells
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Barry has a hematocrit of 0.46 What does this mean?
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his blood is 46% RBC
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Which is not derived from a hemocytoblast?
1.basophil 2. eosinophil 3. macrophage 4. erythrocyte 5. none |
none they all are
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Name the Functions of Red Blood Cells
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1. carry hemoglobin,
2. hemoglobin is there to carry oxygen 3. carry carbon dioxide= to get rid of carbon dioxide, |
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What is a hemocytoblast?
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is the precurser, is found in bone marrow,
- precurser to RBC, WBC, platelets |
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What is Erythropoietin?
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produced by kidney, acts on bone marrow to stimulate hemocytoblast to produce RBC, stimulus is low oxygen capacity,
- no negative feedback if high amount of RBC because blood cells only last 120 days |
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Name ways carbon dioxide is carried by the blood
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1.carbonic anhydrase= catalyze reaction: carbonic dioxide and water to form carbonic acid, then it spontaneously splits into H ions and bicarbonate ions,
2. H ions bind to hemoglobin, 3. bicarbonate ion diffuses into blood plasma, 4. some carbon dioxide forms carboxyhemoglobin |
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What is the ancestor to all blood cells?
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hemocytoblast
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What hormone in the kidneys stimulates red blood cell producton?
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Erythropoietin
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Which is not a factor in determining resistence to blood flow?
1. viscosity 2. length of vessel 3. pressure generated by heart 4. radius of vessel 5. none all are factors |
pressure generated by the heart
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Which of the following is not a way carbon dioxide is carried by the blood?
1.dissolved in plasma 2. bound to hemoglobin 3. converted to bicarbonate 4. bound to heme 5. none, all of the above are ways |
bound to heme
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name and describe 5 types of White blood cells(leukocytes)?
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3 called granualcytes=large granuals in cytoplasm
1.eosinophils 2.basophils= grab on hemotoxylin 3.neutrophils= All involved in immune response, granules they produce cause inflammation to attract other WB cells, and to attack bacteria Other 2 types called Agranuolcytes=no granuals in cytoplasm 4. Monocytes= when in blood, but when leave blood called macrophages, -when get infection ,chemicals produce by granulocytes cause monocyte to change into macrophage, injest all types of stuff, 5. Lymphocytes=Come in two types B=produce antibodies, attack bacteria T=used to attack own cells, if your cells have something wrong with them, fight cancer cells |
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What hormone that regulate white blood cell synthesis is called? and describe?
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Colony Stimulating Peptides= stimulate bone marrow to bind to hemocytoblast, and stimulate production of WB cells, not sensitive to low oxygen
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What are metamegacariocytes?
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make platelets or thrombocytes,
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What do platelets or thrombocytes do?
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-do nothing till a leak, it is platelets that carry enzymes that form fibrin= forms dense mats of tangled up fibers that plug holes up
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What is plasma made out of?
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- almost all water
- most protein in it called albumin |
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How many proteins make up hemoglobin?
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4 proteins,
2 alpha and 2 beta subunits |
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How many molecules of oxygen can bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
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four
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(T/F) one hemglobin molecule can carry eight atoms of oxygen becuase it consists of four identical heme groups on four identical protein subunits?
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False
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How many heme groups are in one hemoglobin molecule?
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four
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How many molecules of oxygen can bind to a heme group?
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one
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Lymphocytes are?
1.leukocytes 2. granulocytes 3. important in blood clotting 4. acidic |
leukocytes
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Draw oxygen/hemoglobin dissociation curve? what will cause a rightward shift and draw
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draw graph
increase in temp. increase CO2 increase acidity/decrease pH increase DPG |
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Why does increase DPG affect hemoglobins ability to bind to O2?
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- cell has high concentration of DPG,
-cell does lot of glycolysis -needs more oxygen |
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What is the Haldain effect?
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-When carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin
-it prevents oxygen binding, changes shape of protein, harder for oxygen to stay stuck to heme, |
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What is the Bohr effect?
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-when H+ ions bind to hemoglobin, cause change of shape, hard for oxygen to stay stuck to heme, increase of acidity cause right shift of oxygen dissociation effect
-If Cells excercise produce extra lactic acid, low on oxygen, drop off extra oxygen, all automatic |
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What part of the hemoglobin molecule binds to the oxygen?
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Fe
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How might these affect oxygen transport in red blood cells
1.increase arterial PCO2 by rebreathing 2. Apply heat to muscles 3. decrease DPG to muscles 4. anemia (decrease RBC number) |
1.increase arterial PCO2 by rebreathing=increase
2. Apply heat to muscles=increase 3. decrease DPG to muscles=decrease 4. anemia (decrease RBC number)=decrease |
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What is function of lymphatic system?
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1.Collect and return fluids to Cardiovascular system
2.Cleans fluids (remove bacteria or viruses) |
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What are Starling Forces, name the 2 types?
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series of forces that act on water
1. Hydrostatic Force=force placed on fluid by a pump(heart) 2.Osmotic Force= force generated by solutes dissolved in the fluid |
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What is the Cholloid Osmotic Force?
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force generated by large solutes (proteins) dissolved in fluid, we are talking about cappillaries because small solutes (Na, K, I, glucose) can move freely across capillaries, no Concentration difference on inside and outside, small solutes can just fit through the fenestrations, so they don’t matter
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Which of the following starling forces favors lymph formation?
1.net colliod osmotic force 2.hydrostatic pressure in tissues 3. hydrostatic pressure in capillary 4. atmospheric pressure |
hydrostatic pressure in capillary
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Which will not increase the rate of lymph formation?
1. inc. arteriolar hydrostatic pressure 2. inc. tissue colloid osmotic strength 3. dec. capillary fenestration size 4. dilution of blood plasma |
dec. capillary fenestration size
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If I consume 5 grams of NaCl how will that alter lymph production rate?
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will not affect it because NaCl dissociates into Na and Cl, Na and Cl too small to have effect on colloid osmotic pressure
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When Hydrostatic pressure inside capillaries is greater than Hydrostatic pressure outside the capillaries, water moves where?
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-so Water moves out of capillaries
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If Cholloid Osmotic Pressure is greater than Cholloid osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid where does water go?
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so water moves into capillary
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On axes below draw a graph that shows effects of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic fluid movement across capillary, Indicate regions net fluid loss and net fluid gain.
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draw graph
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Which is not a lymphoid organ?
spleen, lymph node, peyers patch, thymus |
lymph node
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Name the lymphoid organs?
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spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyers patch,
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How much blood plasma filters into the interstitial fluid and becomes lymph?
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3L
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What are 2 types of cells common in Lymph Nodes?
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-made of B lymphocytes= make antibodies, stick antibodies on things that don’t belong
2.macrophages= large eaters, anybody with antibody stuck on them is eaten, |
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Where in lymphatic system is one likely to encounter a macrophage?
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node medulla
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Name functions of Spleen, thymus, tonsils, peyers patch
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Primary Function of Spleen= recycles damaged red blood cells, Secondary Function of the spleen is the backup blood source in case of emergency, Third Function, it stores platelets= good for blood clotting,
Thymus= helps cause maturation of T lymphocytes, and produces hormones in directing development of immune system, Tonsils= lots of B lymphocytes, and macrophages, kills off bacteria from food to stop disease Peyer’s Patches= if bacteria make past tonsils then in small intestine, lots of B lymphocytes and macrophages, backup system to protect against bacteria in stomach |
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Trace pathway of air as it is inhaled by putting 1-8
trachea glottis bronchiole laryngopharynx nasopharynx alveolar duct nasal cavity primary bronchus |
trachea=5
glottis=4 bronchiole=7 laryngopharynx=3 nasopharynx=2 alveolar duct=8 nasal cavity=1 primary bronchus=6 |
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put structures in order as air passes through
terminal bronchiole tertiary bronchus alveolus glottis nasopharynx naris |
terminal bronchiole=5
tertiary bronchus=4 alveolus=6 glottis=3 nasopharynx=2 naris=1 |
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Name 3 Distinct functional regions of respiratory system?
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1. Exchange zone= were gas exchange occurs
2.Conducting zone= carries air from the atmosphere to the exchange zone 3.Epichamber= pitch and sound of voice depends on resonating qualities of nasal cavity |
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name ways the oral cavity fights infections?
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1.mucus contains lysozymes, that will rupture bacterial cells
2. |
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Name functions of soft palate and epiglottis?
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-soft palate= make sure food doesnt go into nasopharynx
-epiglottis=make sure food doesnt go into larynx |
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Name organs of respiratory system?
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Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Trachea, Lungs
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What are cartilaginous hemirings?
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-rings prevent trachea from collapsing by keeping it open
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What is the name of respiratory structure that is composed of 9 cartilage plates
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larynx
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What are adaptations nasal cavity has tohelp reduce amount of water lost?
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When you exhale, cooler surfaces, cool air down to below body temperature, the cooler the air the less water vapor it can carry, as you exhale you form dew or condensation, create less water vapor than if you exhaled through your mouth
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Does the respiratory system include the nasal cavity?
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No
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What tissue makes up the majority of laryngeal plates?
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Hyaline cartilage
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What are the 2 folds of tissue inside the larynx called?
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vocal folds
-False=provide physical protection, sit on true vocal cords, -True=much thinner, these vibrate, and make noise |
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What does nicotine do to the trachea?
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prevents cilia in trachea from pushing mucus upstream so it doesnt plug up the airways
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What order of bronchiol does gas exchange start?
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20th
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Which is not part of exchange zone is repiratory system?
1. tertiary bronchus 2. alveolar duct 3. terminal bronchiole 4. alveolus |
tertiary bronchus
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list structures in order when air is inhaled:
trachea nasopharynx terminal bronchiole primary bronchus glottis alveolar duct |
trachea=3
nasopharynx=1 terminal bronchiole=5 primary bronchus=4 glottis=2 alveolar duct=6 |
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Are terminal brochiols part of gas exchange (t/f)
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true
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Which is not part of respiratory zone?
alveolus, respiratory membrane, alveolar duct, tertiary bronchiole |
tertiary bronchiole
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Which is not part of respiratory membrane?
surfactant, type 1 cell, endothelial cell, cartilaginous ring |
cartilaginous ring
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What are the 2 types of cells that make up alveoli?
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simple squamous epithelium, type II epithelium
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What is surfactant?
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made by type II epithelium, anything that decreases surface tension
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Where does 80% of gas exchange occur?
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in the alveoli
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What do type II cells of the lungs do?
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produce surfactant that decreases surface tension of alveoli
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To control breathing respiration is controlled by chemoreceptors located in what 2 places?
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1.Central= located in the medulla oblingota,
2. Peripheral= found in aortic arch and carotid bodies, |
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The receptors that control breathing are sensitive to what?
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O2, CO2, and H levels
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Oxygen chemorecepters are basically useless unless higher than how many feet?
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10000 ft.
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What are other receptors that regulate breathing
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proprioceptors
-ex: Hering Brewer receptors= -stretch receptors found in lungs other proprioceptors -found in skeletal muscle -these increase breathing while you exercise irritant receptors= if dust in air you breath you start coffing -if airway plugged up with too much mucus |
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Hering Brewer receptors are sensitive to what?
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stretch
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Which of the following places does not contain a respiratory chemoreceptor?
lung, aorta, medulla oblingota, carotid body, none they all do |
none they all do
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Which of the following is not a modality detected by a respiratory receptor?
lung-stretch, irritants, Po2, CSF pH, none all are detected |
none all are detected
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Which will not increase TPR?
1. inc. heart rate 2. inc. blood viscosity 3. dec. blood vessel diameter 4. inc. blood vessel length |
inc. heart rate
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Which is not a type of sensory input involved in control of breathing?
movement of body parts, cigarette smoke, body temp. arterial oxygen tension |
body temp
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Oxygen chemoreceptors never affect ventilation rate? (T/F)
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false, if above sea level they do
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What is the space between the ribs called where the lungs are located?
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pleural cavity
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When one inhales what happens?
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1.AP sent to external intercostals muscles and to diaphragm
2.diaphram contracts which pulls down to stomach and the liver 3.external intercostals contract and pull ribs up, ribs then swing up and forward 4.then pleural cavity increases in volume |
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Whole process of exhalation is always passive?
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False
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What does ventilation depend on?
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depends on active inhalation and passive exhalation
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What is partial pressure of oxygen at sea level in alveoli?
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100 mm Hg
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Normal inhilation requires the contraction of external intercostals muscles, and diaphragm, but normal exhalation requires no muscle contraction? (T/F)
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True
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What muscle contract during normal exhalation?
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none
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-How do you generate more force to blow out candles on a birthday cake?
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-contract internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
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Below is a graph showing intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures change during respiratory cycle. Indicate which is intrapulmonary and which is intrapleural. Also on empty axis show lines to indicate pneumothorax wound?
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Draw graph
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Physiologist ussually treat central respiratory chemoreceptors that respond to H+ as if they were the same as those that respond to CO2 Why?
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I dont know
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Why is the intrapleural space a virtual space?
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because parietal and visceral pleura are held together so tight there is no volume for air
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What happens if you get a wound that penetrates pleural cavities? what is it called?
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Called a Pnemothorax
-created a connection between intrapleural space and atmosphere -during inhalation as pressure in intrapleural space decreases -as you try to inhale, air is sucked into intrapleural space, -as soon as bubble of air gets in pleural membranes separate, lungs move away from body wall, body wall move away from lungs -now it’s a real place, volume is in there, -lungs no longer attached to body wall, so cant change pressure, or volume, |
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Normal exhalation requires the production of AP in phenic nerve? (T/F)
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False
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What is Minute ventilation?
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-amount of air enter/exits respiratory system in 1 minute
TV*RR=Ve |
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What is Alveolar Ventilation?
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-how much air got into or out of exchange zone
-how much air had an opportunity to undergo gas exchange (TV-DS)*RR=Va |
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What has greater effect of Alveolar Ventilation? TV or RR
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-changes in Tidal Volume have larger effect than changes in Respiratory Rate
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When light exercise is done in lab, what do you see?
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-expect to see minute ventilation increase, alveolar ventilation increase, tidal volume increases more than respiratory rate
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Are any AP sent during exhalation?
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No
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How do we determine respiratory rate?
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- frenic nerve, carries AP to diaphragm
-frequency of burst of AP determine Respiratory Rate |
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What is an expiratory muscle?
diaphragm, internal intercostals, abdominal obliques, external intercostals, more than one |
more than one
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When I breathe deeper than normal but at a normal rate (hyperventilation) I can hold my breath
1.longer than normal bc extra oxygen in my lungs 2.shorter bc I have extra CO2 in my lungs 3. longer bc I have less CO2 in my arterial blood 4. shorter bc I have less CO2 in my lungs |
longer bc I have less CO2 in my arterial blood
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list molecules in order that air passes through
nares alveolus glottis trachea terminal bronchiole primary bronchus alveolar duct pharynx |
nares=1
alveolus=8 glottis=3 trachea=4 terminal bronchiole=6 primary bronchus=5 alveolar duct=7 pharynx=2 |
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WHich of the following is an inspiratory muscle?
diaphragm internal intercostal abdomis rectus latissimus dorsi more than one |
diaphragm
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list molecules in order that air passes through
naris glottis terminal bronchiole secondary bronchus alveolar duct pharynx |
naris=1
glottis=2 terminal bronchiole=5 secondary bronchus=4 alveolar duct=6 pharynx=3 |
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Why are there central pH chemoreceptors when H+ cant cross blood-brain barrier?
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I dont know
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list molecules in order that air passes through:
nasopharynx alveolar duct primary bronchus terminal bronchioles glottis vocal fold |
nasopharynx=1
alveolar duct=6 primary bronchus=4 terminal bronchioles=5 glottis=2 vocal fold=3 |
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When physiologist abbreviate minute ventilation they use Vi or Ve. What is the difference between the 2 abbreviations and why does it matter which one you use?
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Vi is minute inhilation, and Ve is minute exhilation, it matters because the volume you inhale and exhale are different
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WHich never influences breathing rythym
irritants cerebrum parietal pressure of oxygen proprioceptors |
none all influence
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Carol is floating on the surface of the water and using a snorkal to breath, her TV is larger than normal, Why
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she inc. her Dead space, she is breathing normally so her Va is the same with or without extra DS, Her respiration rate does not change, but her TV goes up to counter change in DS.
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The digestive system is divided into 2 main part, what are they?
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1.Alimentary canal= tube which food moves, starts at mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, stomach, large intestine, anus, lined with epithelium tissue
2.Accessory Organs= 6 organs a.3 associated with mouth= tongue, salivary gland, teeth b.3 associated with small intestine= liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
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Name Functions of the Digestive System?
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1. Ingestion= bringing food into system
2.Motility= movement, are 2 modes a.Propulsive motility= propel materials from one end to other end of alimentary canal b.Triturative motility= breaking up food from big pieces to little pieces, 3. Digestion= split into 2 parts a.Mechanical Digestion= grinding large pieces to small pieces b.Chemical Digestion= breaking down macromolecules into monomers c.Absorption= individual monomers absorbed by cells that line digestive system d.Defecation= getting rid of parts not digestible |
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What does Saliva have in it?
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made of mostly water,
a.Muscin= glycoprotein, main component of mucus and saliva, coats food and makes it slippery b.Amylase= enzyme that helps break down starches i.ptyalin= is salivary amylase, breaks down large starches to disaccharides c. Electrolytes= sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium d. Immunoglobulin A= antibodies e. Lysozyme= kills bacteria, breaks cell walls f. Epidermal growth factor= stimulates growth of skin cells |
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When you cut yourself why do lick yourself?
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lick it to put lysozyme, IGA, EPG, on you wound to help kill bacteria, prevent infection, stimulate skin cells to grow and cover up wound
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What is the esophagus coated with?
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mucus
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Match gastric pit cell to product?
chief cell parietal cell enteroendocrine cell mucous neck cell |
chief cell=pepsinogen
parietal cell=HCl enteroendocrine cell=Gastrin mucous neck cell=mucin |
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What is innermost tissue of esophagus?
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endothelium
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Which cells secrete pepsinogen?
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chief cells
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What does the stomach produce?
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pepsin to break down protein
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What kind of digestion occurs in stomach?
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mechanical digestion, and initiate more chemical digestion
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What do interoendocrine cells do?
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they make hormones that are released from basal surface of cells
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What is the pyloric sphincter?
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ring of smooth muscle held tightly closed, only opens when food in stomach ground up small enough and is highly acidic, job is to meter amount of food that enters small intestine
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Which performs trituration?
pharygeal tonsil, jejunum, premolar, salivary gland, more than one |
more than one
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What are Pleaky circularies?
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circular folds on internal surface of small intestine
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Where does chemical digestion begin?
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the mouth
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What is not found in saliva?
ptyalin, EPG, enteroendocrine, antibodies |
enteroendocrine
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What is the function of bile and what does it contain?
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emulsify fats or make lipids more digestible
-contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments |
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What are the functions of the liver for the digestive system?
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1. produce bile
2. food processing |
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What is Emulsification?
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to take large fat droplets separate in smaller droplets with larger surface area for lipases to work
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What is the funciton of the gall bladder?
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-functions to receive bile from liver
-store it -concentrate it -release the bile through a duct into small intestine when food enters |
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What are lacteal?
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Lymph cappillaries in small intestine
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What is the function of the large intestine?
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-Main function is to remove water from chyme
-also has active transport for vitamins, |
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What is the function of caecum
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it stores bacteria which have ability to break bonds of cellulose, plants depend on to release glucose, in humans secum has become useless, turned into appendix, small functional secum in humans to produce vitamin B and K
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Bile salts and bile pigments are amphipathic. What function does this serve?
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emulsification, lipase breaks down chemical bonds, emulsification makes large droplets into smaller ones
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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to produce pancreatic juices that can digest anything, and produce bicarbonate ions to neutralize stomach acid,
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What is the brush border?
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where absorption takes place in small intestine to increase surface area. villai covered intestinal lining are the site of lipid digestions
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What stimulates production of secretin?
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acidity of chyme as it enters small intestine detected by chemoreceptors
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What is secretin?
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acts on pancreas to make the pancreas to stimulate production of pancreatic juices high in bicarbonate ions, and stimulate liver to make more bile
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What stimulate production of
cholisystochynin? |
when fats arrive in small intestine
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What is cholisystochynin?
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makes gall bladder contract, to squirt concentrated bile into small intestine, acts on pancreas to stimulate enzyme rich pancreatic juices
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What stimulates bile salt production?
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bile salts in the blood
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Which stimulates release of secretin?
acidic chyme in duodenum bile salts in blood amino acids in duodenum gastric distension |
acidic chyme in the duodenum
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Cholecystokinin does not do what?
1.stimulate bile release 2.inhibit gastric motility 3. stimulate pancreas to produce trypsinogen 4. dilate the sphincter of Oddi |
inhibit gastric motility
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In which organ is bile synthesized?
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Liver
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Which digestive phase is dominated by vagal reflexes and involves very little endocrine coordination?
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Cephalic phase
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Which enzyme breaks down DNA in food?
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nuclease
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Which does not happen to triglycerides as they are digested and absorbed?
1. broken down by lipases 2. 2 fatty acids are removed from them 3. they are reassembled after absorption 4. they are transported out of intestine in blood plasma |
transported out of intestine in blood plasma
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Which of following doesnt happen during intestinal phase of digestion?
1. CCK release is stimulate by entry of acid chyme into intestine 2. Vagal reflexes affect gastric motility 3. bile production increases 4. pancreas releases enzyme rich juices |
CCK release is stimulate by entry of acid chyme into intestine
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Which hormone is released in response to fatty chyme in intestine?
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cholecytstokinin
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Which digestice phase is initiated by thinking of a big hot chewy cinnamun bun?
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cephalic
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For each digestive organ match up:
liver stomach large intestine salivary gland pancreas small intestine pyloric sphincter esophagus Answers 1.initiates chemical digestion 2.bicarbonate ion secretion 3. absorption of fats 4. detoxification 5. formation of feces 6. acid digestion 7. control passage of chyme 8.mastication 9. initial site of peristalsis 10. store and concentrate bile |
liver=detoxification
stomach=acid digestion large intestine=formation of feces salivary gland=initiates chemical digestion pancreas=bicarbonate ion secretion small intestine=absorption of fats pyloric sphincter=control passage of chyme esophagus=initial site of peristalsis |
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Which happens during gastric phase of digestion?
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Gastrin stimulates HCl production
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Which does not happen during cephalic phase?
1. AP frequency in vagus nerve increases 2. motility of stomach increases 3. pepsinogen production dec. 4.ptyalin produciton increases |
pepsinogen production decreases
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Which is main stimulus to elicit pancreatic enzyme synthesis duting digestion?
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presence of amino acid in duodenum
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WHich does not happen when chyme enters small intestine?
1. pancreas secretes bicarbonate rich juice 2. secretin producition inc. 3. stomach increases motility 4. GIP prevents stomach from producing HCl |
stomach increases motility
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In which doe mechanical digestion not occur?
1. mouth 2. small intestine 3. stomach 4. large intestine |
large intestine
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WHich hormone stimulates production of HCO3 rich pancreatic juice?
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secretin
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WHich is not a organ of the alimentary canal?
1. esophagus 2. duodenum 3. rectum 4. mandibular salivary |
mandibular salivary
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C=cephalic
G=gastric I=intestinal phase M=more than one 1. stretch of the duodenum inhibits gastric motility 2. pepsinogen production starts 3. smell of food triggers vagal reflexes 4. gastrin stimulates H+ production 5. Phase begin when food enters the stomach 6. CCK levels increase 7. GIP inhibits gastric motility 8. vagal reflexes stimulate gastric motility 9. Gastrin production starts 10. CCK stimulate production of HCO3 rich juice 11. secretin production is stimulate by acid chyme 12.pepsinogen is activated 13. vagus nerve inhibits motility |
1. stretch of the duodenum inhibits gastric motility=I
2. pepsinogen production starts=C 3. smell of food triggers vagal reflexes=C 4. gastrin stimulates H+ production=G 5. Phase begin when food enters the stomach=G 6. CCK levels increase=I 7. GIP inhibits gastric motility=I 8. vagal reflexes stimulate gastric motility=M 9. Gastrin production starts=G 10. CCK stimulate production of HCO3 rich juice=I 11. secretin production is stimulate by acid chyme=I 12.pepsinogen is activated=M 13.vagus nerve inhibits motility=N |
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WHich of the following is not a protease in pancreatic juice?
Trypsinogen Pepsinogen Chymotrypsinogen procarboxypeptidase |
pepsinogen
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