Z- Journalism Exam

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Blacklisting

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– keeping a particular type of person from working in media and other industries

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Accountability

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-the obligation to take responsibility, or account for, the consequences of one’s actions. –In media ethics ------ involves the questions of whom controls media practitioners and who has the power to punish them for ethical lapses.

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Checkbook journalism-

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paying news sources for their stories

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Conflicting loyaly

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Duty to personal conscience

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Conflicting loyaly

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Duty to one’s organization or firm

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Conflict of Loyalty

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Duty to one’s profession or art

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Conflicting loyaly

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Duty to society

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Edward R. Murow

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- took on McCarthy –making claims of slander of innocent people ”see it now” show

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Eric Sevareid

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“one of the “boys” became one of the early critics of Sen. Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communism tactics. It was during the early 1950s that Sevareid caught the attention of the FBI in their ongoing attempts to identify and root out American Communists.

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Murrow’s Boys-

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were the CBS broadcast journalists most closely associated with Edward R. Murrow during his years at the network, most notably the years before and during World War II.

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Jayson Blair

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- worked for the new york times- was one of best reporters- plagiarized 36 of 72 articles from previous months- Jessica (missing soldier)

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Stephen Glass and “Shattered Glass=

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the movie about the reported that cooked everything.

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Janet Cook-

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worked for Washington- made up a story about a 8 year old heroin addict- won a Pulitzer - was found out- lost Pulitzer and was fired.

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Kant -

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German philosopher who developed idea of categorical imperative in 1700s - rules that apply in every similar situation

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Rawls -

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American philosopher from late 20th century who proposed the veil of ignorance(promoted equality)

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Machiavelli

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= the end justify the means- led to enlightened self-interest

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Mill:

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(1800s): “utilitarian principle”- greatest good for the greatest # of people

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Absolute ethics=

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The position of those who believe there is a clear-cut right or wrong response to every ethical dilemma (religious ideals often)

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Relativistic or situation ethics=

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Principle that ethical choices can be made according to the situation, without a rigid adherence to set rules

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Prescriptive =

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stipulate specific behavior to be followed

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proscriptive codes =

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Stress things that should not be done

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Categorical imperative=

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The ethical guideline to look for principles that will hold true in all situations(developed by Kant)

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Enlightened self-interest-

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Theory that hold that doing what is right for yourself will probably be right for others

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Objectivity=

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description according to the characteristics of the thing being described rather than the feeling of the one describing it.

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Horace Greeley=

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publisher of the New York tribune was against crude sensationalism (hypocrite by today’s standards)

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New York Times v. Sullivan-

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Democracy is best served by robust debate about public issues and public figures cannot be separated from the issues of which they are a part.

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Sunshine laws-

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State laws that ensure that public meetings are conducted in the open

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FOIA-

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Passed in 1966 to ensure open documents and records and for federal

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Indecency-

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Offensive content with possible social value.

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Obscenity-

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concentrating around sex

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Fair comment-

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refers to a defense against a charge of libel based on honest opinion or criticism.

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Actual malice-

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Reckless disregard for the truth of published, defamatory information.

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Fair use Doctrine-

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allows the copying of a work for non-commercial use, as long as it does not interfere with sale or exploitation of work by the copyright holder

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Defamation:

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Any type of false communication that injures the reputation of an individual

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Appropriation-

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Individuals own the right to their own image and name, neither of which can be used without their permission, except in the reporting of news.

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First-sale doctrine-

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Allows purchasers of a copyright to resell or “rent” it out.

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Privacy-

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The right of individuals to be left alone in their home (established through Common Law), but must change and become more specific:

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Smith Act-

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was aimed at communist party-making it illegal to advocate violence in an attempt to overthrow the government.

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Constitutional Law-

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based on Constitution

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Statutory Law-

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Collected Laws written by legislative bodies, like Congress (I.e. Telecom Act of 1996)

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Common Law-

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Judges’ rulings that become precedents

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Administrative Law-

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The rules and regulations of government agencies (I.e. FCC restrictions on indecency)

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Criminal Law-

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Government tries individuals who are accused of illegal acts

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Alien and Sedition Act-

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again made it illeagal to critizie the government- was aimed at Thomas Jefferson (4 laws)

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John Peter Zenger

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Was arrested fir printing true info about the governern

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Seditious libel-

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Laws established in colonial America that made it illegal to criticize the government or its representatives

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Fairness Doctrine-

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Fair Use

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Bait and switch-

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Technique in which a seller provides bait in the form of an advertised bargain and a switch when the customer is talked into a more expensive product.

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Consumer advertising -

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directed to retail customer (early 1800s)

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Craigslist -

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- much better online, though newspapers are losing because they charge so much per ad

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Demographics-

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Measures of audience characteristics that are easily oberveres aand labeled, such as age, gender, income, occupation, and ethnicity.

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Display advertising -

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large print advertisements that usually include artwork, interesting typeface and catchy slogans (1860s - department stores)

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Focus groups-

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small groups of potential consumers observed by a research.

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Handbill- Handbills

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(i.e. flyers, leaflets, handouts: The first printed advertising (around 1478 in England)

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Media buyer-

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purchase ad spots and find best suitable location.

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Parity statement-

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an assertion of equality that sounds like an assertion of superiority.

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Psychographics-

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measures attitudes beliefs, values interests, and motivations.

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Puffery-

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Exaggeration in advertising claims -Practice was out of control by the late 1800s

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Target marketing

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The process of breaking up the advertising audience into diverse segments to reach those individuals most likely to purchase a particular product.

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Trade advertising

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- business to business promotion (early 1700s)

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The Velvet or Pink Ghetto

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Since 1986, the majority of PR practitioners have been women
 However, women hold very few upper management positions in PR industry, even today
 Also is overwhelmingly Caucasian

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Sir Walter Raleigh

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In early America: ____ (1584) persuaded new English settlers to move to Roanoke,

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Press agents

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people who worked to generate publicity for their clients to have clients featured positively in the press

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P.T. Barnum-

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planted outlandish stories about his circus performers. Still thought of as master of press and PR.

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Leak or press leak

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unauthorized disclosure to the press.

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Ivy Ledbetter Lee

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the father of the modern public relations industry and first PR advisor

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Boston Publicity Bureau

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(1900) was the first business set up specifically to represent clients and get them better press - realized public figures were seeing the value of good publicity