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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why are chemistry panels done(4)?
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general screen, confirm/rule out specific dz, monitor clinical conditions, ER medicine therapy
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What is a chemistry profile?
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a group of chemical tests appropriate fora given species and a given organ
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On what type of sample are chem panels usually done?
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plasma or serum, usually serum
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What kind of tubes are used to collect a serum sample?
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red or red marble (gel separator)
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What is the color of a normal serum sample?
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clear to straw colored
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What color is an icteric serum sample?
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strong gold/yellow/amber
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What color is a hemolyzed serum sample?
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red/pink
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What color is a lipemic sample?
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milky/white
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3 mls of blood yields ___ of serum
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1 ml
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Always draw enough blood to run ___ tests
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two
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A delay in centrifugation can result in lower blood ____ & ___ levels
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glucose and ammonia
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What is ALT?
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Alanine transferase
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What is AST?
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Aspartate transferase
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What is SDH?
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Sorbitol dehydrogenase
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What is GD?
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Glutamic dehydrogenase
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What is ALP?
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Alkaline phosphatase
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What is BUN?
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Blood Urea Nitrogen
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What tests are useful in the dx of liver dz (specific according to packet)?
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ALT, AST, SDH, GD
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What tests indicate cholestasis (back-up of bile (liver)) when values are above normal?
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ALP, GGT, Bilirubin
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What is GGT?
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Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
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Generally according to lecture, what tests are used in a chem panel to evaluate liver?
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ALT, AST, ALP, Bilirubin, bile acids
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What tests are used to indicate liver function?
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blood glucose, Albumin, BUN, bile acid test
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What test requires two samples, one pre-prandial, one post-prandial?
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bile acid test
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What are some signs of liver dz?
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wt loss, anorexia, v/d, pu/pd, jaundiced, ascites, dehydrated, hemorrhage/bleeding, hepatic
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What are some signs of kidney dz?
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pu/pd, dehydrated, vomitting, anorexia, ulcers, rubber-jaw, loss of bone calcium, anemia
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What are the two main tests used to dx kidney dz? Three others?
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*BUN & Creatinine*
uric acid, potassium (K+), phosphorus |
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An increased/decreased BUN may be indicative of kidney dz.
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increased - waste products rise when kidneys are not eliminating
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___% of the kidney is non-functional before the BUN rises
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75%
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What is Azotemia?
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urea in blood
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Other than kidney z, what other conditions could show a rise in BUN?
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dehydration (check SG), heart dz, low blood pressure, ureter/urethra obstruction, bladdertear, GI homorrhage
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Which test is more specific in the dx of kidney dz - BUN or Creatinine? Why?
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Creatinine - not as many factors that could affect
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What is hyper/hypokalemia?
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inc/dcr potassium
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What tests are used to dx dzs of the pancreas?
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Amylase, lipase
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Amylase increases w/ ___ & ___ dzs but Lipase only increases w/ ___
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Amylase - pancreas & kidney
Lipase - pancreas |
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What tests are used to dx diabetes? Inc or dcr of ea?
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blood glucose (inc), insulin (dcr)
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Inc insulin and dcr blood sugar could indicate what dz condition?
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Insulinoma - a cancerous tumor that produces insulin
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Dcr insulin and incr blood glucose could indicate what dz condition?
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diabetes
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What is Na+
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sodium
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What is K+
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potassium
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What is Cl-
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Chloride
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What is Ca++
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Calcium
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What is P
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Phosphorus
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Low sodium (Na+) could be caused by what?
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v/d, kidney dz, diabetes, Cushing's
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High sodium could be caused by what?
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dehydration, salt poisoning
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___ controls blood pressure and is controlled by Aldosterone
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Na+ (sodium)
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What electrolyte is excreted in urine and is controlled by Aldosterone and the body's pH?
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Potassium (K+)
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What could cause low potassium (K+)
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PU, administered fluids, diarrhea, alkalosis
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What could cause increased potassium?
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inability to make/pass urine, acidosis, Addison's dz
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What electrolyte is important for the normal functioning of the heart?
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potassium (K+)
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What electrolyte is controlled by PTH (parathyroid hormone), and calcitonin?
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calcium (Ca++)
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What collection tube should not be used when testing sodium levels?
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sodium heparin - will elevate values
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What collection tube should not be used when collecting samples for calcium testing?
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EDTA - binds to the calcium
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What could cause elevated calcium?
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bone destruction, rodenticides, xcess Vit D, cancers, kidney dz
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What could cause low calcium?
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eclampsia, milk fever
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What is eclampsia?
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Calcium drain due to fetal development in late gestation and esp in milk production
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What are some signs of eclampsia in ruminants? Small animal?
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Ruminants - paralysis, dystocia
SA - tetany, seizures, inc temp |
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What is alkalosis?
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high pH
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What is acidosis?
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low pH
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The protein ___ is important for blood pressure, calcium levels, and metabolizing drugs.
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Albumin
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What could cause high Albumin?
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dehydration
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What could cause low albumin?
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diarrhea, anorexia, burns, kidney dz, liver dz
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___ is a protein associated with the immune system (helps fight off dz)
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Globulin
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What could cause high globulin?
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infection, inflammation, dehydration
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Total protein = ___ + ___
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albumin + globulin
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What is ketosis?
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presence of ketones
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Ketones are/are not normally present.
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are not
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___ are made in the body's attempt to make a new energy source
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Ketones
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What are the 4 main functions of electrolytes?
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Maintain water balance thru osmotic pressure, maintain constant pH, activation of blood coagulation & enzyme systems, maintain normal muscular & nervous functions.
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What is a normal blood pH?
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7.35-7.45
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What blood value is considered alkaline/basic?
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above 7.0
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What blood value is acidic?
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below 7.0
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What organ controls electrolyte concentrations?
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kidneys
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