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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anabolism? Catabolism?
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Anabolism is the building reactions that require energy. Catabolism is the degradative reactions that yeild energy
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What are the 3 basic mechanisms to cells use to trap energy in the ATP molecule?
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1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation 3. Photophosphorylation |
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What is Substrate Level Phosphorylation?
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- energy rich organic molecule degraded (redox)
- a phosphate is transferred to ADP, producing ATP shuttle |
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What is Oxidative Phosphorylation
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-uses O as electron acceptor
-electrons passed fm a "high energy" containing molecule down their gradient to O -the energy stored in the gradient may produce ATP |
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What is Photophosphorylation?
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The kinetic energy of photons is trapped by pigment molecules and used to generate a gradient, eventually producing ATP
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Why does a reduced compound contain more energy than the corresponding oxidized form?
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As a reduced compound is oxidized, it will release electrons tt carry away some of its original energy
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Outline the steps that food being eaten goes through to yeild energy.
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1. Digestion of macromolecules into their component parts in exracellular environment (ie stomach)
2. Enzymatic conversion of diverse sm molecular nutrients into small intermediate molecules such as pyruvate or acetyl-CoA. Can occur in cytosol. Some energy yeild 3. Burning; the complete oxidation of the intermediates, occures in mitochondria, using O and releasing CO2, H2O, and waste. Greatest ATP yield |
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Give a brief, rough overview of glycolysis.
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A. Splitting of one 6C glucose into two 3C pyruvate molecules.
B. Occurs in 10 steps that can be divided into stage 1, 2, & 3. |
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What is Stage one of glycolysis?
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Steps 1-5. Glucose trapped in cell and converted to 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Uses energy!
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What is Stage two of glycolysis?
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Steps 6&7. Couples oxidation of an aldehyde to an acid w/unfavorable formation of high-energy phosphoanhydride bond. Done 2 ways; by transfer of H to NAD = NADH and phosphate transfered to ADP = ATP (substrate level phosphorylation)
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What is Stage 3 of Glycolysis?
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Step 8-10. Complete conversion of glucose to pyruvate and repaying of evergy investment. 2 new ATPs for each glucose catabolized.
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What is the primary function of the citric cycle? Where does it occur?
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Occurs in mitochondrion. Oxidizes incoming acetyl-CoA. This releases a series of "high energy electrons" that drive the "electron transport chain" and ultimately ATP production.
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Give an overview of the steps in the citric acid cycle, leaving out mention of energy yeild.
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- 8 steps.
-In 1st rxn the 2C acetyl group is joined to a 4C compound, yeilding 6C citrate -In the remaining steps 2 units of CO2 waste are split off, yielding the original starting material, giving the cyclic nature of this cycle. |
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Describe the outter membrane of the mitochondrion
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Has a high content of the protein "mitochondrial porin". Ts protein forms a beta barrel trgh membrane, allowing subtances up to 5000MW to pass
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What is the thin ompartment b/w the outter and inner mitochondrial membranes called?
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The Intermembrane Space
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What is the primary protein in the intermembrane space?
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electron transporter cytochrome-c
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What are "cristae"?
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Folds in the inner membrance of the mitochondrion that increase the surface area.
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Is the inner membrane smooth like most cellular membranes?
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No, it's got a lg # of particles or projections coming out of it
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What are the 4 distinguishing characteristics of the Inner Membrane of a Mitochondrion?
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1. The presence of cristae
2. Non smooth membrane 3. It has an unusual lipid composition tt's impermeable to many substances including H+ 4. Has a high protein content including diverse transporters, e carriers, and enzymatic proteins |
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What is the central "fluid" compartment of the mitochondrion called?
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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What three things can be found in the Mitochondrial matrix?
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1.It's densely packed w/protein and particles
2. Enzymes and metabolites of citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation housed here 3. The DNA and ribosomes reside here |
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Give a brief over view of the electron transport chain process?
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the etc receives "high-energy" electrons fm the oxidative rxns of catabolism and passes tm, along w/H+ to O, forming water
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The electron transport chain consists of how many lg protein complexes? Where are they located?
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Four. Embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane & 2 mobile electron shuttles.
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What is Complex I called (of the lg protein complexes in the electron transport chain)? How many subunit proteins does it have?
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Dehydrogenase. 20 subunit proteins
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How does the NADH Dehydrogenase work?
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1. Its FMN (flavin mononucleotide) containing subunit receives a pair of e's fm NADH.
2. In process of ts transfer, NADH releases its H+ 3. FMN now passes the e one at a time trgh a series of FeS groups to CoQ (coenzyme Q) held in a binding pocket |
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What does the movement of electrons trgh Complex I allow the complex to do to maintain the net charge?
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The movement releases energy tt alters its structure, allowing it to pump 4H+ fm matrix to intermembrance space
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What is another name for Complex II (of the mitochondrion)?
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Succinate Dehydrogenase
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Succinate Dehydrogenase is not actually a proteinc comples, what is it and wt's it used in?
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An enzyme complex of the citric acid cycle tt's associated w/the membrane.
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Explain Complex II's role in the electron transport.
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The complex releases H+ to matrix and passes the e's via FeS groups to CoQ, but tr isn't enough energy to transport the H+ across the membrane. H+ is transferred to FAD creating FADH2.
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What is another name Complex III (of the mitochondrion)?
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CoQ/Cyt-c Oxoreductase or Cytochrome bc the "Q-Cycle"
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What is so unusual about Complex III?
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It is a mobile electron carrier and is highly hydrophobic and able to dissolve and move w/in the lipids of the inner membrane.
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What does Complex III do when it recieves electrons fm Complex I or II?
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It becomes charged and trapped in the binding pocket. Its high level of charge allows it to absorb 2H+ fm the matrix creating CoQH2. CoQH2 is hydrophobic and able to move freely in the membrane.
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How many subunits make up Complex III? What happens when CoQH2 binds to the bindng pocket of Complex III?
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11 subunits. The CoQH2 releases its 2H+ into intermembrane space. It transfers 1 of its e's trgh a FeS and cytochrom c1 group to the next mobile carrier Cytochrome-c. Its 2nd e is "recycled" to matrix wr its transferred to a 2nd waiting CoQ molecule.
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The energy released overall from the activity of Complex III allows what?
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It allows CoQ to "shuttle" 4H+ fm matrix to intermembrance space for every pair of e's transported along the chain.
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What's another name for Complex IV?
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Cytochrom Oxidase
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What is Cytochrome-c?
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Its a small protein that's a mobile electron carrier; it carries one e at a time from complex III to IV. It's stuck in the intermembrane space.
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How many subunits make up Complex IV? What is subunit 2 responsible for?
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13. It's the cytochrome-c docking center. It transfers e's 1 at a time to subunit 1's binuclear reaction center".
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What is subunit 1 (of Complex IV) responsible for?
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1. Binding Oxygen
2. Transferring e's to O, creating reactive O species 3. Absorbing H+ fm matrix and uniting tm w/the reactive O to form water 4. Using the energy released in process to pump 2H+ fm matrix to intermembrane space for every pair of e's transported |
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The primary function of the e transport chain is to move H+ fm matrix to intermembrance space. How many H+'s are moved when NADH is the donor (include from wc complexes) and how many when FADH is the donor of e pair
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NADH: 4H+ from CI, 4H+ by Q cycle/Complex III and 2H+ fm CIV. Total=1-H+
FADH: only 6H+ since CII doesn't function in H+ movement |
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The movement of H+ fm the matrix to the intermembrane space does what?...what's its purpose?
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It decreases the [H+] inh the matrix and ups it in intermembrane space, setting up a concentration gradient. Also,the matrix becomes more - and i.s. more +, thus an electrical gradient also forms
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What is the FoF1 ATP Synthase also called?
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F-type Pump and just synthase
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What is the Binding Change Mechanism (the steps)?
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Refer to last page of section 7 notes
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How many ATP are produced from; Glycolysis? Kreb Cycle? Electron Transport chain? Total?
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2, 2, 32 =36
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