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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stanford-Binet
calculates IQ as _ mean st dev |
mental age / chronological age
x 100 100 15 |
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IQ < __
is required for diagnosis of mental retardation _ for severe __ for profound |
< 70
40 20 |
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simple learning includes (2)
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habituation
sensitization |
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habituation
vs. sensitization |
repeated stimulation leads to
v response ^ response |
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classical conditioning
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natural response (salivation)
is elicited by a learned stimulus (bell) that was previously presented in conjunction with an unconditioned stimulus (food) |
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pavlov's work with dogs is an example of _
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classical conditioning
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operant conditioning is
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a particular action is elicited b/c
it produces a reward |
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operant conditioning includes (4) methods, phenomena
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positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement punishment extinction |
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positive reinforcement:
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reward produces action
e.g. mouse presses button to get food |
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negative reinforcement:
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removal of aversive stimulus elicits behavior
e.g. mouse presses button to avoid shock |
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punishment
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aversive stimulus
extinguishes unwanted behavior |
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extinction
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discontinuation of reinforcement
eliminates behavior |
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reinforcement schedules
include |
continuous reinforcement
variable ratio |
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learning results created by
continuously reinforced vs. variable ratio reinforced behavior example? |
rapidly extinguished
--vending machine slowly extinguished --slot machine |
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transference vs. countertransference
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pt. projects feelings about formative persons (e.g. parent) onto psychiatrist
psychiatrist ." ..".. "... onto patient |
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social learning includes
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shaping
modeling |
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shaping:
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behavior achieved following
reward of closer and closer approximations of desired behavior |
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acting out =
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unacceptable feelings are
expressed through actions |
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dissociation
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temporary, drastic change in
personality memory consciousness motor behavior to avoid emotional stress |
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there's regression and _
which is _ e.g. _ |
fixation
partially remaining at a more childish level of development men fixating on sports games |
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identification is
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modeling behavior
after another person who is more powerful (though not necessarily admired) |
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isolation of affect
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separation of feelings
from ideas and events |
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rationalization
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logical reasons for actions
performed for other reasons to avoid self-blame |
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reaction formation
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a warded-off idea or feeling
is replaced by an emphasis on its opposite |
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reaction formation e.g.
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patient with libidinous thoughts
enters a monastery |
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repression vs.
suppression |
involuntarily withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness
voluntarily " ... " ... " |
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mature defense mechanisms include _
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SASH
Sublimation Altruism Suppression HUmor |
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sublimation
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replace an unacceptable wish
with a course of action similar to the wish but which does not conflict with one's value system |
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sublimation example
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actress uses experience of abuse
to enhance her acting |
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suppression e.g.
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actress uses experience of abuse to enhance her acting
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long-term deprivation of affection for an infant results in (7)
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v muscle tone
poor language skills poor socialization skills lack of basic trust anaclitic depression weight loss physical illness weak wordless wanting (socially) wary worried weight loss "why" is she sick? |
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anaclitic depression is
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depression in an infant
--withdrawn --unresponsive attributable to continued separation from caregiver |
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depression in an infant attributable to continued separation from caregiver
is called |
anaclitic depression
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course/prognosis of anaclitic depression
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reversible
prolonged separation can --> --failure to thrive --developmental disturbances (e.g. delayed speech) |
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evidence of physical child abuse includes (5)
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--healed fractures on x-ray
--cigarette burns subdural hematomas multiple bruises --retinal hemorrhage or detachment |
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evidence of sexual abuse in a child can include _
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UTIs
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how many deaths per year are due to physical abuse of a child?
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3000
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most common age of sexual abuse
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9-12 yrs
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child abuse and child _ must be reported
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neglect
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children regress under (4) conditions
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physical illness
punishment birth of a new sibling fatigue |
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a strange symptom/finding listed as a problem that occurs with ADHD
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motor impairment
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ADHD drugs include
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methylphenidate (ritalin)
amphetamines (dexedrine) atomoxetine |
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atomoxetine is a _ (drug class)
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SNRI
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strattera generic name
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atomoxetine
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oppositional defiant disorder characteristics
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hostile defiant behavior toward authority figures
absence of serious violations of social norms |
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tourette's syndrome: by definition, the symptoms persist how long?
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> 1 year
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tourette's: age of onset
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< 18 yrs old
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genetics of rett's disorder
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x-linked
seen almost exclusively in girls (males die in utero or shortly after birth) |
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rett's disorder
sxs |
sxs begin ages 1-4.
regression: --loss of development --mental retardation --loss of verbal abilities --ataxia --hand-wringing |
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childhood disintegrative disorder: general description
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regression in multiple areas
after at least 2 years of normal development |
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childhood disintegrative disorder
sxs |
loss of:
expressive or receptive language social skills or adaptive behavior bowel or bladder control play or motor skills |
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childhood disintegrative disorder
epi |
onset between 3-4 years
more common in boys |
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neurotransmitters re: anxiety
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^ NE
v GABA v serotonin siNg, even if have stage fright |
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neurotransmitters re: depression
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v NE
v serotonin v dopamine SaND in yo' sad face |
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neurotransmitters re: Alzheimer's
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v ACh
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neurotransmitters re: huntington's
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v GABA
v ACh HAG |
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which diseases have v GABA?
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anxiety
huntington's |
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which diseases have v ACh?
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alzheimer's
huntington's |
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which diseases have ^ ACh
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parkinson's
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which diseases affect NE
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anxiety: ^ NE
depression: v NE |
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which diseases affect dopamine?
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v dopamine:
--depression --parkinson's ^ dopamine: --schizophrenia |
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neurotransmitters re: schizophrenia
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^ dopamine
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which diseases change serotonin?
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v serotonin:
--anxiety --depression ^ serotonin: --Parkinson's |
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neurotransmitters re: schizophrenia
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^ dopamine
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neurotransmitters re: parkinson's
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v dopamine
^ serotonin ^ ACH |
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common causes of loss of orientation
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"bring the AED, He's Having Nightmares"
alcohol electrolyte/fluid imbalance drugs head trauma hypoglycemia nutritional deficiencies |
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dissociative amnesia is inability to recall...
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important personal information
usu 2^ severe trauma or stress |
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korsakoff's amnesia: psychiatric characteristics
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anterograde amnesia
(may have some retrograde) confabulations |
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korsakoff's amnesia:
physical/tangible aspects |
alcoholics
thiamine deficiency bilateral destruction of mammillary bodies |
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delirium: overview gist
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acute onset
waxing and waning level of consciousness rapid v in --attention span --level of arousal |
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delirium is characterized by ... sxs
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acute changes in mental status
cognitive disfunction disorganized thinking hallucinations (often visual) illusions misperceptions sleep wake cycle disturbance |
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delirium may be 2^
(4) |
CNS disease
infection trauma substance abuse/withdrawl |
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a test to distinguish
delirium vs. dementia |
abnormal EEG
normal EEG |
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dementia overview description
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gradual v in cognition
no change in level of consciousness |
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dementia sxs
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memory deficits
loss of abstract thought behavioral/personality changes impaired judgment aphasia apraxia agnosia |
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dementia patients are normal in (3) ways
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normal alertness
no psychotic symptoms normal EEG |
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dementia causes
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Alzheimer's
vascular thrombosis/hemorrhage HIV Pick's disease substance abuse CJD |
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if a patient has
dementia with an acute/subacute onset, possibly it's caused by |
vascular thrombosis/hemorrhage
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in elderly patients, _ may present like dementia
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depression
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if a patient has delirium, check for _ drugs
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drugs with anticholinergic side effects
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visual hallucinations: think _
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delirium
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auditory hallucinations: think _
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schizophrenia
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olfactory hallucination: think _
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aura of psychomotor epilepsy
brain tumors |
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psychomotor epilepsy is aka
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complex partial seizures
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temporal lobe epilepsy: two types
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simple partial (no LOC)
complex partial (c LOC) |
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complex partial seizures are aka
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psychomotor epilepsy
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tactile hallucinations: think _
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common in alcohol withdrawl
also seen in cocaine abusers |
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_ hallucinations happen while going to sleep
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hypnaGOgic
while GOing to sleep |
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two organic features of schizophrenia
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^ dopamine
v dendritic branching |
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schizophrenia: general description
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periods of:
psychosis disturbed behavior and thought decline in functioning lasts > 6 months |
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_ is a risk factor for schizophrenia
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marijuana use
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schizophrenia diagnosis
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requires 2 or more of the following:
+ sxs: 1 delusions 2 hallucinations (often auditory) 3 disorganized speech (loose associations) 4 disorganized or catatonic behavior 5. "negative sxs": --flat affect --social withdrawl --lack of motivation --lack of speech or thought |
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negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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flat affect
social withdrawl lack of motivation lack of speech or thought |
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other things like schizophrenia
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brief psychotic disorder
schizophreniform disorder schizoaffective disorder |
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brief psychotic disorder
features |
< 1 month
usually stress related |
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schizophreniform disorder
features |
1-6 months
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schizoaffective disorder
features |
at least 2 weeks of stable mood with psychotic symptoms
plus a major depressive, manic, or mixed (both) episode |
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two subtypes of schizoaffective disorder
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biplorar
depressive |
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5 subtypes of schizophrenia
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paranoid (delusions)
disorganized (speech, behavior, affect) catatonic (atutomatisms) undifferentiated (elements of all types) residual |
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for diagnosing delusional disorder, how long should the symptoms last?
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> 1 month
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dissociative disorders include (3)
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dissociative identity disorder
depersonalization dissociative fugue |
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dissociative identity disorder epi
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women
sexual abuse |
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depersonalization disorder: persistent feelings of
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detachment or estrangement from
--body --social situation --environment |
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dissociative fugue characteristics
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natural disasters, war, trauma
--> abrupt change in geographic location, with --inability to recall past --confusion about personal identity --assumption of a new identity |
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manic episode: general description of the mood disturbance
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elevated,
expansive or irritable mood lasting at least 1 week |
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diagnosis of mania requires
mood disturbance + during the mood disturbance... |
3 or more of the following:
distractibility irresponsibility (hedonistic) grandiosity flight of ideas ^ in goal-directed Activity/psychomotor Agitation v need for Sleep Talkativeness or presssured speech manics DIG FAST |
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hypomanic episode
describe (3) |
like manic
mood disturbance is not severe enough to cause marked impairment no psychotic features |
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_ drugs can worsen bipolar disorder
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antidepressants can ^ mania
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bipolar disorder and things related to it
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bipolar type I (manic + depression)
bipolar type II (hypomanic + depression) cyclothymic disorder |
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cyclothymic disorder
gist |
dysthymia + hypomania
milder form of bipolar disorder, lasting at least 2 years |
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major depressive episode
timing |
each episode usu lasting 6-12 months
at least 5 sxs lasting for 2 or more weeks |
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major depressive episode
diagnosis |
must include patient-reported depressed mood or anhedonia
at least 5 of the following, for 2 or more weeks: sleep disturbance loss of Interest (anhedonia) Guilt or feeling worthless v Energy v Concentration Appetite/weight changes Psychomotor retardation or agitation suicidal ideations depressed mood --SIG E CAPS |
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recurrent major depressive disorder: diagnostic criterion
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2 or more major depressive episodes with
symptom-free interval of 2 months |
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atypical depression is characterized by
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hypersomnia
overeating mood reactivity (ability to experience improved mood in response to positive events) |
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atypical depression is associated with
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weight gain
sensitivity to rejection |
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postpartum blues
types and timeline |
maternal (postpartum) blues:
--usu resolves within 10 days postpartum depression: --2 weeks-2 months postpartum psychosis: --days to 4-6 weeks |
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maternal (postpartum) blues
sxs |
depressed affect
tearfulness fatigue |
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postpartum depression
sxs |
depressed affect
anxiety poor concentration |
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postpartum psychosis
sxs |
delusions
confusion unusual behavior possible homicidal/suicidal ideation |
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treatment for postpartum psychosis
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antipsychotics
antidepressants possible inpatient hospitalization |
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ECT is used for
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refractory major depression
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panic disorder sxs / diagnosis
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at least 4 of the following:
PANICS Palpitations, Paresthesias Abdominal distress Nausea Intense fear of dying or losing control lIght-headedness Chest pain Chills Choking disConnectedness Sweating Shaking Shortness of breath |
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treatment for panic disorder
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cognitive behavioral therapy
SSRIs TCAs benzodiazepines |
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one big difference between
obsessive compulsive disorder vs. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder |
in the first, the behavior is ego dystonic
(i.e. inconsistent with one's own beliefs and attitudes) |
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treatment for OCD
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SSRIs
clomipramine |
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PTSD in a word
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persistent re-experiencing of a previous traumatic event
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PTSD leads to (2) behavioral changes
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avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
persistently ^ arousal |
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PTSD vs. something else
timeline |
PTSD: lasts > 1 month
acute stress disorder: 2 days-1 month |
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treatment for PTSD
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psychotherapy
SSRIs |
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generalized anxiety disorder: an interesting symptom
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GI disturbance
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generalized anxiety disorder: timeline
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> 6 months
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adjustment disorder
timeline |
< 6 months
> 6 months in the presence of a chronic stressor |
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two types of faking being sick and what they want in a word
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malingering: 2^ gain
factitious: assume "sick role" |
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malingering patient
two interesting behaviors |
avoids treatment by medical personnel
complaints cease after 2^ gain |
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two specific types of factitious disorder
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munchausen's
munchausen's by proxy |
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munchausen's syndrome:
timeliine the signs and symptoms are predominantly _ |
chronic factitious disorder
physical |
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munchausen's disorder
two behaviors |
multiple hospital admissions
willingness to receive invasive procedures |
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somatoform disorders gist (4)
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physical symptoms
no identifiable physical cause unconscious drives more common in women |
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5 types of somatiform disorders
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somatization
conversion hypochondriasis body dysmorphic pain |
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somatization disorder
sxs |
4 pain
2 GI 1 sexual 1 pseudoneurologic complaints over a period of years |
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conversion disorder (4)
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acute stressor -->
sudden loss of sensory or motor function --paralysis --blindness --mutism "la belle indefference" more common in adolescents and young adults |
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genetic associations that cluster A, B, and C personality disorders have
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A: schizophrenia
B: mood disorders, substance abuse C: anxiety disorders |
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cluster A personality disorders gist
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odd or eccentric
inability to develop meaningful social relationships |
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cluster A personality disorders include
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paranoid
schizoid schizotypal |
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the major defense mechanism of paranoid personality disorder
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projection
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cluster A
cluster B cluster C personality disorders. in 1 word |
weird
wild worried |
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schizoid personality disorder
sxs |
voluntary social withdrawl
limited emotional expression content with social isolation |
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schizotypal
sxs |
eccentric appearance
odd beliefs or magical thinking interpersonal awkwardness |
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cluster B personality disorders
generalization in a phrase or two |
dramatic, emotional, or erratic
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types of cluster B personality disorders
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antisocial
borderline histrionic narcissistic |
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borderline sxs
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unstable mood
unstable interpersonal relationships impulsiveness self-mutilation boredom sense of emptiness |
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major defense mechanism of borderline personality
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splitting
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histrionic sxs (5)
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emotionality
excitability attention seeking sexually provocative overly concerned with appearance |
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narcissistic
sxs |
grandiosity
sense of entitlement lacks empathy requires excessive admiration demands the "best" reacts to criticism with rage |
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cluster c personality disorders
types |
avoidant
obsessive-compulsive dependent |
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avoidant personality disorder
sxs |
hypersensitive to rejection
socially inhibited timid feelings of inadequacy desires relationships with others |
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two types that don't have so many social relationships, but for different reasons...
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schizoid: voluntary social withdrawl, content with social isolation
avoidant: desires relationships |
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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
sxs |
preoccupation with
order perfectionism control ego syntonic (vs. OCD) |
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dependent personality disorder
sxs |
submissive
clinging need to be taken care of low self-confidence |
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schizo- varieties
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schizoid
< schizotypal < schizophrenic < schizoaffective |
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schizotypal =
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schizoid + odd thinking
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schizoaffective =
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schzophrenic psychoic sxs +
bilor or depressive mood disorder |
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schizophrenia types timeline
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< 1 month: brief psychotic disorder, usually stress related
1-6 months: schizophreniform disorder > 6 months, schizophrenia |
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anorexia vs. bulemia
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excessive dieting +/- purging
binge eating +/- purging |
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anorexia weight criterion
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< 85% of ideal body weight
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anorexia is associated with _ physical symptoms
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< 85% ideal body weight
v bone density metatarsal stress fractures amenorrhea anemia electrolyte disturbances |
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anorexia commonly coexists with _
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depression
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bulemics may use vomiting, or (3) other methods
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laxatives
diuretics emetics |
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bulemics
physical symptoms |
parotitis
enamel erosion electrolyte disturbances alkalosis dorsal hand calluses |
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russell's sign is
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dorsal hand calluses
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dorsal hand calluses is aka
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russell's sign
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transsexualism
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desire to live as the opposite *sex*
often through surgery or hormone treatment |
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transvestism
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paraphilia
wearing clothes (*vest*) of the opposite sex |
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substance _ is worse than substance _ because it manifests by...
|
substance abuse is worse than substance dependence
failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, home --> physically hazardous situations --> legal problems |
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stages of change in overcoming substance addiction (6)
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precontemplation -- not yet acknowledging the problem
contemplation -- acknowledging problem, not yet ready or willing to change preparation/determination -- getting ready to change behaviors action/willpower -- changing behaviors maintenance relapse |
