Youth And Delinquency Exam 3

Front 1

CHAPTER 14

Back 1

AT THE ROOTS OF VIOLENCE: The Progressive Decline and Dissolution of the Family by Palermo and Simpson

Front 2

Original functions of the family

Back 2

Maintain order

Patriarchal and authoritarian→ protection→teaches social and moral values, internalizes institutions, adaptive techniques to culture, social responsibility, human development, and civic interaction

Front 3

Basic changes reduce stable family

Back 3

More in work force (less cohesive, less people at home, child may feel deprived)

Technology- less personal/isolates us

Parents not involved

Erosion of grandparent/grandchild relationships-suffering and humanness, powerful source of values and meaning

People being raised without adequate role models

Front 4

Role of the Family

Back 4

Teach kids social/moral values and roles in society

Front 5

What contributes to social confusion and irresponsible living?

Back 5

Less elderly/parental interaction (breakdown of families)

Secularizing religion

Materialistic, selfish, etc
Communication has changed→less direct and personal contact

Architecture: becoming less inclusive and community/interaction friendly→ limits human contact, less attachment to community

Front 6

How do cultures suggest problem resolved?

Back 6

Family, cohesiveness, community

Judicial system effective

Refocus on values and family and social connections

Front 7

CHAPTER 15

Back 7

DELINQUENCY AND THE AGE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY **by Greenberg

Front 8

Role of school (structurally)
-chapter 15

Back 8

Jobs- keeps adolescents out of job market which prevents them from providing themselves with what is called of them

masculine status anxiety- lack of father figure= overcompensate (other people to look to for masculinity)

Front 9

Costs of delinquency and how factors into youth delinquency
-chapter 15

Back 9

Youth weigh the costs- costs are lower when younger

Front 10

CHAPTER 16

Back 10

SCHOOL BONDING, RACE, AND DELINQUENCY by Cernkovich and Giordano

Front 11

Purpose of Study
-chapter 16

Back 11

examine the impact of school bonding on the delinquent behavior of black and white youths (level of bonding and effect of boding)

Front 12

Reasons for not studying blacks
-Chapter 16

Back 12

Politically sensitive nature of examining racial differences in crime and delinquency

Racial differences do not affect real differences rather are a result of criminal justice biases

Difficulty in measuring delinquency and its correlates reliability because of self-report data

Front 13

Theories involved with delinquent socialization at school.

Back 13

Strain theory + control theory

Strain- unpleasant school experiences are important precursors of delinquency involvement

Control- delinquent as someone who experiences school failure, lack of attachment to parents and teachers and a weak commitment to educational and occupational goals are prior casually to both school failure and delinquency→suggests greater level of school bonding lower delinquency

Front 14

Method
-Ch 16

Back 14

942 face to face interviews, interview rubric, specific questions with specific answers, used up to date census data

Self report delinquency scale→total is sum of frequency and seriousness

Front 15

Sample
-Ch 16

Back 15

12-19 years old, Toledo, Ohio

45% white nonwhites predominantly black 50%

51% adolescent females

Front 16

Factors that compromise the school bonding scale
-ch 16

Back 16

- school attachment
- teacher attachment
- school commitment
- perceived risk of arrest
- school involvement
- parental commitment
- perceived opportunity

Front 17

Findings
-Ch 16

Back 17

- Not much support for hypothesis that attachment to school = less delinquency

-Black females have higher level of school bonding than anyone else

-Overall, black males have the highest school involvement

Front 18

CHAPTER 17

Back 18

THE NEOPHYTE FEMALE DELINQENT By Calhoun, Jurgens, and Chen
- Literature review

Front 19

Delinquent behavior vs. juvenile delinquency
-ch 17

Back 19

Delinquent behavior- doesn’t mean got in trouble, are simply the behaviors without the label

Juvenile delinquency- when adjudicated and have gone through the system→ served time and released

Front 20

Author argues female delinquency has grown to “epic proportions”…evidence convincing?
-ch 17

Back 20

Not convincing- seen rise but definitely not epic

1- are engaging more

2- are getting stopped for it more often

No numbers of increases/costs

Front 21

CHAPTER 19

Back 21

PLAYERS AND HO’S by Williams and Kornblum
Qualitative research approach

Front 22

How girls and boys make a living on the street

Back 22

Girls→why not get a legit job? Discrimination, want this lifestyle- most are recruited, some are tricked, coerced or charmed into it, don’t believe they have a choice
• Prostitution
• Selling drugs (boys find customers for girls)
• Theft

o Boys
• Pimping
• Selling drugs
• Stealing cars and meat, etc

Front 23

Social factors for why girls become prostitutes

Back 23

Troubled homes- dysfunctional, abuse, disbelief by parents when they tell about the abuse

Options seem or may be limited

Areas are depressed

Front 24

How prostitutes are likened to secretarial jobs and housewives

Back 24

Not uncommon argument

Following orders, male figure ordering woman around

Woman getting economic rewards from it

Coping mechanism

Front 25

CHAPTER 20

Back 25

THE SAINTS AND THE ROUGHNECKS by Chambliss

Front 26

Community, school, and police act differently to the 2 different groups
-Ch 20

Back 26

Saints- looked like good boys and less visible (had cars and resources to remove themselves from the community so they wouldn’t see their delinquent acts)

Roughnecks- no where else to go, stayed in the center of town where they were visible, notion is that they are not as good

Front 27

CHAPTER 21

Back 27

21 THE GAULT DECISION by Neigher

Front 28

The case that resulted in the Gault Decision
-Ch 21

Back 28

15 year old allegedly made a obscene phone call, mother finds him in jail without previous notification, he was taken into chambers to converse with the judge with the mom and brother, tells story, mother asks if the accuser could be there and the judge said it was unnecessary, resulted in 6 years

Front 29

Problems with the Gault Decision
-Ch 21

Back 29

Mother not informed when minor involved

Right to face accuser

Wasn’t informed about rights, help, self incrimination

Front 30

Supreme Court Gault Decision
-Ch 21

Back 30

Kids have the right to Due processes

Hear charges

Council

Avoid self-incrimination-Includes cross examination

Have proceedings recorded

Front 31

Amendments affected by Gault
-Ch 21

Back 31

14th- right to due process

4th- search and seizure

5th-trial reasonable, told charges, no double jeopardy, cant be a witness against yourself

6th- confront your accuser

8th- no excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment

Front 32

CHAPTER 22

Back 32

A COMPARATIE ANALYSIS OF OGRANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND INMATE SUBCULTURES IN INSTITUTIONS FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS by Feld

Front 33

Functionalist explanation of inmate violence
-Ch 22

Back 33

The system is built on dominance and reward so the inmates are inclined to be violent to keep power.

Front 34

Importation explanation of inmate violence
-Ch 22

Back 34

Inmates are bringing in violence from their former lives outside of prison.

Front 35

Manifest (intended) and Latent (unintended) functions of the institutions
-Ch 22

Back 35

Manifest functions (intended)
o Reform
o Punishment
o Remove from the community

Latent Functions
o Associate with other delinquents
o Removed from positive influence
o Reinforce negative views of law enforcement

Front 36

Group custody
-Ch22

Back 36

punishment, deprivation, coercion, maximum deprivation, gave biggest incentive to improve situation through violence…no education, under instruction, no role models

Front 37

Individual Custody
-Ch22

Back 37

vocational training (laundry, cafeteria), greater freedom= harder to control, privilege system with threat of transfer (worked well)

Front 38

Group Treatment
-Ch22

Back 38

counseling with vocational and academic training, better relationships with staff and other inmates

Front 39

Individual Treatment
-Ch22

Back 39

clinical treatment, counseling, privilege system, deviance was countered with additional counseling

Front 40

What kind of inmate subcultures emerged? Custody vs. treatment?
-Ch22

Back 40

Correlation between organization and subcultures

Perceptions of inmates

Custody- bad

Treatment- did bad thing but here to get better=less violent

OVERALL→INMATE SUBCULTURES MIRRORED TYPES OF CONTROL IN ORGANIZATIONS

Front 41

CHAPTER 23

Back 41

JUVENILE DIVERSION: A Look at the Record by Kenneth Polk

Front 42

What has been found in evaluation literature on diversion programs
-Ch23

Back 42

Worked well

Don’t work well, more harm than good

Some work some don’t, don’t know

Conflicting evidence, looked at additional literature, which arguments are useful

Front 43

Net widening
-Ch23

Back 43

instead of net getting smaller it gets bigger, try to reduce but not (people that wouldn’t have been in the system are in it because they are lowering standards for crime)

Front 44

Net Widening is worse than many say
-Ch23

Back 44

binder and Geis say no problems

No net widening

Support for diversion programs, it works

Voluntary, don’t have to participate

Keeps kids out of the system (even though its actually a part of the system)

Front 45

According to Polk, Diversion good or bad?
-ch23

Back 45

diversion is not meeting the goal of deflecting cases because of net widening, might have some effectiveness/actually more problems

Front 46

CHAPTER 24

Back 46

JUVENILE PAROLE POLICY by Ashford and LeCroy

-study

Front 47

Goal of study
-ch 24

Back 47

determine types of parole that exist

Front 48

Variables
-Ch24

Back 48

Determinate: specific amount of time
Indeterminate: someone else made decision who gets to make decision (court, supervisor)

Front 49

Types of Parole
-Ch24

Back 49

Type 1 – Determinate Parole – specific time period and punishment in community. (cannot be extended)

Type 2 – Determinate parole set by administrative agency. (similar to type 1)

Type 3 – Presumptive minimum limits with supervision set for a maximum period of time.

Type 4 – Presumptive minimum limits with supervision for indeterminate period of time.

Type 5 – Presumptive minimum with discretionary extension for indeterminate period of time. (parole should end after a period of time but is up to judge)

Type 6 – Indeterminate parole with specified maximum (2nd most frequent)

Type 7 – Indeterminate parole with legal minimum and maximum limits.

Type 8- indeterminate/purely discretionary used most often up to people, not a lot of rules have to be followed

Front 50

CHATPER 25

Back 50

FEMALES UNDER THE LAW “PROTECTED BUT UNEQUAL" by Gail Armstrong

- literature review

Front 51

Why are women treated differently in the CJ system
-Ch25

Back 51

1- Chivalry- less likely convicted

2- Protective- more severe/longer because need to be kept out of society, psychological issue, assumption need to be treated

Front 52

Issues with female sentencing
-Ch25

Back 52

Unequal

Girls convicted of sex misconduct/sex violation 5- (running away, incorrigibility,
sexual offenses, probation violation, and truancy)

Family members turning girls in (not boys)

Front 53

Issues with morals statutes, sex-neutral statutes, and sexual discrimination statutes
-Ch 25

Back 53

Ambiguity in morality- women increased moral standard still for violating moral statutes

Sex-neutral- hesitate to make rulings are too ambiguous

Sex- discrimination statutes
-Argue women need more support and protection
-System civil and equal no need change
-Women need special treatment (Tennessee)

Front 54

Importance of Equal Rights Amendment
-Ch25

Back 54

More uniform codes for males and females