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105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
monomer
small unit that can join together with other small unit to form polymers. one single building block. Major molecules of living things formed by combining monomers. 40-50 monomers in living things.
polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers. many building building blocks put together.
carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Major source of energy for the human body. Consists of simple and complex sugars. Main purpose is to provide your body with energy. Three types - monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
monosaccharide
single sugar molecule. examples are glucose, fructose, galactose.
polysaccharide
large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides. Many sugar molecules combined. examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
starch
how plants store excess sugars. Gives animals a great source of long-term energy.
glycogen
how animals and humans store extra sugar. Two main places where it is stored is the liver and muscle cells.
cellulose
found in plants, gives protection and toughness. humans can't digest it but it help cleans our digestive track. "fiber"
chitin
found in outer skeleton of many insects.
disaccharides
found in coffee. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
lipid
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Includes fats, oils, and waxes. Organic molecules that are hydrophobic, which means that they are scared of water. They are oily, greasy, and slippery, and non-polar. Fats, phospholipids, waxes.
fats
energy storage, insulation, and cushioning. Two types - saturated and unsaturated.
saturated fats
animal fat, meat, milk, butter, and fish.
unsaturated fats
plants, olive oil, peanut oil, vegetable oil, liquids.
macromolecules
large molecules formed from a collection of smaller molecules. Carbohydrates and lipids (also proteins and nucleic acids)
photosynthesis
plants make glucose. high energy molecule.
organic compounds
molecules without carbon
What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What do living things use as their main source of energy?
Carbohydrates. Plants and animals also do for structural purpose.
What can be used to store energy?
lipids - some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What do living things use as their main source of energy?
Carbohydrates. Plants and animals also do for structural purpose.
What can be used to store energy?
lipids - some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
What are four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What do living things use as their main source of energy?
Carbohydrates. Plants and animals also do for structural purpose.
What can be used to store energy?
lipids - some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
what elements make up proteins?
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Carbon
What are proteins made up of?
Amino Acids
purposes of proteins in human body.

Defense
fighting infection
muscles
made up of protein
transport
they help move things around body
enzymes
they speed up the chemical reaction
structure
helps bones
receptor/signal protein
they control what comes in and out of your cells
What are the seven purposes proteins have in our bodies?
Defense, muscles, transport, enzymes, structure, receptor/signal protein, hormones
What is the monomer that makes up protein?
Amino acid
What is an amino acid?
building block of protein
How many different types of amino acids make up proteins?
20
What makes one amino acid different from another?
The r-group
What is a polypeptide chain?
Chain of amino acids
What is a dipeptide?
2 amino acids together
What is the name of the bond between two amino acids?
peptide bond
What is an enzyme?
Protein that speeds up chemical reaction without being altered.
What is another way to describe an enzyme?
A catalyst
How does a chemical reaction begin?
we give a little bit of energy and then it begins
how does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?
it speeds it up and requires less energy to get a reaction going
What factors can affect how an enzyme will work?
temperature and pH (acidic or basic level)
What is the name of the hypothesis that describes how enzymes work to speed up a chemical reaction?
Lock and Key
What happens when you alter a protein?
Denaturation - when the polypeptide chain unravels and proteins lose specific shape and function
Reactants
Whatever starts a reaction
Products
Ending result
What is activation energy?
Start up energy. All chemical reactions, whether energy is absorbed or released, require this. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to start any chemical reaction.
Do enzymes supply energy to the reaction?
No, they just lower the energy required for the reaction to occur.
What do proteins do?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.
What do chemical reactions always involve?
The breaking of bonds in reactions and the formation of new bonds in products.
When do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and the chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
What do enzymes do?
They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
What do proteins do?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.
What do chemical reactions always involve?
The breaking of bonds in reactions and the formation of new bonds in products.
When do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and the chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
What do proteins do?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.
What do proteins do?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.
What do proteins do?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.
What do enzymes do?
They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
What do chemical reactions always involve?
The breaking of bonds in reactions and the formation of new bonds in products.
What do proteins do?
Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some build tissues such as bone and muscle. Others transport materials or help to fight disease.
How does a chemical reaction begin?
we give a little bit of energy and then it begins
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
When do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and the chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
What do chemical reactions always involve?
The breaking of bonds in reactions and the formation of new bonds in products.
What do chemical reactions always involve?
The breaking of bonds in reactions and the formation of new bonds in products.
What do enzymes do?
They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
When do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and the chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
What do chemical reactions always involve?
The breaking of bonds in reactions and the formation of new bonds in products.
When do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and the chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
how does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?
it speeds it up and requires less energy to get a reaction going
What happens when you alter a protein?
Denaturation - when the polypeptide chain unravels and proteins lose specific shape and function
How does a chemical reaction begin?
we give a little bit of energy and then it begins
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
What do enzymes do?
They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
What factors can affect how an enzyme will work?
temperature and pH (acidic or basic level)
Reactants
Whatever starts a reaction
What do enzymes do?
They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
When do chemical reactions occur?
Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously and the chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
how does an enzyme affect a chemical reaction?
it speeds it up and requires less energy to get a reaction going
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Products
Ending result
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
What is the name of the hypothesis that describes how enzymes work to speed up a chemical reaction?
Lock and Key
What factors can affect how an enzyme will work?
temperature and pH (acidic or basic level)
What is activation energy?
Start up energy. All chemical reactions, whether energy is absorbed or released, require this. Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to start any chemical reaction.
What do enzymes do?
They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells.
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
What is the name of the hypothesis that describes how enzymes work to speed up a chemical reaction?
Lock and Key
Do enzymes supply energy to the reaction?
No, they just lower the energy required for the reaction to occur.
Steroids
4 carbon ring structure
Cholesterol
Necessary for normal cell functions - body produces about 75% of the cholesterol you need. It builds up in your arteries (a lot of it in animal products)
Hormones
Testosterone
HDL
Healthy
LDL
Unhealthy
How many of the amino acids are essential?
9-10
Essential Amino Acids
Amino Acids your body can't make
What are two main types of reactions?
Energy absorbing CO2+ H20 + Energy leads to C6H12O6 + O2 equals endothermic (takes in energy)
Energy Releasing C6H12O6 + O2 leads to CO2 + H2O + energy equals exothermic
What happens when there is an increase in temperature with proteins?
Bonds that hold the enzyme/protein together break and will unravel.