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28 Cards in this Set

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What is the Three Cheers View?

The three cheers view tends to focus on how Australia went from a hot, dry, barren land to a prosperous nation. It argues that British 'Colonists' and indigenous peoples. It argues that aboriginal death was caused by disease not malicious policy.

What is the Black Arm Band view?

The black arm band view argues that British colonisation was marred by official and unofficial Imperialism, exploitation, ill treatment, violent conflict and cultural genocide. Black Arm Band tends to focus on the social problems Australia has faces, especially with regards to indigenous Australians.

What is Racism?

The belief that certain racial groups are superior to another as determined by biological characteristics. The races are Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Australoid and Negroid. Negroid was seen to be the closest human relatives to primates. Racial discrimination occurs when certain racial groups are privileged for this reason.

Why did the indigenous population decrease in the mid to late 19th century?

Declined from 750000 (1788) to 67000 (1901). Reasons are complex however the two primary causes were disease and conflict.

When was the 'protection' period and what did it entail?

Occurred Mid-late 19th century to 1930s. Entailed the attempt to protect the Indigenous population. However in reality was decreasing Aboriginal rights and land. Different policies for different states and territories.

When was the 'assimilation and integration' period and what did it entail?

Occurred from late 1930s to 1972. Included the Aboriginal people being introduced and integrated into white society. This was specifically achieved by the 'Stolen Generation' and the 1961 Native welfare conference.

In what year did Aboriginals gain the right to vote in certain states?

1962

What were the Freedom Rides and when did they ocur?

The Freedom rides occurred in 1965. Students from the university of Sydney, inspired by the US freedom rides in Southern USA in 1961, Drove through country NSW to investigate and publicise the treatment of Aboriginal Australians in small country towns.

What date did the British land at Sydney Cove?

26th January 1788

What was assimilation?

Aborigineswere to be absorbed into the mainstreampopulation, removed from reserves and missions and assisted to live like whiteAustralians.

What did the 1951 Conference entail?

“Allpersons of Aboriginal birth or mixedblood in Australia will live like white Australians.”

What did the 1961 Native Welfare Conference entail?

“AllAborigines and part-Aborigines are expected to eventually maintain the samemanner of living as other Australians and to live as members of a singleAustralian community enjoying the samerights and privileges, accepting the same responsibilities , observing the samecustoms and influenced by the same beliefs as other Australians.”

What occurred in 1965?

Morechoice of lifestyle and led to change in name to integration.

What were some gains for Aboriginal Australians between 1959 - 1969?

1959: Welfare payments - apart from primitive and nomadic indigenous.



1962: Right to vote in Federal elections.




1965:Equal Pay in Pastoral Industry over 3 years.




End of 1960s: most discriminatory laws had been abolished









What was the Gurindji Strike (Wave Hill Walkoff) and when did it occur?

In 1966 VincentLingiariled walk off by 80 Aboriginal workers at Wave Hill cattle station, NT. The strike went for 8 years. The workers wanted land rights and better pay ($25 a week). In 1975 the men were given land by Federal Government. The walk off began Land rights movements in other places.

What was the 1967 Referendum?

Australians voted overwhelmingly to amend the constitution to include Aboriginal people in the census and allow the Commonwealth to create laws for them. Prior to this only states could create these laws.

What was the Self -Determination period?

Self-Determination replaced the assimilation policy as the official government approach in the 1970s and 80s. Policies put in without proper consultation with indigenous people. some of these policies included Land Rights, ATSIC (Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Commission) and specific Government bodies for Aboriginal needs.

What and When was the Woodward Royal Commission?

1973. Recommended all reserve lands be returned to inhabitants and Vacant Crown be returned to inhabitants if they could prove a continuing connection Sacred sites. For sacred sites to be protected. Mining and pastoral companies were to pay royalties to indigenous inhabitants.

What were the Land rights act 1976?

Enacted most of Woodward RC’s recommendations but could only claim land that was no existing lease or title, no towns. Set up Land Councils.

What was the Tent Embassy?

The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is a semi-permanent assemblage claiming to represent the political rights of Aboriginal Australians. It is made up of a group of activists, signs and tents that reside on the lawn of Old Parliament House in Canberra. It was erected in 1972 on Australia day and aimed to showcase how Aboriginals were foreigners in their own land. There was an attempted removal of the embassy on the 20th of June 1972. However, the embassy remains today.

What was the 1991 Reconciliation?

The Reconciliation period was between the 1990s to present. Involved building better bridges of understanding between Aboriginal andnon-Aboriginal Australians. Established a council.

What was the Mabo Decision?

1992. The Mabo Case was a significant legal case in Australia that recognised the land rights of the Meriam people, traditional owners of the Murray Islands (which include the islands of Mer, Dauer and Waier) in the Torres Strait. Mabo, the man leading the case, moved to abolished legal concept of ‘Terra Nullius’.

What was the Native Title Act?

1993. The Native Title Act 1993 ("NTA") is a law passed by the Australian Parliament the purpose of which is "to provide a national system for the recognition and protection of native title and for its co-existence with the national land management system". Native title is a set of Property Rights: like Freehold and Leasehold. Native title exists if a continuing connection with land since 1788. However, pastoral, agricultural and mining lands were protected from Native title claims.

What was the Wik decision?

1996. Expanded native title rights to pastoral leases.

What was the Native Title Amendment Act?

1998. Eliminated native title rights on pastoral leases. Ties up loose ends on cases in 1992.

What famous speech occurred in 1992?

The Redfern Speech by Paul Keating.

Who were the Stolen Generation?

The term Stolen Generations describes the many Aboriginal – and some Torres Strait Islander – people who were forcibly removed from their families as children by past Australian Federal, State and Territory government agencies, and church missions, from the late 1800s to the 1970s.

What is the 'Sorry' movement?

Reconciliation through recognition. Included the 'Bringing them home' report, May 1998. Kevin Rudd's Sorry Speech in 2008. 2005 national day of healing.