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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Cell |
The smallest unit capable of performing life function. It's major function is making proteins |
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Cell Theory
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- All living things are made up of cells |
Three parts
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Types of cells
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- Eukaryotic |
Two types |
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Prokaryotic |
The simplest cell with no internal-bound structures. The DNA is not contains by a nucleus, it just floats around in the middle (Bacteria) |
Bacteria |
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Eukaryotic |
The more complex cell with membrane bound organelles including a nucleus which contains the genetic material of the cell (Animals, plants, fungi) |
Animals, plants, fungi |
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How Objects Look Through a Microscope
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Upside down and back to front
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Magnification Calculation |
Times the lens |
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Cell Wall
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(Plants) An extra layer of protection and support, keeps the cell shape
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Chloroplasts
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(Plants) Organelle where photosynthesis occurs
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Any plant can do this
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Cell Membrane |
Acts as a barrier allowing only certain things in and out of the cell |
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Cytoplasm |
Thick fluid in which all organelles float. Gives the cell structure |
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Nucleus |
Control centre of the cell where the genetic material of the cell is found |
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Nuclear Membrane |
Surrounds the nucleus and controls what goes in and out |
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Nucleolus |
The area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made |
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Golgi Body
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Modifies and packages proteins for transport
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Mitocondria |
Provides energy to the cell |
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Ribosomes |
Small dots embedded in the ER or cytoplasm that make proteins |
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Lysosomes |
Spherical organelles containing dygestive enzymes for recycling old organelles |
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Vacuole |
Fluid filled sack containing cell food and waste material |
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Cytoskeleton and Mycrotubes |
Moves things around the cell and maintains shape |
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Endoplastic Reticulum |
Transport materials around cells, usually located near the nucleus |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Genetic material inside the cell that tells it what to do |
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RNA |
Ribonucleic acid |
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Difference between RNA and DNA
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- DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
- DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar - DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded |
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Base Pairing Rule
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- A+T/U
- C+G |
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Nucleotide
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Subunits that make up DNA. The are sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
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What does it make and what is it made up of?
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Chromosomes |
Structures in the nucleus where DNA is found |
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Human Chromosomes |
23 pairs (one from each parent) so 46 in total |
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Chromatids |
Two strands that make up a chromosome |
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Centromere |
Holds the chromatids together |
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Types of Chromosomes |
- Sex chromosomes - Autosomes |
Two Types |
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Sex Chromosomes
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Determine gender
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What do they determine?
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Autosomes
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Determine everything but gender
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What do they determine?
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Haploid |
The number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell |
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Diploid |
The total number of chromosomes in a cell |
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Sex Chromosome XX
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Female
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Which gender?
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Sex Chromosome XY
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Male
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Which gender?
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Karyotype |
A picture showing the full complement of chromosomes present in a cell. Used to determine gender and diagnose chromosomal diseases |
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Mitosis |
Cell division for cell growth and repair. Produces two identical daughter cells |
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Stages of Mitosis |
- Interphase - Prophase - Metaphase - Anaphase - Telophase - Cytokinesis |
IPMAT-C |
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Interphase
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Chromosomes replicate so there are now four copies of each one
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Initial / Imitate
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Prophase |
Distinct chromosomes can now be seen in the cell |
Present |
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Metaphase |
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell |
Middle |
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Anaphase |
Chromatids separate and are pulled to the poles |
Away |
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Telophase |
Chromatids arrive at the poles and cell division starts |
Top |
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Cytokinesis (Mitosis) |
Cell separates to form two identical cells |
Split |
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Meiosis
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Cell division for sexual reproduction. Produces four daughter cells
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What's it for? How many daughter cells?
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Interphase II
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No distinct phase therefore there are two copies in each cell
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Initial / Imitate (not really there)
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Prophase II |
Chromosomes can now be seen as two sister chromatids |
Present |
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Metaphase II |
Chromatids line up in the middle of the cell |
Middle |
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Anaphase II |
Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to the poles |
Away |
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Telophase II |
Chromatids arrive at the poles and cell division starts |
Top |
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Cytokinesis (Meiosis) |
Cells separate into four daughter cells which are not identical |
Split |
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Protein |
Made up of amino acids, made via transcription and translation |
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Transcription |
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus |
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Steps for Transcription
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- DNA is unwound (Two separate strands)
- One strand is used as a template - Enzymes assemble the mRNA (base pairing) |
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Translation |
mRNA is translated into a protein in the ribosomes |
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Steps for Translation |
- mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the ribosomes - The ribosomes read the mRNA one codon at a time and assemble the protein accordingly |
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Codon |
Three bases code for one amino acid |
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Mutation |
When there is a change in the DNA sequence |
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Addition (Mutation) |
When a base is added to the sequence |
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Deletion (Mutation) |
When a base is deleted from the sequence |
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Substitution (Mutation) |
When one base is substituted for another |
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What Happens to a Mutated Protein
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- No change
- Different amino acid sequence - Truncated (shortened) protein |
Three things mutations could do to the sequence
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No Change (Mutations) |
If the same amino acid is created, there is no consequence |
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Different amino acid sequence (Mutations) |
If a different amino acid sequence is produced, the protein function is changed or may not work |
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Truncated (Shortened) Protein (Mutations) |
If a stop codon is produced in the sequence somewhere other than the end, then the protein is shortened, and the protein function is affected |
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Father of Genetics |
Gregory Mendel |
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Inheritance |
The passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through DNA |
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Phenotype |
Physical expression of the gene |
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Genotype |
Genetic information of a particular characteristic |
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Allele |
Different forms of genes |
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Homozygous
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Two copies of the same allele
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Heterozygous |
Two different copies of the allele |
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Dominant
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Masks the effect of the recessive allele
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Recessive |
Hidden by the dominant allele |
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Gene Locus
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The position of a particular gene on a chromosome
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Complete Dominance |
The dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele |
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Co-Dominance |
In the heterozygote, both alleles are expressed |
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Incomplete Dominance |
The heterozygote has a blend of the characteristics of both parents |
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Sex-Linked |
Traits found of the sex chromosomes, X and Y. X is more common |
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