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81 Cards in this Set

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Cell

The smallest unit capable of performing life function. It's major function is making proteins

Cell Theory

- All living things are made up of cells
- All cells come from pre existing cells
- Cells are the smallest working unit

Three parts
Types of cells

- Eukaryotic
- Prokayotic

Two types

Prokaryotic

The simplest cell with no internal-bound structures. The DNA is not contains by a nucleus, it just floats around in the middle (Bacteria)

Bacteria

Eukaryotic

The more complex cell with membrane bound organelles including a nucleus which contains the genetic material of the cell (Animals, plants, fungi)

Animals, plants, fungi

How Objects Look Through a Microscope
Upside down and back to front

Magnification Calculation

Times the lens

Cell Wall
(Plants) An extra layer of protection and support, keeps the cell shape
Chloroplasts
(Plants) Organelle where photosynthesis occurs
Any plant can do this

Cell Membrane

Acts as a barrier allowing only certain things in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

Thick fluid in which all organelles float. Gives the cell structure

Nucleus

Control centre of the cell where the genetic material of the cell is found

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds the nucleus and controls what goes in and out

Nucleolus

The area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made

Golgi Body
Modifies and packages proteins for transport

Mitocondria

Provides energy to the cell

Ribosomes

Small dots embedded in the ER or cytoplasm that make proteins

Lysosomes

Spherical organelles containing dygestive enzymes for recycling old organelles

Vacuole

Fluid filled sack containing cell food and waste material

Cytoskeleton and Mycrotubes

Moves things around the cell and maintains shape

Endoplastic Reticulum

Transport materials around cells, usually located near the nucleus

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Genetic material inside the cell that tells it what to do

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

Difference between RNA and DNA
- DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
- DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar
- DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
Base Pairing Rule
- A+T/U
- C+G
Nucleotide
Subunits that make up DNA. The are sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
What does it make and what is it made up of?

Chromosomes

Structures in the nucleus where DNA is found

Human Chromosomes

23 pairs (one from each parent) so 46 in total

Chromatids

Two strands that make up a chromosome

Centromere

Holds the chromatids together

Types of Chromosomes

- Sex chromosomes


- Autosomes

Two Types

Sex Chromosomes
Determine gender
What do they determine?
Autosomes
Determine everything but gender
What do they determine?

Haploid

The number of pairs of chromosomes in a cell

Diploid

The total number of chromosomes in a cell

Sex Chromosome XX
Female
Which gender?
Sex Chromosome XY
Male
Which gender?

Karyotype

A picture showing the full complement of chromosomes present in a cell. Used to determine gender and diagnose chromosomal diseases

Mitosis

Cell division for cell growth and repair. Produces two identical daughter cells

Stages of Mitosis

- Interphase


- Prophase


- Metaphase


- Anaphase


- Telophase


- Cytokinesis

IPMAT-C

Interphase
Chromosomes replicate so there are now four copies of each one
Initial / Imitate

Prophase

Distinct chromosomes can now be seen in the cell

Present

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Middle

Anaphase

Chromatids separate and are pulled to the poles

Away

Telophase

Chromatids arrive at the poles and cell division starts

Top

Cytokinesis (Mitosis)

Cell separates to form two identical cells

Split

Meiosis
Cell division for sexual reproduction. Produces four daughter cells
What's it for? How many daughter cells?
Interphase II
No distinct phase therefore there are two copies in each cell
Initial / Imitate (not really there)

Prophase II

Chromosomes can now be seen as two sister chromatids

Present

Metaphase II

Chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

Middle

Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate and are pulled to the poles

Away

Telophase II

Chromatids arrive at the poles and cell division starts

Top

Cytokinesis (Meiosis)

Cells separate into four daughter cells which are not identical

Split

Protein

Made up of amino acids, made via transcription and translation

Transcription

DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus

Steps for Transcription
- DNA is unwound (Two separate strands)
- One strand is used as a template
- Enzymes assemble the mRNA (base pairing)

Translation

mRNA is translated into a protein in the ribosomes

Steps for Translation

- mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the ribosomes


- The ribosomes read the mRNA one codon at a time and assemble the protein accordingly

Codon

Three bases code for one amino acid

Mutation

When there is a change in the DNA sequence

Addition (Mutation)

When a base is added to the sequence

Deletion (Mutation)

When a base is deleted from the sequence

Substitution (Mutation)

When one base is substituted for another

What Happens to a Mutated Protein
- No change
- Different amino acid sequence
- Truncated (shortened) protein
Three things mutations could do to the sequence

No Change (Mutations)

If the same amino acid is created, there is no consequence

Different amino acid sequence (Mutations)

If a different amino acid sequence is produced, the protein function is changed or may not work

Truncated (Shortened) Protein (Mutations)

If a stop codon is produced in the sequence somewhere other than the end, then the protein is shortened, and the protein function is affected

Father of Genetics

Gregory Mendel

Inheritance

The passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through DNA

Phenotype

Physical expression of the gene

Genotype

Genetic information of a particular characteristic

Allele

Different forms of genes

Homozygous
Two copies of the same allele

Heterozygous

Two different copies of the allele

Dominant
Masks the effect of the recessive allele

Recessive

Hidden by the dominant allele

Gene Locus
The position of a particular gene on a chromosome

Complete Dominance

The dominant allele completely masks the recessive allele

Co-Dominance

In the heterozygote, both alleles are expressed

Incomplete Dominance

The heterozygote has a blend of the characteristics of both parents

Sex-Linked

Traits found of the sex chromosomes, X and Y. X is more common