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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What hormone stimulates sperm/ovum production?
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FSH
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What hormone stimulates oestradiol secretion?
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FSH
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What hormone stimulates oestradiol/testosterone production?
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LH
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What hormone controls corpus luteum formation?
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LH
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What hormone controls progesterone secretion?
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LH
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What hormone controls ovulation?
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LH and FSH
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Name the FOUR functions of LH
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Stimulates oestradiol/testosterone production
Controls corpus luteum formation Stimulates progesterone secretion Stimulates ovulation (with FSH) |
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Name the THREE functions of FSH
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Sperm/ovum production
Oestradiol secretion Ovulation (with LH) |
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What cell types secrete oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone?
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Oestradiol - theca cells
Progesterone - granulosa cells Testosterone - leydig cells |
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What THREE ligaments are associated with the testes?
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Proper ligament - binds testis to epididymis
Scrotal ligament - binds testis to scrotum Ligament of the tail of the epididymis - binds tail of the epididymis to scrotum |
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Where does the testicular artery originate?
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Branches directly off the aorta
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What are the TWO functions of sertoli cells?
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Control spermatogenesis
Produce inhibin (inhibits FSH) |
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Describe the THREE main regions of the oviduct
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Infundibulum (collects ovum), ampulla (site of fertilisation), isthmus (joins to uterus)
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What are the TWO regions of the ovary. What occurs in each region?
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Central medulla - contains vaculature and nerves
Peripheral cortex - folliculogenesis, oogenesis and luteal formation Cortex and medulla are reversed in the mare |
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Name FIVE ways to synchronise oestrus in groups of females
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- Male effect
- Progestagens (inhibit folliculogenesis, so all cycle simultaneously when progestagen withdrawn) - Prostaglandins (induce luteal regression - follow with hCG in mare) - Photoperiod manipulation (exogenous melatonin in ewes) - PMSG/hCG induce ovulation |
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Describe the placenta in terms of membranes, shape and cell layers in these species:
Horse/pig Cow/sheep Dog/cat |
Horse/pig: chorioallantoic, diffuse, epitheliochorial (6 cell layers)
Cow/sheep: chorioallantoic, cotyledonary, epitheliochorial Dog/cat: chorioallantoic, zonary, endotheliochorial (4 cell layers) |
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What THREE drugs may be used to induce parturition?
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Corticosteroids
Prostaglandins Oxytocin |
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Outline the structure of a mammary gland
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Alveoli are arranged into lobules, which drain through ducts into lobes
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Describe the blood supply of mammary glands
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Thoracic glands are supplied by the internal thoracic artery and its branches (cranial epigastric and superficial cranial eipgastric arteries)
Inguinal glands are supplied by the external pudendal artery (also internal pudendal artery in cow) |
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How is milk let-down controlled?
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Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells
Vasoconstriction and contraction of the teat sphincter is controlled by the genitofemoral and cervicothoracic nerves Somatic innervation is by spinal nerves L1-4 and pudendal |
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Which hormones stimulate mammogenesis?
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Prolactin, progesteron and placental lactogen
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Outline hormonal control of lactopoiesis
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Stimulated by glucocorticoids and prolactin
Inhibited by placental lactogen and progesterone |
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A 6 month old entire female dog presents with red, swollen, discharging vagina. What do you advise the owner?
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Probably juvenile vagintis: resolves spontaneously at first season
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What breeds are predisposed to vaginal hyperplasia and prolapse? How should it be managed?
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Brachycephalics. Replace the prolapse. Tends to recur on subsequent breeding cycles so spay
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How can dystocia be recognised in cats and dogs? (THREE criteria)
How can it be managed? |
2-4 hours without progress
20-30 min unproductive straining Second stage labour exceeding 12 hours Oxytocin is associated with hypoxic/stillborn offspring - management is surgical |
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Name FOUR ovarian neoplasms. How are they detected?
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Granulosa cell tumour, cystadenoma, teratoma, adenocarcinoma
May present as persistent proestrus, mass or ascites |
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How is cryptorchidism inherited?
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Autosomal recessive in small animals, dominant in horses
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What are the THREE male tumours? What hormonal signs do they cause?
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Interstitial (Leydig) tumours secrete testosterone
Sertoli cell tumours cause feminisation Seminomas rarely cause feminisation |
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What are FOUR differentials for an enlarged prostate?
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Benign hypertrophy: surgical removal/anti-androgens and faecal softeners (oestrogens may cause squamous cell metaplasia
Prostatic infection: lipid-soluble antibiotics. Risk of orchitis/epididymitis Prostatic cyst: surgical removal (usually have secretory activity) Prostatic neoplasia: adenocarcinoma/transitional cell carcinoma, palliative management only (rare if entire but most likely in neutered animals) |
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What are the benefits of open vs closed castration?
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Open: reduced risk of swelling/ligature slippage
Closed: reduced risk of eventration |
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What condition causes scrotal inflammation in bulls? Rams? Boars?
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Bulls - Dermatophilus congolensis (Gram positive)
Rams - Chorioptes bovis Boars - varicose haemangiomas |
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How does herpesvirus present in the bull, stallion and dog?
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Stallions: small white pustules which ulcerate and heal in 1-2 weeks
Bulls: as stallions but larger pustules Dog: hyperaemia of the penis with no pustules or ulceration |
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What causes pizzle rot?
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Also called ulcerative posthitis, caused by Corynebacterium renale
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What is the most likely differential for a cauliflower-like mass on the penis of a stallion/gelding? Bull? Dog?
What are the main features of each? |
Horse: Squamous cell carcinoma (well differentiated, keratinised, may metastasise to lymph nodes and lungs)
Bulls: Fibropapilloma (aged 1-2, viral, benign, may block urethra) Dogs: transmissible venereal tumour (usually regress due to immune response within 6 months, rarely metastasise. vincristine responsive) |
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How can testicular hypoplasia be differentiated from degeneration? Why is it important to do so?
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Size of epididymis (small in hypoplasia, normal in degeneration)
Testicular degeneration may indicate an oestrogen-secreting Sertoli cell tumour in the contralateral testicle |
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What TWO organisms are likely to cause orchitis?
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Coliforms (ascending or traumatic infection)
Brucella (swollen testicles, fibropurulent exudate in tunica cavities, necrotic foci in testicular parenchyma) |
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Give SEVEN differentials for no observed oestrus in cows
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Freemartinism
Ovarian aplasia/hypoplasia Negative energy balance Stress Cystic ovarian disease Persistent CL (associated with pyometra) Reduced oestrus expression |
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How should acyclicity be managed in the dairy cow?
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PRID (progesterone-releasing intravaginal device) or CIDR (controlled internal drug release) followed by PMSG. Risk of superovulation.
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How does cystic ovarian disease occur in cows?
What are the TWO types of ovarian cyst? |
Granulosa layer of anovulatory Graafian follicles degenerates. Common during postpartum anoestrus (usually regresses spontaneously)
Follicular cysts (thin-walled, may secrete oestradiol) Luteal cysts (thick-walled, secrete progesterone) |
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How do follicular ovarian cysts present? How are they treated?
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Thin-walled, follicular cysts usually cause acyclicity but may secrete oestradiol leading to nymphomania and aggression.
GnRH to cause luteinisation, then PGF-2a or CIDR/PRID |
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How do luteal ovarian cysts present? How are they treated?
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Cause acyclicity due to progesterone secretion.
Tx is PGF-2a |
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Why do persistent CLs occur? How should they be managed?
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Persistent CLs are the result of failure of luteolysin production by the uterus (may be due to endometritis)
Tx is PGF-2a |
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How should endometritis in the absence of a persistent CL be managed?
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Intrauterine cephalosporin
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How can accuracy of oestrus detection be assessed?
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Measuring milk progesterone levels at AI
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Give FOUR differentials for early embryonic death in sheep
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Toxoplasmosis
Neosporosis Border disease Selenium deficiency |
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Give NINE differentials for early embryonic death in cattle
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Campylobacter fetus
Tritrichomonas fetus Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Acholeplasma Bovine viral diarrhoea virus Infectious bronchitis virus Bluetongue virus Chlamydophila psittaci |
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Give FOUR differentials for abortion in sheep
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Toxoplasmosis
Chlamydophila Campylobacter Border disease |
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Give FOUR differentials for infertility in goats
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Intersexuality (esp. if polled)
Cloud burst (pseudopregnancy with persistent CL) Cystic ovarian disease |
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Outline hormonal control of oestrus in the mare
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High melatonin in the winter inhibits GnRH
LH and oestradiol rise during oestrus (7d) Ovulation is stimulated by ONE FSH peak During dioestrus (14d) another FSH peak and prostaglandin cause luteal recession The CL is PG-responsive from day 5 |
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What ovarian tumour occurs in the mare? What signs does it cause? How should it be managed?
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Granulosa theca cell tumours. Enlarged, cystic ovary that increases inhibin and testosterone, causing stallion-like behaviour
Laparoscopic removal allows the other ovary to function normally |
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What THREE pathogens must mares swab negative for before breeding?
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Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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What should you suspect in a mare with vaginal discharge and premature udder development?
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Placentitis
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Induction of farrowing - when, why, how?
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Farrowing may be induced within 48 hours of natural delivery using prostaglandins and oxytocin
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What's the difference between true hermaphrodites and pseudohermaphrodites?
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True hermaphrodites have ovarian and testicular tissues
Pseudohermaphrodites have mismatched internal and external genitalia |
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Give FOUR differentials for endometritis in the cow
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Herpesvirus
Tritrichomonas fetus Campylobacter fetus tuberculosis |
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Give FOUR differentials for endometritis in the mare
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Klebsiella
S. zooeipdemicus E. coli Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM) |
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What is Dourine?
What is the causative organism? What clinical signs does it cause? |
Notifiable disease in the mare caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. Venereally transmitted, with genital, cutaneous and nervous manifestations (see depigmented scars). Mortality is 50%
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What are the types of equine herpesvirus?
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EHV-1 causes abortion, respiratory disease and paralysis
EHV-3 causes genital pustules only EHV-4 causes respiratory disease and rarely abortion All forms remain latent in the CNS and white cells |
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How do you confirm an equine herpesvirus abortion? What steps should be taken?
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EHV aborted foetuses are expelled fresh in the first trimester.
Test foetal tissue and paried serum titres on the mare Do not move horses for one month after abortion (pregnant mares for 2 months) |
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What signs does EAV cause?
How do you demonstrate freedom from active infection prior to breeding? |
EAV causes oedema of eyelids/legs/abdomen, conjunctivitis, skin rash and abortion. Persists in accessory glands of stallion (notifiable)
Mares must demonstrate stable or declining titres before breeding or movement Stallions must be proven free by virus isolation and test breeding of 2 mares (test for seroconversion 28d later) |
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What THREE diseases are caused by bovine herpesvirus-1? What signs do they cause?
How can they be controlled? |
IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis) - causes respiratory signs and abortion (often the foetus has been dead several weeks)
IPV (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) / IBP (infectious balanoposthitis) cause painful genital lesions and frequent urination. Vaccination reduces severity and duration |
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Give SEVEN differentials for porcine abortion.
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Non-infectious (60-70%)
SMEDI (parvovirus) PRRS PMWS (porcine circovirus-2) Aujesky's disease (suid herpesvirus-1). Notifiable Classical/african swine fever. Notifiable |
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What causes SMEDI? How is it controlled?
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Parvovirus; stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death and infertility
Vaccinate gilts 8 weeks before first service and boost 2 weeks before subsequent services |
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What is PRRS? How is it controlled?
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
Causes mummification and premature birth Inactivated vaccine reduces severity of signs, live vaccine may cause abortion. Recommend all-in-all-out system |
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What is PMWS?
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Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (porcine coronavirus-2) causes abortion, mummification and stillbirth
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What is Aujesky's disease? How is it controlled?
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Suid herpesvirus-1 (pseudorabies). Causes death in pigs under 1 month, nervous signs in pigs under 6 months and mild respiratory signs in adulta as well as abortion/mummification/stillbirth. Notifiable - whole herd is slaughtered
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What clinical signs are caused by canine herpesvirus? How is it controlled?
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Mild penile/preputial/vaginal lesions that are often unnoticed. Can cause abortion and stillbirth but more common to infect puppies during parturition.
Vaccinate pregnant bitches |
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What is the consequence of FeLV infection of a pregnant queen?
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Foetus resorption, abortion (rare) or birth of infected kittens
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What is the consequence of feline panleukopaenia infection of a pregnant queen?
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Feline panleukopaenia (parvovirus) causes reproductive failure or birth of a kitten with cerebellar hypoplasia
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When is the best time to mate camelids? From what age?
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Camelids are non-seasonal induced ovulators (follicular waves every 12-20d). They are always receptive unless they are pregnant, maiden or have a CL present.
Puberty occurs at 5-20 months |
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How long is gestation in the camelid?
Where is the pregnancy? |
345 days
98% of pregnancies occur in the left horn; right horn pregnancies are more commonly associated with uterine torsion |
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What is hydrops? How is it treated?
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Hydrops is placental oedema occuring in late gestation (allantois more common than amni).
Treatment: cull, induce parturition (abort and risk future infertility) or two-stage caesarean section |
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How is progesterone produced during gestation in the mare?
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Ovaries for first trimester, then foetal adrenal glands
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What are the THREE problems with premature foals? Why?
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Foetal adrenal glands produce progesterone during gestation; this drops off in the last 3 weeks and adrenal development only really occurs in the last few days
Therefore premature foals fail at thermoregulation, gluconeogenesis and catecholamine production |
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What normal vaginal discharge can be expected in cows after parturition?
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Red-brown discharge at days 2-9 - normal sloughing of caruncles as part of uterine involution
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How can the gestational age of aborted pigs be calculated?
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Age (days) = 21 + (3 x crown->rump length) cm
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How can infectious and non-infectious causes of abortion in pigs be differentiated?
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In-utero infection kills pigs at all different ages, nutritional/toxic causes kill the whole litter at once
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What causes poor mammary development in pigs? How is it managed?
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Ergot poisoning.
Dilute contaminated feed with normal grain |
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What SIX organisms cause coliform mastitis in sows?
What clinical signs are seen? How is it treated? |
Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Morganella, E. coli and Klebsiella
Causes systemic illness Tx: TMPS, oxytocin, NSAIDs |
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What THREE organisms cause pyogenic mastitis in sows?
What clinical signs are seen? |
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Actinomyces
No systemic illness but milk production never returns in affected teats |
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How can timing of ovulation be predicted in the bitch?
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Progesterone levels increase throughout oestrus and peak just before ovulation
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What hormone is measured to diagnose pregnancy in the bitch? When is this reliable?
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Prolactin. Increases after 30-35d to maintain the CL in pregnant animals.
Progesterone levels do not differ in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches |
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What TWO medical methods to hormonally control oestrus are used in the bitch?
What are the side effects of each? |
Synthetic progestagens (may induce GH secretion causing acromegaly, mammary tumours or diabetes mellitus)
Testosterone (causes clitoral and vulval protrusion and reduces subsequent fertility) |
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What FOUR options are there to control pseudopregnancy?
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Synthetic progestagens
Dopamine agonists Combination oestrogens + androgens Benign neglect |
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What TWO options are there to prevent pregnancy in the bitch after misalliance?
How does each work? |
Oestradiol benzoate (prevent implantation, day 3-5 post mating)
Alglepristone (progesterone receptor antagonist, up to 45 days post mating) |
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How is ovulation induced in the cat?
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An LH surge is induced by each mating; several are required to induce ovulation
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What happens after ovulation in the cat?
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In non-pregnant animals there is a 30-day pseudopregnant luteal phase characterised by high progesterone, followed by a 21d follicular cycle (i.e. 51d return to oestrus)
In pregnant animals the 30 days of high progesterone occur the same then prolactin takes over for the remainder of gestation and remains high throughout lactation Mammary hyperplasia occurs while progesterone is high in both cases |
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What THREE drugs are used to hormonally control oestrus in the queen?
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hCG (induces ovulation, 50d return to oestrus)
Androgens (daily oral dose) Progesterone (can be used at onset of oestrus to suppress behaviour and prevent conception, or in anoestrus to delay the next oestrus) |
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How can testicular tissue remnants be identified in apparently castrated males?
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hCG stimulation test: positive result is increased plasma testosterone level
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Give FIVE methods to advance oestrus
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Photoperiod manipulation
Male effect Regulin implants (contain melatonin - short-day breeders) Pulsatile GnRH administration PGF-2a if already cycling (induce ovulation) |
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What is an appropriate scrotal diameter in rams and bulls?
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Over 34cm
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What FOUR options are there to manage galactorrhea in the bitch?
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Synthetic progestagens
Dopamine agonists Combination oestrogens + androgens Reduce plane of nutrition |
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What is the prognosis for mammary tumours in the bitch? Queen?
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35-50% malignant in the bitch
80% malignant in the queen |
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What drug can be used to treat oestrogen-receptive mammary tumours? What side effects does it cause?
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Tamoxifen. Causes vaginal bleeding and stump pyometra
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