Xxx - Micro Bacteriology

Front 1

GP vs. GN

- Cell wall seen in which?
- Unique component of cell wall?
- What does it do?

Back 1

- GP

- Teichoic acid

- induces TNF & IL-1

Front 2

GP vs. GN

- Outer cell membrane in which?
- Unique component of cell membrane?
- What does it do?

Back 2

- GN

- LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) / Endotoxin

- induces TNF & IL-1

Front 3

GP vs. GN

- Periplasm seen in which?
- Unique component of Periplasm?
- Periplasm is between what 2 things?

Back 3

- GN

- Beta-Lactamase
(and other hydrolytic enzymes)

- Peptidoglycan
- Cytoplasmic membrane

Front 4

GP vs. GN

- Capsules seen in which?
- All capsules are made of _____ except ______, which is made of _______.

Back 4

- both

- Polysaccharides
- Bacillus anthracis
- D-Glutamate

Front 5

GP vs. GN

- what unique component would you find in spores?

Back 5

- Dipicolinic acid

Front 6

GP vs. GN

- List the GP cocci families

Back 6

- Stapylococcus

- Streptococcus

Front 7

GP vs. GN

- List the GN cocci families

Back 7

- Neisseria

Front 8

GP vs. GN

- List the GP rods (bacilli) families

Back 8

- Mycobacterium (acid fast)
- Listeria
- Bacillus

- Clostridium
- Cornyebacterium

Front 9

GP vs. GN

- List the GP branching filamentous organism families

Back 9

- Actinomyces

- Norcardia (weakly acid fast)

Front 10

GP vs. GN

- List the GN branching filamentous organism families

Back 10

- there are none

Front 11

GP vs. GN

- List the GP pleomorphic organism families

Back 11

- there are none

Front 12

GP vs. GN

- List the GN pleomorphic organism families

Back 12

- Rickettsia

- Chlamydia

Front 13

GP vs. GN

- List the GP spiral organism families

Back 13

- there are none

Front 14

GP vs. GN

- List the GN spiral organism familes

Back 14

SPIROCHETES

- Borrelia

- Leptospira

- Treponema

Front 15

What bacteria has NO cell wall?

Instead, it has what?

Back 15

- Mycoplasm

- Sterols

Front 16

What bacteria has Mycolic acid in it cell walls?

This bacteria also has a high content of what in its cell wall?

Back 16

- Mycobacterium (acid fast GP rod)

- High Lipid content

Front 17

What bacteria lacks muramic acid in their cell walls?

Back 17

- Chlamydia

(lack of muramic acid in cell wall is reason why its hard to Gram stain, thus you need to do Giemsa staining)

Front 18

Giermsa staining

- used for what organisms? (x4)

Back 18

(Gim Trys Borel Plasma for Chlamydia)

- Trypanosomes
- Plasmodium
- Borrelia
- Chlamydia

Front 19

PAS staining

- stains what substance?
- used to diagnose what Dz?
- microbial etiology of Dz?

Back 19

- Glycogen / Mucopolysaccharides

- Whipple's Dz

- Tropheryma whippelii

Front 20

Ziehl-Neelsen staining

- used for what organisms?

Back 20

- Acid Fast organisms

(M. tuberculosis)

Front 21

Culture Requirements

- H. influenzae

Back 21

(Gettin' HI with Chocolate from 5 to 10)

Chocolate Agar with:
- Factor V (NAD+)
- Factor X (Hematin)

Front 22

Culture Requirements

- VPN is aka?
- VPN stands for?
- Each component of VPN inhibits?
- VPN used to grow?

Back 22

- Thayer-Martin

- Vancomycin (inhibits GP)
- Polymyxin (inhibits GN)
- Nystatin (inhibits fungi)

- Neisseria

Front 23

Culture Requirements

- Bordetella Pertussis

Back 23

Bordet-Gengou (potato) Agar

Front 24

Culture Requirements

- Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Back 24

- Tellurite plate

- Loffler's media

Front 25

Culture Requirements

- Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Back 25

- Lowenstein-Jenson Agar

Front 26

Culture Requirements

- Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Back 26

- Eaton's Agar

Front 27

Culture Requirements

- required for Lactose fermenting organisms

Back 27

- MacConkey's agar

Front 28

Culture Requirements

- E. coli

Back 28

- MacConkey

or

- Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) Agar

Front 29

Culture Requirements

- Legionella

Back 29

Charcoal yeast extract
with
buffered Cysteine

Front 30

Culture Requirements

- Fungi

Back 30

- Sabouraud's Agar

Front 31

List the Obligate Aerobes (x4)

Back 31

("Naggging Pests Must Breathe")
- Nocardia
- Pseudomonas
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Bacillus

Front 32

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

- List

Back 32

(Can't Breathe Air)

- Actinomyces (GP)
- Bacteriodes (GN)
- Clostridum (GP)

Front 33

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

- can not utilize O2 because they lack what enzymes?

- thus they are susceptible to what damage?

Back 33

- Catalase
&/or
- Superoxide Dismutase

Oxidative Damage

Front 34

OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR

- list them

Back 34

- Rickettsia

- Chlamydia

Front 35

QUELLUNG TEST

- detects what organisms?
- give examples (x6)

Back 35

- Caspular organisms

(SHINK B)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Hemophilus influenzae
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Salmonella
- GBS

Front 36

Polysaccaride Capsular Antigen Vaccines

- the polysaccharide capsular antigen is attached to what in the vaccine?
- to promote what 2 things?

Back 36

- Protein

- T-cell activation (thus subsequent)
- Class Ig switching

Front 37

Polysaccaride Capsular Antigen Vaccines

- if the polysaccharide capsular antigen was NOT attached to anything in the vaccine, what would happen immunologically?

- what would subsequently be produced?

Back 37

- T-cells would not recognize upon presentation

- only IgM antibodies would be produced

Front 38

Polysaccaride Capsular Antigen Vaccines

- give 3 examples

Back 38

- H. influenzae vaccine

- Meningococcal vaccine

- Pneumovax

Front 39

List the Urease Postitive Bugs (x4)

Back 39

(PHUK)

- Proteus
- Helicobacter pylori
- Ureaplasma
- Klebsiella

Front 40

What bacterial organism produces RED pigment?

Back 40

- Serratia marcescens

Front 41

What bacterial organism produces yellow "sulfur" granules (composed of filament masses formed in pus)

Back 41

- Actinomyces israelii

Front 42

Bacterial Virulence Factors

Protein A
- MOA
- Purpose
- what organism has it?

Back 42

- Binds Fc portion of Ig

- Prevent Phagocytosis & Opsonization

- Staph. aureus

Front 43

Bacterial Virulence Factors

IgA Protease
- MOA
- Purpose
- what organism has it?

Back 43

- cleaves IgA

- colonize respiratory mucosa

- Strep. pneumoniae
- Hemophilus influenzae
- Neisseria spp

Front 44

Bacterial Virulence Factors

M protein
- Purpose
- what organism has it?

Back 44

- Prevent phagocytosis

- GAS

Front 45

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- source?

Back 45

- Exotoxin = mostly GP

- Endotoxin = mostly GN

Front 46

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- secreted from cell?

Back 46

- Exotoxin = Yes

- Endotoxin = No

Front 47

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- composition?

Back 47

- Exotoxin = Polypeptide

- Endotoxin = LPS

Front 48

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- location of gene

Back 48

Exotoxin = Plasmid or Bacteriophage

Endotoxin = bacterial Chromosome

Front 49

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- toxicity?

Back 49

- Exotoxin = High toxicity

- Endotoxin = Low toxicity

Front 50

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one causes Fever & Shock

Back 50

- Endotoxin

Front 51

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one induces TNF & IL-1

Back 51

- Endotoxin

Front 52

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one induces high-titer antibodies?

- these high-titer antibodies are called what?

Back 52

- Exotoxin

- Anti-Toxins

Front 53

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one is poorly antigenic?

Back 53

- Endotoxin

Front 54

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one can you use it's toxoids as vaccines?

Back 54

- Exotoxin

(endotoxin = no vaccines possible)

Front 55

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one is destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees Celcius?

- what is the exception?

Back 55

- Exotoxin

- Staphlyococcal Enterotoxin

Front 56

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one is stable at 100 degrees Celcius for 1 hour?

Back 56

- Endotoxin

Front 57

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- list 3 exotoxin diseases

Back 57

- Tetanus
- Botulism
- Diphtheriae

Front 58

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- list 2 endotoxin diseases

Back 58

- Meningococcemia
- Sepsis (by GN rods)

Front 59

EXOTOXIN vs. ENDOTOXIN

- which one is a structural part of the bacteria?

- how is it released then?

Back 59

- Endotoxin

(b/c LPS is part of GN outer cell membrane)

- released upon lysis

Front 60

List the Facultative Intracellular organisms (x7)

Back 60

("FiLL My BuN with Salmon")

- Francisella
- Listeria
- Legionella

- Mycobacteria

- Brucella
- Neisseria

- Salmonella

Front 61

MycoBacteria vs. MycoPlasma

- which one is acid fast?
- which one has no cell wall?
- which one is facultatively intracellular

Back 61

- MycoBacteria

- MycoPlasma

- MycoBacteria

Front 62

MycoBacteria vs. MycoPlasma

- which one has high lipid content?
- which one has high sterol content?

Back 62

- Mycobacteria

- Mycoplasma

Front 63

Acid Fast

- which one is strongly acid fast
- which one is weakly acid fast

Back 63

- MycoBactera

- Nocardia

Front 64

Which one requires Giemsa staining?

a.) Bacillus
b.) Bordetella
c.) Brucella
d.) Bartonella
e.) Borrelia

Back 64

e.) Borrelia

Front 65

Which one requires Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar?

a.) Bacillus
b.) Bordetella
c.) Brucella
d.) Bartonella
e.) Borrelia

Back 65

b.) Bordetella

Front 66

Which one is an Obligate Aerobe?

a.) Bacillus
b.) Bordetella
c.) Brucella
d.) Bartonella
e.) Borrelia

Back 66

a.) Bacillus

Front 67

Which one is a Facultative Intracellular organism?

a.) Bacillus
b.) Bordetella
c.) Brucella
d.) Bartonella
e.) Borrelia

Back 67

c.) Brucella

Front 68

Which one has a subgroup that contains the exotoxin Edema Factor?

a.) Bacillus
b.) Bordetella
c.) Brucella
d.) Bartonella
e.) Borrelia

Back 68

a.) Bacillus

(EF is a adenylate cyclase for B. anthracis)

Front 69

SUPERANTIGENS

- exotoxin or endotoxin?
- list 2 bacterial families with it.

Back 69

- Exotoxin

- Staphylococcus
- Streptococcus

Front 70

SUPERANTIGENS

- binds to what receptor?
- receptor binding activates large numbers of what cells?
- these cells are stimulated to do what?

Back 70

Simultaneously binds to both:
- TCR
- MCH II

T-cells stimulated (to)

Release of both:
- IFN-gamma
- IL-2

Front 71

SUPERANTIGENS

- S. aureus superantigen called what?
- what disease does it cause?
- list some symptoms

Back 71

TSST-1

causes Toxic Shock Syndrome

- Fever
- Rash
- Shock

Front 72

SUPERANTIGENS

- which Streptococcal spp makes a superantigen?
- what is the superantigen called?
- what disease does it cause?
- list some symptoms

Back 72

- Strep. Pyogenes

- Erythrogenic Toxin

- Scarlet Fever

- Toxic-shock-LIKE-syndrome
(fever, rash, shock-like)

Front 73

Besides TSST-1, list 2 other important exotoxins created by Staphylococcus.

What diseases do these exotoxins cause?

Back 73

Enterotoxin
- causes food poisoning

Exfolitin
- causes Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Front 74

ADP-RIBOSYLATING A-B TOXINS

- exotoxin or endotoxin?
- the A part does what?
- the B part does what?

Back 74

- Exotoxin

- (B = Bind) Binds to host cell surface receptor, eliciting endocytosis

- (A = Activates) Attaches an ADP-ribosyl to host cell protein, thus altering protein function

Front 75

ADP-RIBOSYLATING A-B TOXINS

- list 4 bacterial organisms that have this toxin

Back 75

- Vibrio Cholera
- Cornyebacterium Diphtheriae
- E. Coli
- Bordetella Pertussis

Front 76

ADP-RIBOSYLATING A-B TOXINS

- for C. diphtheriae, what function does the A-B Toxin change?

- this action is similar in action to what other bacterial toxin?

- what is the end result diseases that occur from A-B Toxins of C. diphtheriae

Back 76

- Inactivates EF-2

- Pseudomonas Exotoxin A

- Pharyngitis
- Pseudomembrane of throat

Front 77

ADP-RIBOSYLATING A-B TOXINS

- in V. cholera, what function does the A-B Toxin change (in the gut)?

- causes what electrolytes changes?
- what follows the electrolyte change?

- causing what disease?

Back 77

- permanently activates Gs protein

- Increases Chloride OUT into the gut
- Decreases Sodium absorption

- Water follows (NaCl) into the Gut

- voluminous Rice Water Diarrhea

Front 78

ADP-RIBOSYLATING A-B TOXINS

- for E. coli, name the two A-B Toxins?
- what are the functions of each?
- what diseases are caused by each?

Back 78

("Labile as the Air, Stable as the Ground")

Heat-LABILE
- stimulates Adenylate Cyclase

Heat-STABLE
- stimulates Guanylate Cyclase

Both cause Watery Diarrhea

Front 79

ADP-RIBOSYLATING A-B TOXINS

- for B. pertussis, the A-B Toxin causes what functional changes?

- what is the resulting diseases that follow?

Back 79

B. pertussis AB Toxin has 2 f(x)

Inhibits Gi protein (increases cAMP)
- causes Whooping Cough

Inhibits Chemokine receptor
- causes Lymphocytosis

Front 80

ALPHA TOXIN

- exotoxin or endotoxin?
- made by?
- toxin is similar to what enzyme?
- causes what functional changes?
- causes what disease?

Back 80

- Exotoxin
- Clostridium Perfringens

- Lecithinase acting as Phospholipase
- cleaves cell membranes

- Gas Gangrene

Front 81

What Exotoxin, when put on Blood Agar, gives a unique "DOUBLE ZONE" of Hemolysis?

Back 81

- Alpha Toxin
(of Clostridium Perfringens)

(double zone, cuz that powerful as seen with gangrene)

Front 82

What exotoxins inactivate Elongation Factor 2 (EF-2)?

Back 82

Exotoxin A
(of Pseudomonas)

A-B Toxin
(of Cornyebacterium Diphtheriae)

Front 83

EXOTOXIN

- exotoxin of Clostridium Tetani causes what functional change?

- leads to what diseases?

Back 83

- Blocks release of GABA & Glycine
- Lockjaw (tetanus)

(note that GABA & Glycine are inhibitory, so blocking them would cause constant contraction as seen in lockjaw tetanus)

Front 84

EXOTOXIN

- exotoxin of Clostridium Botulinum causes what functional change?

- leads to what diseases?

Back 84

- Block release of ACh

- FLOPPY BABY SYNDROME
(also causes Anticholinergic Sx, CNS paralysis (esp. Cranial Nerves))

(note that ACh is stimulatory, so blocking it would make you floppy)

Front 85

Which Clostridium spp forms spores?

Spores release exotoxins that alters what functional change?

Causes what disease?

Spores found in what everyday things?

Back 85

- C. botulinum

- Blocks ACh release

- Floppy Baby Syndrome

- Honey
- Canned Foods

Front 86

EXOTOXIN

- Edema Factor (EF) is an exotoxin produced by?

- causes what functional change?

Back 86

- Bacillus anthracis

- EF is an Adenylate Cyclase
(thus increases cAMP)

Front 87

EXOTOXIN

- Shiga toxin causes what functional change to the CELL?

- Shiga toxin causes what functional change IMMUNOLOGICALLY?

Back 87

- cleaves host cell rRNA
(thus inactivating 60s ribosome)

- enhances cytokine release

Front 88

EXOTOXIN

- Shiga toxin is made by Shigella and what other organism?

- the effects of Shiga toxin at the nuclear level and immunologically causes what bad disease?

Back 88

- E. coli O157:H7

- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

Front 89

EXOTOXIN

- Streptolysin O is made by?
- is what kind of "- lysin"
- can also be an antigen for?
- why is this important?

Back 89

- Strep. pyogenes

- Hemolysin

- ASO

- presence of ASO is diagnostic for Rheumatic Fever

Front 90

EXOTOXIN

- which one is a Lecithinase that acts as a phospholipase?

- which one is a bacterial adenylate cyclase?

- which one is a hemolysin?

Back 90

- Alpha toxin (of C. perferingens)

- Edema Factor (of B. anthracis)

- Streptolysin O (S. pyogenes)

Front 91

EXOTOXIN

- which one enhances cytokine release?

- which one inhibits chemokine Receptor (thus causing lymphocytosis)

Back 91

- Shiga toxin
(Shigella & E. coli O157:H7)

- AB Toxin of B. pertussis

Front 92

cAMP Inducing Toxins

- list the 4 organisms that can make it.

Back 92

(CAMP)

- Vibrio Cholera
- Bacillus Anthracis
- E. coli
- Bordetella Pertussis

Front 93

cAMP Inducing Toxins

- which toxin permanently turns "ON" Gs protein? (cause what Dz?)

- which toxin permanently turns "OFF" Gi protein? (cause what Dz?)

Back 93

- Vibrio Cholera AB Toxin
(rice water diarrhea)

- B. Pertussis (AB) Toxin
(whooping cough)

Front 94

cAMP Inducing Toxins

- which E. coli toxin increases cAMP?

- what does this toxin do?

Back 94

- Heat LABILE (AB) Toxin

- stimulates Adenylate Cyclase

Front 95

cAMP Inducing Toxins

- which one causes Lymphocytosis?
- how does it do so?

Back 95

- Petusssis (AB) Toxin

- blocks Chemokine Receptors

Front 96

cAMP Inducing Toxins

- which one is an actual bacterial Adenylate cyclase?

Back 96

- Edema Factor

(made by B. antharacis)

Front 97

ENDOTOXINS

- activates what cell?
- activates what immune pathway?
- activates what factor?

Back 97

- Macrophages

- Complement (alternative) pathway

- Hageman factor

Front 98

ENDOTOXINS

- Macrophage activation causes it to secrete what things?

- describe what each does.

Back 98

TNF
- Fever (shock)

IL-1
- Fever

Nitric Oxide
- Hypotension (shock)

Front 99

ENDOTOXINS

- Complement activation causes it to secrete what things?

- describe what each does.

Back 99

C3a
- Hypotension
- Edema

C5a
- Neutrophil chemotaxis

Front 100

ENDOTOXINS

- Hageman factor activation causes it to do what?

Back 100

- Coagulation Cascade ==> DIC

Front 101

What are the 4 stages of Bacterial Growth curve?

Back 101

- Lag
- Log
- Stationary
- Death

Front 102

Spore formation occurs in which stage of Bacterial Growth curve?

Back 102

- Stationary

Front 103

Bacterial Genetics

- list the 3 major types

Back 103

- Transformation

- Conjugation

- Transduction

Front 104

Bacterial Genetics

- which type allows bacteria to take up DNA from the environment?

- this is a feature of what 3 important bacteria?

Back 104

- Transformation

- Strep. pneumoniae
- Hemophilus Influenzae
- Neisseria

Front 105

Bacterial Genetics

- Conjugation with F+ & F- allows transfer of what genes?

Back 105

- Plasmid DNA only

Front 106

Bacterial Genetics

- Conjugation with Hfr & F- allows transfer of what genes?

Back 106

- Plasmid DNA

- Chromosomal genes

Front 107

Bacterial Genetics

- what is Hfr (High Frequency Recombinant)?

Back 107

- when bacterial F+ plasmid incorporates into bacterial chromosomal DNA

Front 108

Bacterial Genetics

- Lysogeny, specialized Transduction is associated with what 5 important toxins?

Back 108

(ABCDE)

- shigA like toxin
- Botulism toxin (certain strains)
- Cholera toxin
- Diphtheriae toxin
- Erythrogenic toxin of Strep. Pyogenes