Xx - Cv Physiology

Front 1

Blood Vessel with Highest Pressure

Back 1

Arteries

Hint 1

arter-IES

(Intense pressure, Elastin, SM)

Front 2

Blood Vessel with Highest Resistance

Back 2

Arterioles

Hint 2

arteri-O-les

(O = Ohm's law = resistance)

Front 3

Blood Vessel with Largest Cross Sectional Area & Surface Area

Back 3

Capillaries

Hint 3

CA-pillaries

(Cross-sectional & surface Area)

Front 4

Blood Vessel with Highest Proportion of Blood

Back 4

Veins

Hint 4

V-eins

(Volume of blood proportionally)

Front 5

Blood Vessel with extensive amounts of Elastic Tissue & Smooth muscle

Back 5

Arteries

Hint 5

arter-IES

(Intense pressure, Elastin, SM)

Front 6

Arterioles have Alpha1 receptors where?

Back 6

Skin, Splanchnics, & Renal arterioles

Front 7

Skeletal muscle arterioles have what receptors?

Back 7

Beta 2 receptors

Front 8

Alpha 1 receptors are found on Arterioles and ..... ?

Back 8

Veins

Front 9

Blood Vessel with the Lowest pressure?

Back 9

Veins

Front 10

Velocity of blood flow is highest in?

Velocity of blood flow is lowest in?

Back 10

Aorta

Capillaries

Front 11

Velocity (v) of Blood flow equation?

Back 11

V = Q / A

(where Q = blood flow / CO)
(where A = cross sectional area)

Hint 11

Think Velocity = Length / Distance

Front 12

Blood Flow (Q) equation?

Back 12

Q = dP / R

(where dP = change in pressure)
(where R = resistance)

Hint 12

Think of Ohm's law ==> P = QR

Front 13

Blood Flow (Q) in Inversely proportional to?

Back 13

BV Resistance

Front 14

Based on Blood flow equation, what is another equation for CO (which is Q)?

Back 14

CO = (MAP - RAP) / TPR

(where MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure)
(where RAP = Right ATRIAL Pressure)
(where TPR = Total Peripheral Resistance)

Front 15

Resistance equation (Poiseuille's law)

Back 15

R =
(8 x viscosity x length) / (Pi x radius^4)

Front 16

Resistance is proportional to?

Back 16

Viscosity and Length

Front 17

Resistance is inversely proportional to?

Back 17

4th power of radius

Front 18

If BV radius decreases by half (a factor of 2), then the resistance change will be what?

- thus the change to blood flow will be?

Back 18

Resistance increases by 16

BF decreases by 16

Front 19

When an artery is added in parallel, what changes?

(as in systemic circulation)

Back 19

Total Resistance is decreased

Front 20

When an artery is added in series, what changes?

(as in BV arrangements INSIDE organ)

Back 20

Pressure decreases

Front 21

Most contributions of Resistance in SERIES can be attributed to what vessel?

Back 21

Arterioles

Hint 21

again, arteri-O-les, think Ohms

Front 22

An increase in Reynold's #, will increase the likelihood of what flow?

Back 22

Turbulent flow

(non-straight flow)

Front 23

Reynolds # can be increased with an ...

- increase in what property (give example)
- decrease in what property (give example)

Back 23

Increase in VELOCITY
(narrowing BV radius)

Decrease in VISCOSITY
(anemia, or decreased Hct)

Front 24

Capacitance is also known as?

Back 24

Compliance
or
Distensibility

Front 25

Capacitance equation?

Back 25

C = V / P

(where V = volume)
(where P = pressure)

Front 26

Capacitance is inversely related to?

Back 26

Elastance

Front 27

Capacitance is greater in which?

- arteries or veins? (why?)

Back 27

Veins

(b/c arteries have lots of elastic tissue, thus more elastance, so less capacitance)

Front 28

Pressure drops the most at?

Back 28

Arterioles

(b/c site of highest resistance)

Front 29

What type of pressure is pulsatile?

Back 29

Arterial pressure

Front 30

AGING causes a DECREASE in?

Thus causes an INCREASE in?

Back 30

Decrease in Capacitance,

so an Increase in Pulse Pressure

Front 31

Pulse Pressure equation

Back 31

PP = SBP - DBP

Front 32

Stroke Volume is the Primary Determinant of what?

Back 32

PP

Front 33

Mean Arterial Pressure equation?

Back 33

= 1/3 PP + DBP

Front 34

Veins can hold more blood because of High ______ & Low _______.

Back 34

High Capacitance

Low Pressure

Front 35

Left Atrial Pressure (LAP) is slightly lower than?

Back 35

Venous pressure

Front 36

Left Atrial Pressure (LAP) is measured as what pressure?

Back 36

Pulmonary Wedge Pressure

Front 37

Pulmonary Wedge Pressure (PWP) is taken by placing a catheter where?

Back 37

smallest branch of Pulmonary artery

(almost directly on Pulmonary capillaries)

Front 38

ECG representation of Atrial Depolarization

Back 38

P wave

(does not include atrial Repolarization buried in the QRS complex)

Front 39

ECG representation of Ventricle Depolarization

Back 39

QRS complex

Front 40

PR interval is the interval between ______ & ________.

Back 40

Beginning of P wave (atrial depolar.)
to
Beginning of Q wave (initial Vent. dep.)

Front 41

Sympathetic stimulation affects PR interval how?

(why?)

Back 41

Decreases PR interval

(by increasing AV CV)

Front 42

Parasympathetic stimulation affects PR interval how?

(why?)

Back 42

Increases PR interval

(by decreasing AV CV)

Front 43

PR interval varies with heart property?

Back 43

CV through the AV node

Front 44

ECG representation of the entire period of Ventricle Depolarization & Repolarization?

Back 44

QT interval

Front 45

QT interval is the interval from ______ to _______.

Back 45

Beginning of Q wave
to
End of the T wave

Front 46

ECG representation of the period when Ventricles are depolarization

Back 46

ST segment

Front 47

ECG representation of Ventricle repolarization

Back 47

T wave

Front 48

ST segment is the period from ______ to ______.

Back 48

END of the S wave
to
Beginning of T wave

Front 49

ECG representation that is ISOELECTRIC.

Back 49

ST segment

Front 50

What kind of current movement DEPOLARIZES?

Back 50

Inward current

(brings positive charges inward)

Front 51

What kind of current movement HYPERPOLARIZES/REPOLARIZES?

Back 51

Outward current

(brings positive current outward)

Front 52

Resting Membrane Potential in Cardiac AP is determined by?

Vm approaches what potential?

Back 52

K+ conductance

K+ equilibrium potential
(approx. - 90mV)

Front 53

What maintains the ionic gradient across cell membranes in the Cardiac AP?

Back 53

Na+/K+ ATPase

(Na+/K+ Adenosine Phosphatase)

Front 54

VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 0 character?

- Phase 0 is caused by?

Back 54

Upstroke

Increased Na+ conductance
(inward current)

Front 55

VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 1 character?

- Phase 1 is caused by?

Back 55

Initial Repolarization

1.) Increased K+ conductance
(outward)
2.) Decreased Na+ conductance
(inward)

Front 56

VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 2 character?

- Phase 2 is caused by?

Back 56

Plateau

Increased Calcium conductance
(inward current)

(which equals increased K+ conductance outward)

Front 57

VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 3 character?

- Phase 3 is caused by?

Back 57

Repolarization

Increased K+ current outward (I k)

Front 58

VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 4 character?

- Phase 4 is caused by?

Back 58

Resting membrane potential

Increased K+ conductance ( I k1)

Front 59

SA > AV > His-Purkinje system

describes what intrinsic rate?

Back 59

Phase 4 Depolarization

(aka - Automaticity)

Front 60

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 0 character?

- Phase 0 is caused by?

Back 60

Upstroke

Increased Calcium current (inward)

Front 61

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 1 character?

- Phase 1 is caused by?

Back 61

does not exist
in the SA/AV/His-Purkinje system

Front 62

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 2 character?

- Phase 2 is caused by?

Back 62

does not exist
in the SA/AV/His-Purkinje system

Front 63

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 3 character?

- Phase 3 is caused by?

Back 63

Repolarization

Increase K+ conductance (outward)

Front 64

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- Phase 4 character?

- Phase 4 is caused by?

Back 64

SLOW Depolarization

Increase Na+ conductance (inward)
(I f)

Front 65

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- I (subscript f) is what kind of current?

- I (subscript f) occurs in which phase of what type?

Back 65

Inward Na+ current

Phase 4 (slow depolarization)
of
SA/AV/His-Purkinje system

Front 66

SA / AV / HIS-PURKINJE SYSTEM

- I (subscript f) is turned on by what?

Back 66

Repolarization of the preceding AP

Front 67

What phases are seen in atria/verntricle/purkinje system, but NOT seen in SA/AV/His-purkinje system?

Back 67

Phase 1 & 2

Front 68

I (subscript k1) is what kind of current?

I (subscript k1) is seen in which phase of what type?

Back 68

Outward K+ current

Phase 4 of Atria/Ventricle/Purkinje system

Front 69

Conduction Velocity depends on what?

Back 69

SIZE of the Inward current during Upstroke

(thus Size of the Calcium current)

Front 70

Conduction Velocity is Fastest where?

CV is slowest where?

Back 70

Purkinje system

AV node

Front 71

Why is it beneficial for AV node to have a slow CV?

Back 71

allows time for ventricles to fill before contraction

Front 72

Changes in cardiac AP Excitability are described by?

Back 72

Refractory periods

Front 73

Absolute Refractory Period (ARP) begins when?

ARP ends when?

Back 73

Begins @ the Upstroke

Ends after Plateau

Front 74

Which is slightly longer than the ARP?

Back 74

Effective Refractory Period (ERP)

Front 75

What period occurs immediately after the ARP?

Back 75

Relative Refractory Period (RRP)

Front 76

Which refractory period can there be NO action potential initiated?

Back 76

ARP

Front 77

Which refractory period can CONDUCTED action potential be NOT elicited?

Back 77

ERP

Front 78

Which refractory period can AP be elicited BUT more than usual INWARD current is required?

Back 78

RRP

Front 79

Define Chronotropic (specify locale)

Back 79

ANS effects on HR for the SA node

Front 80

Define Dromotropic (specify locale)

Back 80

ANS effects on CV for the AV node

Front 81

ANS can exert positive/negative Chronotropic effects by doing what to the SA node??

Back 81

By increasing/decreasing
the
FIRING RATE of the SA node

Front 82

ANS can exert positive/negative Dromotropic effects by doing what to the AV node?

Back 82

By increasing/decreasing
the
CONDUCTION VELOCITY of the AV node

Front 83

Conduction Velocity of the AV node is INVERSELY proportional to what ECG finding?

Back 83

PR interval

(thus Increase AV CV will decrease PR)

Front 84

Sympathetic effects on chronotropy and dromotropy via what NT?

- which acts on what receptor?

Back 84

NE

Beta 1 receptors

Front 85

Parasympathetic effects on chronotropy and dromotropy via what NT?

- which acts on what receptor?

Back 85

Acetylcholine

Muscarinic receptors

Front 86

Sympathetic effects on Chronotropy?

- what is the MOA?
(include current, phase & locale)

Back 86

Positive (increase HR)

Increase inward Na+ current (If)
@ phase 4 slow depolarization of SA node

Front 87

Sympathetic effects on Dromotropy?

- what is the MOA?
(include current, phase & locale)

Back 87

Positive (increase AV CV)

Increase inward Ca+ current (Ica)
@ phase 0 upstroke of AV node

Front 88

Parasympathetic effects on Chronotropy?

- what is the MOA?
(include current, phase & locale)

Back 88

Negative (decreases HR)

Decreases Inward Na+ current (If)
@ Phase 4 Depolarization of SA node

Front 89

Parasympathetic effects on Dromotropy?

- what is the MOA?
(include current, phase & locale)

Back 89

Negative (decrease AV CV)

Decreases Inward Ca+ current (Ica)
@ phase 0 Upstroke of AV

Front 90

Sympathetic effects on Heart

(also include receptors)

Back 90

Increase HR, AV CV, & Contractility

(all via Beta1 receptor with NE)

Front 91

Parasympathetic effects on Heart

(also include receptors)

Back 91

Decrease HR, AV CV

Decrease Contractility @ ATRIA only!

(all via Muscarinic receptor with ACh)

Front 92

Sympathetic effects on Blood Vessel (in other words, the vascular SM)

(also include receptors)

Back 92

@ Alpha 1 receptor, Constriction
of
Skin, Splanchnic, & Skeletal muscle BV

@ Beta2 receptor, Relaxation
of
Skeletal muscle BV

Front 93

Parasympathetic effects on Blood Vessel
(in other words, the vascular SM)

(also include receptors)

Back 93

Parasympathetics have NO effects on the blood vessels

Front 94

What is unique about the ANS effects on Contractility in terms of locale?

Back 94

Sympathetics increase Contractility

Parasympathetics decrease Contractility @ the Atria ONLY!

Front 95

Upstroke is which phase of the cardiac AP cycle?

Back 95

Phase 0

Front 96

Upstroke is due to what for:

- Non-automaticity cells?

- Automaticity cells?

Back 96

Non-automaticity cells
= Na+ conductance (inward)

Automaticity cells
= Ca+ conductance (inward)

Front 97

Increased Calcium conductance occurs in which phase for

- Non-automaticity cells?

- for Automaticity cells?

Back 97

Phase 2 (Plateau)

Phase 0 (upstroke)

Front 98

Slow Depolarization of Automaticity cells is in which phase?

This is due to what current?

Back 98

Phase 4

Na+ conductance (I subscript f)

Front 99

K+ conductance (I subscript k) occurs in which phases for non-automaticity cells and automaticity cells?

Back 99

Phase 3 for both

Front 100

I (subscript f) is what & occurs when?

Back 100

Na+ conductance (inward)
& Phase 4 of Automaticity cells

Front 101

I (subscript k1) is what & occurs when?

Back 101

K+ conductance (outward)
& Phase 4 of Non-automaticity cells

Front 102

What type of current is always Outward (thus hyperpolarizing/repolarizing)?

Back 102

K+ current conductance

Front 103

Plateau phase occurs in which cells?

Plateau phase is due to what current?

Plateau phase is which phase?

Back 103

Non-automaticity cells

Calcium conductance (inward)

Phase 2

Front 104

ANS control of Chronotropy occurs by affecting ......
- what current?
- of what phase?
- in which cells?

Back 104

I (subscript f) - Na+ conductance inward

Phase 4 (Slow Depolarization)

Automaticity cells (SA node)

Front 105

ANS control of Dromotropy occurs by affecting ......
- what current?
- of what phase?
- in which cells?

Back 105

Ica (Calcium conductance inward)

Phase 0 (Upstroke)

Automaticity cells (AV node)