Xprin Neoplasm

Front 1

How are cell cycles regulated

Back 1

By Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinase (also cyclin-dependent kindase inhibitors)

Front 2

Types of small (3) and big (4) mutations

Back 2

Small: Point mutations, microdeletions, methylation errors
Big: Translocations, large deletions, amplification, duplication

Front 3

2 Classes of cancer genes

Back 3

1. Oncognes
2. Tumour suppressor genes

Front 4

Retinoblastoma

Back 4

Most common eye tumour in children. Requires 2 RB-1 genes to be knocked out.

Front 5

Oncogenes usually code for... (5)

Back 5

1. Growth factors
2. Growth factor receptors
3. Signal transduction proteins
4. Nuclear regulators
5. Cell cycle regulators

Front 6

Oncogene mutations (4)

Back 6

1. Point mutation
2. Amplification
3. Translocation
5. Viral Insertion

Front 7

Normal function of Tumour Suppressor Genes (2)

Back 7

1. Gatekeepers
2. Caretakers

Front 8

Mechanism of tumour suppressor gene inactivation (4)

Back 8

1. Point mutation or small deletion
2. Major chromosomal loss or deletion
3. Replacement of normal allele by abnormal allele
4. Gene silencing

Front 9

How does Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer occur?

Back 9

Mutation of Mismatch repair gene

Front 10

Hallmarks of Cancer (4 or 6)

Back 10

1. Genomic instability
2. Inappropriate cell proliferation
3. Angiogenesis
4. Invasion and metastasis

1) Sustained angiogenesis
2) Self-sufficiency in growth signals
3) Insensitivy to antigrowth signals
4) Tissue invasion and metastasis
5) Limitless replicative potential
6) Evasion of apotosis

Front 11

Positive and negative angiogenesis regulators and what are they regulated by?

Back 11

Positive: VEGF (ras oncogene), bFGF
Negative: Thrombospondin-1 (p53 tumour suppressor gene)

Front 12

What the two major subtypes of cell adhesion molecules and what are their functions.

Back 12

Integrins: Allow cells to sense their extracellular environment and regulate proliferation and apoptosis.
Cadherins: Mediate cell-cell interaction

Front 13

Cancer grows in what manner?

Back 13

Gompertzian manner.

Front 14

Characterization of poorly differentiated cells.

Back 14

1. Pleomorphism
2. Hyperchromatism
3. Increased nuclear size and irregular contour
4. Increased mitotic activity
5. Loss of polarity

Front 15

Components of diagnosis of cancer (6)

Back 15

1. Incidence
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Risk factors
5. Pathology
6. Pathways of Spread

Front 16

What are the systemic effect of malignancy? (2)

Back 16

1. Anorexia
2. Cachexia

Front 17

Types of Chemotherapy (5)

Back 17

1. Primary Chemotherapy
2. Adjuvant Chemotherapy
3. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
4. Maintenance Chemotherapy
5. Palliative Chemotherapy

Front 18

Three types of Radiation Therapy

Back 18

1. Teletherapy or external beam radiation
2. Brachytherapy
3. Isotope Therapy

Front 19

Common toxicities of chemotherapy (7)

Back 19

1. Bone marrow suppression
2. Gastrointestinal
3. Cardiotoxicity
4. Hair & nails
5. Nervous system
6. Infertility
7. Secondary cancers

Front 20

3 main types of cytotoxic anticancer drugs

Back 20

1. DNA damaging agents
2. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis & repair
3. Inhibitors of microtubule function

Front 21

DNA damaging agents (3)

Back 21

1. Alkylating agents
2. Platinum compounds
3. Anthracyclines

Front 22

Inhibitors of DNA synthesis & repair (2)

Back 22

1. Topoisomerase inhibitors
2. Antimetabolites
a) Folate analogues
b) Pyrimidine analogues

Front 23

Inhibitors of microtubule function (2)

Back 23

1. Taxanes
2. Vinca Alkaloids

Front 24

Example of hormonal therapy

Back 24

1. Aromatase inhibitors
2. Anti-estrogen
3. Leutenizing hormone releasing hormone analogues
4. Antiandrogens