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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal oral body temperature
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36.8
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What are the components of a model control system?
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1. Controlled variable
2. Sensors 3. Comparator/Integrator 4. Set-Point 5. Effectors |
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What is the definition of a Set-point?
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The value (or range of values) of a regulated variable which a healthy organism tends to stabilize by the process of regulation.
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Transmission of information between various organs of the body is performed by? (3)
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1. Nervous
2. Endocrine 3. Immune System |
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What are the targets of the body's communication systems (5)
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1. Muscular activity
2. Secretory activity 3. Membrane permeability 4. Metabolic activity 5. Gene Expression |
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How does hormones act on its target tissue? (8)
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1. Endocrine
2. Neuroendocrine 3. Paracrine 4. Autocrine 5. Juxtacrine 6. Intracrine 7. Exocrine 8. Pheromones |
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Examples of NANC transmitters (12)
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Non-Peptide: GABA, Serotonin, histamine, dopamine, ATP, NO
Peptides: Substance P, somatostatin, Enkephalin, VIP, CCK, galanin |
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Effect of the sympathetic nervous system (3)
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1. Inc HR, stroke volume, BP
2. Inc blood flow to skeletal muscles 3. Dec skin blood flow 4. Stimulates skeletal muscle glycogenolysis |
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Effect of the parasympathetic nervous system (4)
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1. Dec HR, stroke volume, BP
2. Inc GI track motility 3. Inc secretions in salivary glands, stomach, exocrine pancreas 4. Relaxation of sphincters in esophagus, stomach, bladder |
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What is Dysautonomia
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A rare neurological condition with partial or complete autonomic failure.
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What is autonomic failure in the elderly?
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Demyelination of preganglionic ANS neurons
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What is Diabetic Neuropathy
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Hyperglycemia reduces growth factor secretion, suppresses brain blood flow, causing ischemia, and increases production of reactive oxygen species. These factors result in damage and destruction of autonomic neurons.
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What is Alcoholic Neuropathy
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Alcohol causes demyelination and destruction of axons in spinal nerves
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What are the most abundant type of hormones?
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Peptide hormones
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What are the 4 classes of hormones?
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1. Peptides
2. Derivatives of amino acids 3. Steroids 4. Fatty acids |
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What is the overall process involved with constitutive secretion called?
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Stimulus-secretion coupling
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Following exocytosis how does the hormone get into the capillaries?
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Fenestrations in capillaries.
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How many times does G-Protein coupled receptor cross the cell membrane?
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7
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What is the temperature regulation region in the brain?
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Anterior Hypothalamus preoptic area
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What type of channels does peripheral thermoreceptors contain?
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Transient receptor potential channels
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What are heat loss mechanisms? (2)
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1. Sweating
2. Vasodilation |
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What are heat gain mechanism?
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1. Shivering
2. Piloerection 3. Vasoconstriction 4. Thyroxine secretion |
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How are shivering produced?
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Alternation of contractions in flexor and extensor muscles, driven by the reticulospinal tract.
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What is the point where fever goes down called?
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Chrisis
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What are the advantages of fever? (2)
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1. Tmperature preferenda of most pathogens is at or below normal core temperature.
2. Phagocytosis is enhanced |
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What are teh disadvantages of fever? (3)
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1. Increase in oxygen consumption
2. Increased caloric and fluid use. 3. Nigh fever kills central neurons |
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Advantage and disadvantage of antipyretic drugs.
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Advantage: Mandatory in cases of high, sustained fever, especially in children.
Disadvantage: 1. Masks severity of underlying infection 2. Removes temporal patterning of fever and occurrence of crisis |
