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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the first stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis:
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UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is synthesized from F-6-P then UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is made into UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid
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what is the second stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis:
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the first 3 amino acids are added to the pentapeptide and the last step, L-alanine is isomerized to D-alanine
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... is an amino acid that is very similar to lysine and is found only in peptidoglycan
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m-Diaminopimelate
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what is the third stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis:
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the completed the N-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide subunit is transferred to bactoprenol phosphate so it can travel through the cytoplasmic membrane
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what is the fourth stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis:
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the subunit consisting of -acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide and N-acetylglucosamine is inserted into peptidoglycan
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what is the fifth stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis:
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formation of the crosslinks by transpeptidase, also carboxypeptidase cleaves off some of the bottom D-aa's or else the peptidoglycan would be too rigid
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to where does penicillin bind:
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transpeptidase
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the slime-layer is also called:
1. 2. and is a major ... factor |
capsule
glycocalyx virulence |
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where is the S-layer located:
and what is its function: |
1. immediately outside the cell wall
2. prevent passage of some very large molecules and prevent engulfment by phagocytes |
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most capsules are ... but some are made up of ...
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polysaccharide
protein |
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the capsule is the ... antigen, and ... antigen in Salmonella
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K
Vi |
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why are Mycoplasma species resistant to antibiotics which act on peptidoglycan:
they also have ... in their cytoplasmic membrane in order to make the membrane more rigid and prevent cell ... The ... is the outermost cell envelope layer in these organism |
lack a cell wall
sterols lysis cytoplasmic membrane |
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The organisms of the genus ... and ... have inner and outer membranes typical of other Gram-negative organisms. However, they lack a peptidoglycan layer.
These organisms are obligate ... |
Chlamydia
Chlamydiophila intracellular parasites |
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Chlamydia and Chlamydiophila exist in two forms:
1. 2. 3. which is the infections form: 4. and which is the replicating form: |
1. elementary body (EB)
2. reticulate body (RB) 3. elementary body (EB) 4. reticulate body (RB) |
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Once an EB is ... by a target cell (usually an epithelial cell), it converts into a ... which multiplies within the ... and eventually, the ... convert back to EB’s and the cell ...
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phagocytized
reticulate body (RB) phagosome RB’s lyses |
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what do the RB's do to allow themselves to survive and multiply in a phagosome:
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prevent the phagosome from fusing with a lysosome
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most motile bacteria use ... to move themselves.
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flagella
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Some prokaryotes have flagella only at one or both ends of the cell, this is called ...
Cells with flagella at several points around the surface are ... |
polar flagellation
peritrichous |
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what are the 3 parts of the flagellum:
1. 2. 3. |
1. basal body
2. hook 3. filament |
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the filament is the ... antigen
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H
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spirochetes have flagella that are called ... that remain between the ... and ...
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endoflagella
peptidoglycan outer membrane |
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the ... in flagella act as a motor
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basal body
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many prokaryotes have short, hair-like projections that extend from the cell surfaced that are called ... or ...
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pili
fimbriae |
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... are used to transfer DNA from between cells and other ... attach cells to surfaces
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sex pili
fimbriae |
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because fimbriae allow bacteria to attach to host cells, they are a major ...
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virulence factors
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some species of ... bacteria produce a special type of resting cell called ... and the only medically important ones are ... and ...
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endospore
Bacillus Clostridium |
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only ... can produce endospores and the are very resistant to:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
gram positive bacteria
1. heat 2. radiation 3. drying 4. acids and bases |
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why is it recommended that when canning food, a pressure cooker is used with a temperature of at least ...?
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115 C
C. botulinum spores can survive 100 C for hours |
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At temperatures lower than that, C. botulinum spores can survive and ... in the canned product because this organism is ...(think respiration) Boiling canned food for 10 minutes will destroy the toxin.
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germinate
anaerobic |
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what is significant about dipicolinic acid:
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it is only found in endospores
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what are the parts of the endospore:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. core
2. cortex 3. spore coat 4. exosporium |
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in the endospore the ... surrounds the core and is made up of loosely cross-linked ...
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cortex
peptidoglycan |
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in the endospore the ... covers the cortex in several thick layers of ...
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spore coat
protein |
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in the endospore, the outermost layer is the ... and is a very think layer of ...
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exosporium
protein |
