X_Exam1 Mfm2_18

Front 1

what is a ligand:

Back 1

any molecule (including antigens, cytokines and cell adhesion molecules) that bind to a receptor

Front 2

... are elicited when there is an interaction between a ligand and its receptor

Back 2

immune responses

Front 3

what is affinity:

Back 3

strength of binding of ligand to its receptor

Front 4

what determines affinity:

Back 4

shape and intermolecular interactions

Front 5

what is avidity:

Back 5

collective affinities of multiple receptors

Front 6

what is an antigen:

Back 6

any organism, molecule or part of a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody or T-cell receptor

Front 7

what is an epitope:

Back 7

site on an antigen recognized by an antibody or antigen recpeotr

Front 8

what is an immunogen:

Back 8

any molecule that can elicit an immune response upon injection

Front 9

only proteins are fully ... because only proteins are recognized by ...

Back 9

immunogenic
T lymphocytes

Front 10

what is a hapten:

Back 10

molecules that can bind antibody but cannot by themselves elicit an immune response

Front 11

what are the 2 types of receptors in antigen recognition:
1.
2.

Back 11

1. B-cell receptors
2. T-cell receptors

Front 12

what are the antigen presenting molecules:
1.
2.

Back 12

1. MHC I
2. MHC II

Front 13

where do you find:
1. MHC I
2. MHC II

Back 13

1. all nucleated cells
2. professional antigen presenting cells

Front 14

what are the professional antigen presenting molecules:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 14

1. dendritic cells
2. macrophages
3. B cells
4. some thymocytes ( T cell precursors)

Front 15

1. effector mechanism/function is:

2. what is the major effector function of B cells

Back 15

1. the destruction and clearance of pathogen
2. secrete antibodies

Front 16

antibodies are ... that consist of 4 ..., ... and ...

Back 16

glycoporteins
peptide chains
2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains

Front 17

the N-terminal region of each chain is called the ... region.

Back 17

variable (V)

Front 18

in the antibody, sequence differences are concentrated in the N-terminal region of each chain called the ...

Back 18

variable (V) region

Front 19

the paired V region of of a heavy and a light chain form the ...

Back 19

antigen-binding site

Front 20

in the antibody, the remaining parts of the light chain and the heavy chain have limited variation in amino-acid sequence and are known as the ...

Back 20

constant regions (C)

Front 21

every antibody has ... antigen-binding sites

Back 21

2 identical

Front 22

the fragments corresponding to the 2 arms are called ... and the fragment corresponding to the stem is called ...

Back 22

Fab (fragment antigen binding)
Fc (Fragment crystallizable)

Front 23

in the antibody molecule, the H chain has ...(how many) isotypes and the L chain has ...(how many)

Back 23

5
2

Front 24

what are the 2 L chain isotypes:
1.
2.

Back 24

1. kappa (κ)
2. lambda (λ)

Front 25

what are the 5 H chain isotypes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 25

1. γ
2. µ
3. δ
4. α
5. ε

Front 26

the 5 heavy chain isotypes correspond to what Ig isotypes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 26

1. γ - IgG
2. µ - IgM
3. δ - IgD
4. α - IgA
5. ε - IgE

Front 27

1. the light chain of the antibody molecule is composed of:

2. while the heavy chain is composed of:

Back 27

1. single variable domain (VL) and a constant domain (CL)
2. a single variable (VH) domain that have 3-4 constant (CH1-4) domains

Front 28

in the antibody molecule, each V domain has ...(how many) ... regions that are flanked by 4 ... regions

Back 28

3
hypervariable (HV)
framework (FR)

Front 29

HV regions are also called ..., and is located ... from constant region

Back 29

complementarity-determining regions (CDRs)
farthest

Front 30

in the antibody molecule, pairing of the ... and ... bring together the hypervariable loops to create a composite hypervariable surface forming the ...

Back 30

VH
VL
antigen-binding site

Front 31

Macromolecules and pathogens are normally larger than the antibody so the antibody will bind to a smaller portion of the antigen called the ... or ...
... is any antigen that has more than one epitope or more than one copy of the same epitope

Back 31

antigenic determinant
epitope
Multivalent antigen

Front 32

antibody:antigen binding is through (covalent/noncovalent) forces

Back 32

noncovalent

Front 33

identify the following types of epitopes:

1. antibodies recognize a linear sequence of amino acids

2. antibodies recognize an epitope that has a specific three-dimensional shape

Back 33

1. linear
2. conformational

Front 34

two antibodies can bind the same epitope (same specificity) with different ...

Back 34

affinities

Front 35

B cells develop in the ...
T cells develop in the ...

Back 35

bone marrow
thymus

Front 36

the secreted form on an immunoglobulin is called ...

Back 36

an antibody

Front 37

identify which is immunoglobulin and which is T cell receptor:

1. Secreted form is antibody
2. Only recognize antigen in form of peptides presented by MHC molecules
3. Absence of secreted form
4. Bind antigen and serve in effector functions
5. Bind epitopes on a wide range of intact molecules: proteins, carbohydrates and lipids
6. Only function in binding antigen, NO effector function

Back 37

1. Ig
2. TCR
3. TCR
4. Ig
5. Ig
6. TCR

Front 38

the T cell receptor is composed of ...(number) polypeptide chains forming a ...

Back 38

2
heterodimer: α chain and β chain

Front 39

how many antigen binding sites are formed in the T-cell receptor

Back 39

one

Front 40

in the TCR molecule, each chain consists of a ... domain, ... domain and a ... domain

TCR (does/does not) have HV regions

Back 40

V
C
membrane anchoring
does

Front 41

what does the TCR complex consist of:

Back 41

1. three proteins form the CD3 complex (CD3γ, CD3δ, CD3ε)
2. a ζ chain

Front 42

TCR is involved with (antigen recognition/signal transduction)

CD3 complex and the ζ chain (antigen recognition/signal transduction)

Back 42

antigen recognition
signal transduction

Front 43

TCR cannot make it to the cell surface without hitching a ride from some companion ...

Back 43

membrane proteins

Front 44

what are the 2 classes of T cells:
1.
2.

Back 44

1. CD4
2. CD8

Front 45

what are the 2 subclasses of CD4 helper cells discussed in class:
1.
2.

Back 45

1. TH1
2. TH2

Front 46

what is the function of:
1. TH1
2. TH2

Back 46

1. activates macrophage to phagocytose and secrete cytokines
2. stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

Front 47

the CD8 molecule consists of what chains:

Back 47

an α chain and β chain

Front 48

what is the function of CD8 cells:

Back 48

kill cells that have become infected with intracellular pathogens

Front 49

γ:δ T lymphocytes bind:
1.
2.

Back 49

1. certain kinds of ligands, including heat-shock proteins and nonpeptide ligands such as phosphorylated ligands or mycobacterial lipid antigens
2. free antigen and/or may bind peptides or other antigens presented by nonclassical MHC-like molecules

Front 50

MHC class I molecule is composed of ... complexed to ...

Back 50

a transmembrane heavy chain (α chain)
a β2-microglobulin

Front 51

MHC class II molecule is composed of ...

Back 51

two transmembrane chains (α and β)

Front 52

CD4 interacts with MHC class ...
CD8 interacts with MHC class ...

Back 52

II
I

Front 53

CD8 binds to the ... region of the MHC class I

The two most distal domains of CD4 bind to the MHC class II ... domain

Back 53

α3
β2

Front 54

MHC class I binds peptides of limited length (...)

MHC class II binds peptides of longer length (...)

Back 54

8-10aa
~13-25aa

Front 55

the MHC binding site has ... meaning it is capable of binding peptides ...

Back 55

degenerate binding specificity
of many different amino acid sequences