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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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identify the following mechanisms for genetic exchange:
1. a cell picks up free DNA from the environment 2. a cell obtains DNA from a virus 3. DNA is transferred from one cell to another, this is mediated by cell-to-cell contact |
1. transformation
2. transduction 3. conjugation |
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Prokaryotes have three mechanisms of genetic exchange:
1. 2. 3. The importance of these genetic exchange mechanisms is that they can be used to transfer genes involved in antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity from ... |
1. transformation
2. transduction 3. conjugation one bacterial strain to another |
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Cells that can be transformed are called ...
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competent
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Several species are naturally capable of being transformed, these include:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. Haemophilus influenzae
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae 3. Bacillis species 4. Neisseria species |
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what does the following describe:
Linear DNA fragments are brought into the cell. One strand of the DNA is degraded, and part of the other strand is recombined into the chromosome |
transformation
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when E. coli is made artificially competent, it cannot pick up ... pieces of DNA, instead it picks up ...
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linear
small plasmids |
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what is important about plasmids:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. usually circular
2. own origin of replication 3. 1 to 50 copies in a cell 4. replicate independently |
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Bacteriophage are ... that infect bacteria and contain ...(what kind of genetic material), and they can only replicate ... When they are outside the cell, the are enclosed in a ... Within the cell, they exist as ...
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viruses
either DNA or RNA within a cell protein coat naked DNA |
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in transduction, the DNA that is taken from is called the ... The cell that the DNA is transferred to is called the ...
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donor
recipient |
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what are the 2 types of transduction:
1. 2. |
1. specialized
2. generalized |
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specialized transducing phage does what:
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interts into the chromosome of the cell they infect
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phage that can integrate into the chromosome are called ... or ... phage and the infected bacteria is called a ...
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lysogenic
temperate lysogen |
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The best known example of a specialized transducing phage is ..., which infects ... Lambda inserts between the ... and ... genes
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lambda
E. coli gal bio |
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... is where DNA is transferred directly from one cell to another. In order to donate DNA to another cell, a cell has to have a ...
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Conjugation
conjugative plasmid |
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Most conjugative plasmids can only move between cells of a ... of bacteria, but some can move between several different .... The best known example of a conjugative plasmid is the ... of E. coli.
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certain species
genera of bacteria F plasmid |
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The F plasmid is also called ... and F+ cells make ... or ...
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an F factor
F sex pili |
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what is an F' plasmid:
F’ plasmids exist with almost ... of the E. coli chromosome. |
when the F plasmid comes out of the chromosome and takes a small portion of the chromosome with it
any portion |
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R-plasmids exist in ... bacteria which can transfer DNA between any ... species. These R-plasmids contain several ... resistance genes and are probably responsible for much of the spread of antibiotic resistance
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Gram-negative
Gram-negative antibiotic |
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Conjugative plasmids have been found in ... bacteria as well
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Gram-positive
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Transposable elements are:
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small pieces of DNA that can move from one position in a DNA molecule to another, or can move from one DNA molecule to another
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... are the simplest type of transposable element. These are very short, usually under 2000 bases. They have inverted repeats at each end, and code for a protein that allows them to ... DNA
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Insertion sequences (IS)
enter and exit |
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... are most often composed of insertion sequences flanking one or more genes. These gene are often ... genes or genes that specify some type of ...
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Transposons (sometimes called composite transposons)
antibiotic resistance virulence factor |
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Transposons often contain elements called ... they can capture other genes
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integrons
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... transposons can move themselves from one bacterium to another. The donor and recipient strain do not even have to be in the same genus
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Conjugative
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