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268 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 2 usual brain cross sections made, in imaging using CT or MRI?
Transverse and Coronal
The landmark that is used structurally in CT or MRI to establish a transverse plane is called?
The AC-PC line
The AC-PC line is usually how many mm in the adult brain?
25
The anterior commissure lies inferior to which cerebral structure?
Corpus Collosum
Where is the posterior commissure located in the cerebral brain?
Below the Pineal Gland
What is a common site of blockage in the Ventricle system, due to trauma, and or pathology?
The Cerebral Aqueduct
A lesion to his area will mean a person's ability to understand written language is OK, but will be difficult to understand them when they speak because it is impaired speech movements?
Broca's Area
The point on the scalp that corresponds to the junction of the sinuses is called?
Inion
The layer of the scalp that overlies the loose connective tissue called the dangerous space is the?
Galea Aponeurotica
The skull is defined as?
Cranium minus the mandible
The Pterion is a point or junction of skull bones, what are they?
Four separate bones, of the skull called the Frontal, Parietal, Sphenoid and Temporal
An expanding lesion in the frontal lobe would first cause what type of herniation?
Cingulated
Rotational and angular movement will be detected by the hair cells embedded in this organs cupula?
Organ of Corti
Fibers in the Internal Capsule separate which anatomical regions of the brain?
Caudate nucleus and the Thalamus from the Lenticular nucleus
What types of fibers does the Internal Capsule have, and to which area of the Brain does it travel to?
It consists of axonal fibres that run between the cerebral cortex and the pyramids of the medulla.
What is a true fact of the vestibular organ?
The plane of each anterior semicircular canal is parallel to the anterior canal of the opposite side
The region of the brainstem in which breathing is regulated is the?
medulla oblongata
The part of the brain, (Relay Station), that serves as an important link between the cortex and the ANS and the endocrine system is called?
Thalamus
The RAS or Reticulate Activating system is located in the?
The RAS is composed of several neuronal circuits connecting the brainstem to the cortex namely the Midbrain
The Great Vein of Galen drains into which sinus?
Straight Sinus
What are the parts of the Midbrain?
Red Nucleus, Substantia Nigra, Cerebral Peduncles and Pons
The posterior pituitary gland secretes only which hormones?
ADH and Oxytocin
The structure or nucleus immediately anterior to the Substantia Nigra is called the?
Red Nucleus
The trigeminal cranial nerve enervates which structures? (CN V)
The fifth nerve is primarily a sensory nerve, but it also has certain motor functions (biting, chewing, and swallowing)
What is the difference between the veins of the skull and the veins of the body?
There are no valves in the veins
Which vein drains into the Internal Cerebral Vein?
Basal Vein of Rosenthal
What is the key role of the Limbic System?
Production of Emotions
What are two components of the Limbic System?
Cigulate Gyrus and Parahippocampus
Where is information that arrives at the Mamillary bodies relayed to?
Anterior nucleus of the Thalamas and then to the Cingulate gyrus
Which structure is interconnected with the Cingulate gyrus and bundle?
Parahippocampus Cortex
Where does the Amygdala lie beneath?
Uncus
What is the thought on the Parahippocampal Formation or the role it is thought to have?
Memory Developement
Where does the Hippocampus lie medial to?
Temporal horn of the lateral ventricles
How is the Septum Pellucidum positioned in the Limbic System?
It is stretched between the fornix and corpus collasum
Which structure does the Amydgala appears to modulate?
Hypothalamus
Near the top of the Spinal cord there is a median furrow. Which artery runs along this furrow to the Medulla Oblongata?
Anterior Spinal Artery
Which structure is the transitional point between the Pons and the Spinal Cord?
Medualla Oblongata
Which surface feature is found at the caudal end of the Medulla?
Pyramidal Decussation
Which motor pathway controls the movements of the upper and lower limbs distally?
Pyramidal Tracts
What is the function of the Inferior Olivary Nucleus?
Acts as an input nucleus for the cerebellum and red nucleus
What paired structure makes up the Corpora Quadrigeminal?
Inferior and Superior Colliculi
Where does the Rubrospinal tract originate from?
Red Nucleus
The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via which 3 known structures found on the posterior brainstem?
Superior, Middle and Inferior Peduncle
Which Cranial Nerve emerges medially from the Peduncles?
CN III
Which vascular system does the brainstem rely on for its blood supply?
Vertebral-basilar system
The region of the brain that is thought to be responsible for learned, skilled voluntary movement is called the?
The intermediate zone or the Paravermal zone
A feature of the Vomer of the nasal cavity is?
Forms the superior anterior bony septum
The vitreous body of the eye globe does what function structurally to the eye?
Holds the retina against the vascular tunic
All of the extraocular muscles except the inferior oblique inserts by which method?
On a tendinous ring attached at the optic foramen
The vertebral artery enters the skull via which foramen?
Foramen Magnum
The major function of the glossopharyngeal nerve is?
Secretion of saliva from the Parotid salivary gland
Which foramen does the Internal Carotid enter the skull?
Foramen Lacerum
Which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter?
Spinosum
What are the structures of the middle ear?
The middle ear contains three tiny bones known as the Ossicles: Malleoeus, Incus, and Stapes
What are 2 muscles found in the ear?
The ossicles may be stiffened by two muscles, the stapedius and tensor tympani, which are under the control of the facial nerve (7) and trigeminal nerve (5), respectively
What are the inner ear parts or structures?
The cochlea is dedicated to hearing
The vestibular system is dedicated to balance
What is the bony labyrinth of the ear?
The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum.
What is the membraneous labyrinth of the ear?
The membranous labyrinth runs inside of the bony labryinth. There is a layer of perilymph fluid between them.
What are the parts of the bony labyrinth?
The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea.
What does the Cochlea do?
The cochlea is the auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea.
In the Semi circular canal, what is the function of the horizontal canal, out of the 3 that is present?
The horizontal canal detects horizontal head movements (such as when doing multiple turning around).
What function does the superior and posterior semi circular canals have in motion detection of the human body?
The superior and posterior canals detect vertical head movements.
What is a posterior region of the brain that plays an important role in perception and motor control?
Cerebellum
What is a membrane that separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles?
Septum Pellucidum
CN7 is responsible for....?
The Facial Nerve, it is has sensory for the anterior 2/3 taste buds of tongue, and also the submandibular and sublingual glands.
Gray matter contains the cells responsible for which type of neurons?
Motor Neurons
The mamillary bodies are part of which system, and their function?
Part of the Limbic System, and found at the anterior portion of the fornix.
Process of recognition memory.
What does CNVI perform?
It is a motor neuron for lateral eye movements.
Lateral Rectus Eye Muscle
What does the CNXI perform?
This is the Accessory nerve and it controls the neck muscles
What does the hypothalamus do?
Maintains homeostasis, controls BP, HR, pituitary gland, body weight, water and hunger
The control of unconscious body functions and it is above the Pons and below the Thalamus?
Midbrain
What does the Pineal gland do?
Controls wake and sleep impulses
Body temperature, hunger and thirst are control by which part of the brain?
Hypothalamus
The spinothalamic tract controls which activities?
Extends from the Spinal cord to the thalamus and is responsible for pain, temperature, touch and pressure
What is the principle auditory input of the midbrain, that receives input from the auditory cortex and pathways?
Inferior Colliculi
Mylinated fibers that contain fiber tracts in the CNS is called?
White mater
Basically what is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Hearing and short term memory
Where is the sub-dural space located?
Between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater
Describe the location of the Thalamus?
Medial to the internal capsule and to the tail and body of the caudate nucleus
What is the function of the Thalamus?
It is a relay of sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
What is the name of the cleft separating the frontal from the parietal lobes?
Central Sulcus
What is the function of the Vestibularcochlear nerve, CNVIII?
Sensory fibers for hearing and balance
What is the name of the duct that connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles together and is anatomically found between the Pons and the Cerebellum?
Cerebral Aqueduct
What does CNIII perform or control?
It is an occulomotor neuron that controls eye movements,
eyelid elevation,
eye pupil constriction.
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Within the Pons or upper end of the Medulla.
It is diamond shaped on CT/MRI Scans.
A gland that is shaped like a pine cone and is found between the cerebral hemispheres, and is also in a groove where the two thalamic bodies join, is called the?
Pineal Gland
Describe the Gray Matter of the Cerebral Cortex?
A layer of gray mater that is responsible for higher brain functions such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning and memory
What does the Trochlear Nerve control, CNIV?
The Superior Oblique muscle of the eye. It controls inferiomedial eye movement.
What does the Hypoglossal nerve do?
Promotes food movement and talking functions of the tongue.
What type of cell surrounds white matter?
Oligodentrocytes
What does the Longitudinal fissure perform?
Separates the Cerebral hemispheres
What are the functions of the CSF?
Protects the brain, the regulation of nutrients and waste exchange, and regulates ion exchange.
What is the function of the Vagus Nerve, CNX?
Throat, heart, lung, larynx and GI Tract sensation, and also promotes swallowing, talking and digestive juices.
What does the hypothalamus do?
Emotions, endocrine and homeostasis, and also food, water and sleep cycles.
What is a region that is above the Medulla and controls heart rate, digestion and respiration and is called the...?
Pons
Which structure is bounded together by the corpus callosum, at the the bottom?
Cerebrum
Trespass to Chattel
Intentional interference with plaintiff's chattel resulting in damage (Intel Corp. v. Hamidi - email system...did not show diminished quality of email system therefore no cause of action)
What is the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord, and is very delicate?
Pia Mater
What are the Basal Nuclei?
Nuclei that is interconnected with the cerebral cortex thalamus and brainstem.
Motor control, emotions, cognition and learning.
What does the Epithalamus do?
Connects the Limbic system to other parts of the brain.
What is an example of a descending tract?
Corticospinal
Which region of the brain regulates body temperature, metabolic and autonomic functions?
Hypothalamus
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal and Occipital
What is considered the 5th lobe of the brain?
Insula
What is an area in the brain where CSF is produced by ependymal cells?
Choroid plexus
What is the corpora quadrigeminal made up?
Located on the dorsal tectum of the midbrain, there are 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi
What is the function of the corpora quadrigeminal?
It is a reflex center for auditory and visual stimuli.

SC = Visual
IC = Auditory
What does the Medulla Oblongata control?
Respiration and blood pressure.
Where are spinal tracts always located?
White matter
Where are motor neurons located?
Gray matter
Which part of the brain controls balance for walking and standing, and also complex motor functions?
Cerebellum
Which structure is rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum? It is a sensory relay center between the cerebrum and cerebellum?
Pons
Which part of the brain controls memory and spatial memory?
Hippocampus
In the brainstem, which formation affects neural arousal?
Reticulate formation
Which structure associates with emotions?
Amygdala
Where is the Middle cerebral artery?
Directly off of the carotid artery and into the lateral sulcus, and supplies the lateral cerebral hemisphere.
Where is CSF reabsorbed?
In the arachnoid villi, and is located in all of the sinuses.
Where is the posterior cerebral artery located?
It is a bifrication from the basilar artery.
Where does the Internal and External Carotid arteries arise from?
From the common carotid artery.
Where does the vertebral arteries join, to form the Basilar artery?
They join at the junction of the Pons and Medulla.
Which artery is a branch off of the Anterior cerebral artery?
Pericallosal Artery
What is the caudate nucleus responsible for?
Controls large automatic movements of skeletal muscle.
The Ciliary and Iris regulates the pupil by doing this?
Adjusting the diameter of the pupil
What type of impulses does the Medial Lemniscus convey?
Touch and vibrations
In the eye what do rods do?
Night vision
In the eye what does the cones do?
Color vision
What are projection fibers of the cerebral white matter composed of?
Descending and Ascending tracts
What does the cornea do for the eye?
Refracts light, and covers the the iris and pupil.
What is the Infundibulum of the pituitary composed of?
Nerve and blood vessels
What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear?
Ear drum, or tympani membrane
What do proprioceptors do?
The relay information about position, equilibrium and movement.
Which ossicles transform sound into mechanical energy?
Stapes, Mallelous and Incus
The midbrain has superior cerebellar peduncles which connect to another region of the brain called the...?
Cerebellum
Broca's area also controls which function?
Larynx, pharynx and mouth, Speech
What are two eye components necessary for eye focusing?
Ciliary bodies and suspensory ligaments
What part is the stapes connected to?
The oval window of the middle ear.
Where is the primary auditory center located?
In the temporal lobe, and is involved in pitch and rhythm sensation
Where is the primary somatosensory area located?
In the post central gyrus, on each parietal lobe.
What is a type of commissural fiber that connects the two cerebral hemispheres together?
Corpus Callosum
What 2 structures is the lenticular nucleus composed of?
The putamen and the globus pallidus
helper T cells are activated to produce which two cytokines in cell-mediated immunity?
IL-2 and IFN-gamma
How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?
Only by blood vessels.
How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?
Only connected by nerve fibers.
Which part of the thalamus is involved in hearing?
The Medial Geniculate
What is the ventral posterior thalamus involved in?
Taste, touch and pain
What is the Lateral Geniculate of the Thalamus involved in?
Vision
What is the function of the Red Nucleus?
Coordinates with the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, for movement control.
What is the blind spot in the eye?
It is where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no photo receptors there.
What is the globus pallidus involved in?
Muscle tone regulation
Which structure is on the tectum of the midbrain?
corpora quadrigeminal
Sup and Inf Colliculus
The hypothalamus controls secretion of which part of the pituitary gland?
Anterior portion
What two nucleus does the medulla contain?
The Gracilis and Cuneatus nucleus.
What is the function of the MLF?
Eye direction.
What does the substantia nigra do?
Subconscious control of muscles
How is the cerebrum separated?
By the falx cerebri.
Which lobe of the cerebellum is involved in equilibrium?
Flucconodular Lobe
Where is the primary motor area located?
Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe
What are the divisions of the inner ear?
The vestibule, Semi-circular and Cochlea
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
The occipital lobe.
What does the semi-circular canals contain?
Receptors for rotational movement.
In a short sentence describe the mandible?
The largest and strongest of the facial bones, it is U shaped, forms the chin and has 2 rami.
Two processes project from the superior margins, and are seperated by a mandibular notch.
Which muscle inserts on the anterior coronoid process?
The Temporalis muscle that elevates the jaw during chewing.
The posterior mandibular condyle articulates with which other structure?
With the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
This forms the TMJ.
Which feature is found on the superior bony ridge of the mandibular body?
The Alveolar margin, where teeth are inserted.
What is the name of the foramen that is found on the medial side of each ramus?
Madibular foramen.
Which bone is fused medially to form the upper jaw portion and the central part of the face?
Maxilla
What function does the incisive foramen perform?
Passage way for nerve and vessel.
Describe the Maxilla?
Consists of a body and four processes.
The palatine process,
frontal processes,
zygomatic process, and the
alveolar process.
Two sinuses are also present.
How does the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate project?
Projected superiorly and is bounded by the maxillary alveolar arches.
Which bone and processes form approximately 1/3 of the orbit?
The frontal processes and the laterally projecting zygomatic processes.
What function does the Incisor do?
Cutting
What function does the canines do?
Tearing and Piercing
What function does the premolar do?
Grinding and cruching
What function does the molars do?
Grinding and crushing
Where is the root of a tooth embedded?
alveolar socket
What are 3 regions of a tooth?
Crown, Root and Neck
Describe the gums of gingivae?
A specialized region of the oral mucosa, and the neck of each tooth is covered in this epithelium layer.
The epithelium attachment is what holds the tooth in place.
Describe the tongue?
The anterior 2/3 forms the floor of the oral cavity, and has taste receptors, muscles and assists in speech production.
How is the tongue divided?
It is divided by the median septum.
Which structure holds the tongue in place and prevents it from moving backward?
The lingual frenulum
Describe the Temporal mandibular joint of the mandible?
A joint of the mandibular that is formed between the mandibular condyle and the glenoid fossa, and articular eminence of the temporal bones on each side of the head.
What are the 4 primary muscles involved in the action of chewing?
The masseter,
temporalis,
medial pterygoid, and the
lateral pterygoid muscles.
Describe the tonsils? (2 facts)
Lymphoid organs that provide protection against infective agents and surround openings in the oral cavities.
They are named according to location.
What are the 3 tonsils, found in the oral cavity?
Palatine, Lingual and Pharyngeal tonsils.
Where are the Palatine tonsils located?
The palatine tonsil are located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
The lingual tonsils are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the posterior region of the tongue.
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located, and what is another name of this tonsil?
Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated at the very back of the nose, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the mouth.
Describe the Salivary Glands?
The salivary glands exocrine glands, and have ducts, that produce saliva.
What are the name of the salivary glands found in man?
Parotid, Sub-mandibular and Sub-lingual glands.
Where is the Parotid gland located?
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland and is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus.
Where is the submandibular gland located?
The submandibular glands are a pair of glands located beneath the lower jaws, superior to the digastric muscles.
Where is the sublingual gland located?
The sublingual glands are a pair of glands located beneath the tongue to the submandibular glands.
Describe the Parotid, (glandular), space?
The gland occupies the parotid fascial space, an area posterior to the mandibular ramus, anterior and inferior to the ear. The gland extends irregularly from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible.
What is the sublingual space?
The sublingual space is a space between the mylohyoid muscle and the geniohyoid and genioglossal muscles, containing a number of vessels and nerves, such as the lingual artery and nerve
Describe the articulating features of the zygomatic bone?
The zygomatic bone (cheekbone, malar bone) is a paired bone of the human skull. It articulates with the maxilla, (anteriorly), the temporal bone, (posteriorly), the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone.
Describe the nasal bone articulations?
The nasal articulates with four bones: two of the cranium, the frontal and ethmoid, and two of the face, the opposite nasal and the maxilla.
Describe the Lacrimal bones?
The lacrimal bone, the smallest and most fragile bone of the face, is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders.
Which bones does the Lacrimal articulate with?
The lacrimal articulates with four bones:
the frontal and ethmoid, and
the maxilla and the inferior nasal concha.
Describe the Vomer?
The vomer articulates with six bones:
two of the cranium, the sphenoid and ethmoid.
left and right maxillae; and palatine bones.
Describe the Palatine Bones in structure location, etc.?
It is situated at the back part of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid.

It contributes to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral wall of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbit.
What is the conchae of the nasal cavity?
The inferior nasal concha (Inferior Turbinated Bone) is one of the turbinates in the nose.
Each inferior nasal concha is considered a facial pair of bones since they arise from the maxillae bones and projects horizontally into the nasal cavity.
Which cranial nerve innerveates the face?
The facial nerve is the seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and oral cavity.
What is the main muscle of the scalp?
The occipitofrontalis or epicranius is a muscle which covers parts of the skull.
Which muscle raises the eyebrows?
Occipitofrontalis, insertion is at the galea aponeurotica.

CN VII controls this
What is the muscle that surrounds the mouth?
The orbicularis oris muscle is the sphincter muscle around the mouth.
What is the insertion of the occipitofrontalis?
Galea aponeurotica.
How is the zygomaticus muscle attached?
The Zygomaticus extends from each zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the corners of the mouth. It raises the corners of the mouth when a person smiles.

CN VII
Describe the Buccinator muscle?
The buccinator is a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face.
It arises from the outer surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible,
What is the orbicularis oculi muscle?
The orbicularis oculi is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids.
Describe the bony orbit?
The base, which opens in the face, has four borders. The following bones take part in their formation:
1. Superior margin: frontal bone
2. Inferior margin: maxilla and zygomatic
3. Medial margin: frontal, lacrimal and maxilla
4. Lateral margin: zygomatic and frontal
Describe the optic canal?
The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal.
The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove (optic groove), above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery.
What does the pupil do?
The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina.
What does the Lens of the eye do?
The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina.
What is the function of the cornea?
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Together with the lens, the cornea refracts light.
What does the Iris do?
It is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and the amount of light reaching the pupil.
What does the conjuctiva provide for the eye?
It is a clear mucous membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids.
What is the ciliary body of the eye?
The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.
Describe the interior chambers and fluids of the eye?
The clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball.

Although the vitreous is in contact with the retina and helps to keep it in place by pressing it against the choroid.

The anterior chamber is called the Aqueous Humor.
Describe the Superior Rectus muscle of the eye?
Superior branch of the oculomotor nerve, and elevates the eye
Describe the Superior Oblique muscle of the eye?
Supplied by the Trochlea nerve and causes intorsion of the eye.
Inward turning of the eye globe.
Describe the Inferior Rectus muscle of the eye?
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve and Depression and Extorsion of the eye.
Describe the Inferior Oblique muscle of the eye?
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (3) and causes Extorsion and Elevation of the eye.
Outward movement of the eye.
Describe the Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye?
Abducens nerve (6) and causes abduction of the eye.
Describe the Medial Rectus muscle of the eye?
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve (3) and causes Adduction of the eye.
Which nerves innervates the eye socket and its contents?
There are 4 main nerves that provide sight, and function for the eye. They are;
CN 2 - optic
CN 3 - oculomotor
CN 4 - trochlear
CN 6 - abducens
What does CN III do?
Innervates superior rectus,
medial rectus,
inferior rectus, and
inferior oblique,
which collectively perform most eye movements.
What does CN IV do?
Innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye.
What does CN VI do?
Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye; Located in superior orbital fissure.
The Abducens Nerve
What does the lacrimal apparatus perform?
The lacrimal apparatus is the physiologic system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage
What is the nasal septum?
The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils.
What are the sinuses of the skull?
Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face.
Describe the Frontal Sinuses?
The frontal sinuses, superior to the eyes, in the frontal bone, which forms the hard part of the forehead.
Describe the Maxillary Sinuses?
The maxillary sinuses, also called the maxillary antra and the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are under the eyes, in the maxillary bones.
Describe the Sphenoid Sinuses?
The sphenoid sinuses, in the sphenoid bone at the center of the skull base under the pituitary gland.
Describe the Ethmoid Sinuses?
The ethmoid sinuses, which are formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the nose and the eyes.
What is the principle artery that supplies the facial area?
The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face.
What is the blood supply and venous drainage of the orbital contents?
The orbital contents are supplied chiefly by the ophthalmic artery.
The infraorbital artery, the continuation of the maxillary, also contributes blood to this region.
Venous drainage is through the superior orbital fissure to enter the cavernous sinus.
Where does the opthalmic artery arise from?
This artery arises from the internal carotid artery as it emerges from the cavernous sinus.
It passes through the optic foramen within the dural sheath of the optic nerve and runs anteriorly, close to the superomedial wall of the orbit.
What age does the primary deciduous teeth appear?
6 - 30 months after birth
What is the age range for all the deciduous teeth to fall out?
6 - 12 years of age
What type of tissue underlines the enameled tooth?
Dentin
What tissue type is beneath the Dentin?
Pulp
What function does the pulp have in a tooth?
Sensation, and nutrition
ON a CT/MRI, which muscle of the tongue shows nice with the midline fat containing lingual septum?
Genioglossus muscle
Where is the fibrous capsule attached to, on which part of the mandible?
The neck of the mandible posteriorly
Name the joint compartments of the TMJ?
Superior and inferior joint compartments
What is the name of the disk that forms the superior and inferior joint compartment of the TMJ?
The biconcave temporomandibular disk
What are 4 movements of the TMJ?
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
How is the Parotid gland divided?
It is divided by the main trunk of the facial nerve, that travel to the facial muscles of expression.
What 2 divisions of the Parotid gland is there?
The superior and Deep lobes
Generally, and because of the sub-mandibular gland space, how is this gland positioned?
It is arranged with a portion in the upper neck and then the posterior floor of the mouth.
What does the hypoglossal muscle separate in the sub-mandibular space?
Separates the duct and the lingual nerve from the lingual artery and vein.
What structures make up the vascular tunic of the eye?
Ciliary
Choroid
Iris
What structures make up the Fibrous tunic of the eye?
Cornea
Sclera
What structures make up the Nervous tunic of the eye?
Retina
Rods and Cones
Macula
Where are most of the cones densely packed?
In the central fovea, a depressed center called the macula lutea.
Where does the 4 rectus muscles and the superior oblique muscle attaches itself within the eye socket?
On a tendinous ring.
where does the inferior oblique insert on to?
The maxilla at the front of the orbital cavity.
What shape does the rectus muscles form, from the eye to the optic canal?
A Cone
Which cranial nerve is for the Lateral Rectus eye muscle?
CN VI
The superior Oblique is enervated by which Cranial Nerve?
CN IV
Which duct drains the eye ball to the nasal cavity?
Nasolacrimal duct.
Which artery supplies the facial artery?
External carotid Artery
Which branch is the Opthalmic artery off of?
Internal Carotid Artery
Which artery penetrates the optic nerve and runs to the eye itself?
Central Retinal Artery
Which vein does the facial vein drain in to?
Internal jugular Vein
Which vein drains the orbits?
Superior and Inferior Opthalmic vein
The superior and the Inferior opthalmic veins drain into which other vein?
Cavernous Vein