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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The law of conservation of energy |
States that energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed; total amount of energy is constant. |
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The ability to do work |
Energy |
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Energy transferred by a force. The force applied to an object and the distance for which that force is applied. |
Work |
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Changes the motion of an object |
Force |
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The ability to do work by virtue of position. |
Potential energy |
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Energy in motion. All matter in motion. |
Kinetic energy |
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Energy released by a chemical reaction. |
Chemical energy |
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Work that can be done when an electron moves through an electric potential difference |
Electrical energy |
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Energy of motion at the molecular level. Kinetic energy of molecules that translates into temperature |
Thermal energy |
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Types of energy |
Potential Kinetic Chemical Electrical Thermal Nuclear Electromagnetic |
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Energy that is contained within the nucleus of an atom |
Nuclear energy |
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Form of energy that can be reflected or emitted from objects through electromagnetic waves traveling through space. Ex. X-rays |
Electromagnetic energy |
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Anything that occupies space and has mass |
Matter |
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Quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalent |
Mass |
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Fundamental building blocks of matter |
Atoms |
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Matter |
Anything that occupies space and has mass |
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Smallest particle of an element that retains an elements properties |
Atom |
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The number of what determines the chemical element |
Protons |
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Subatomic particle with a positive charge |
Proton |
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Neutral |
Neutrons |
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Subatomic particle that is negatively charged |
Electron |
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Electrons and their shells |
Elcetrons can only exist in shells, which represent binding energy levels. |
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The inner most shell |
The K shell |
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The closer the shell is to the nucleus |
The stronger the binding energy |
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Maximum number of electrons in the K shell |
2 |
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Atomic number |
Number of protons |
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Atomic mass |
Number of protons and neutrons |
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Lets us know if atom is an ion |
Valence state |
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Atoms of various elements that combine to form structures |
Molecules |
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Any quantity of one type of molecule |
Compounds |
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An atom that has a positive or negative charge due to losing or gaining an electron. Making it an electrically charged paticle |
Ion |
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An atom that has a different number of protons and neutrons |
Isotope |
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Atoms that have lost an electron to become positively charged. Usually metals |
Cation (+) |
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Atoms that have gained an electron to become negatively charged. Usually non-metals |
Anions (-) |
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An unstable isotope will |
Decay |
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An isotope that decays |
Turns into another isotope of that same element or turns into another element all together |
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Isotopes that emit particles and energy in order to become stable |
Radioisotopes |
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The emission of particles and energy in order to become stable |
Radioactivity |
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Two types of ionizing radiation |
Particulate radiation Elcetromagnetic radiation |
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3 subatomic particles that make up an atom |
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
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This subatomic particle determines the elements identity |
Proton |
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Often made of glass, this encloses the components of the x-ray tube |
Glass enevlope |
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This internal structure makes up the negative side of the x-ray tube |
Cathode |
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These small wires "boil" off electrons |
Filament |
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The worn area of the rotating anode where electrons bombard it |
Focal track |
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The structure outside the tube that causes the anode to rotate |
Stator |
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This form of energy can be reflected or emitted |
Electromagnetic |
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The decay of these types of atoms create radiation |
Radioisotopes |
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This electromagnetic form of radiation emanates from the atoms nucleus |
Gamma radiation |
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Smallest form of electromagnetic energy |
Photon |
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This radiation is a negatively charged particle that is emitted from the atoms nucleus |
Beta particle |
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Penetrability of the x-ray beam is determined by this |
kVp |
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The size of the space charge is determined by this |
Milliamperage |
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This determines the amount of kinetic energy given to the space charge |
kVp |
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The 15% rule |
Increasing kVp 15% is the same as doubling the mAs |
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Only this type of x-ray is created if the kVp is less than 69 |
Bremsstrahlung |
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Anode are made of this type of metal |
Tungsten |
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The german meaning behind the word "Bremsstrahlung" |
Braking radiation |
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When the cathode has 2 filaments it is called this |
Dual filament |
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X-ray tubes that are not warmed up will show these physical characteristics |
Pitting and cracking |
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The amount of projectile electrons boiled off the filament is determined by |
The mA selected |
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An anode with a small degree of angulation will produce this size effective focal spot |
Smaller |
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Characteristic radiatio occurs when a projectile electron interacts with one of these |
An orbiting electron |
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Of the visible spectrum, this color has the longest wavelength |
Red |
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This form of electromagnetic energy has the longest wavelengths |
Radio |
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A Bremsstrahlung photons frequency is determined by this |
The amount of direction change of the projectile electron |
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The collection of boiled off electrons within the focusing cup |
Space charge |
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Only electrons being knocked out of this shell will result in x-ray strong enough to be useful in diagnostic x-ray |
K shell |
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A characteristic x-ray photon is formed when an electron does this |
Moves to an inner shell vacancy |
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This part of the cathode focuses the projection electrons to a confined area |
Focusing cup |
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The anode heel effect |
Recognizes that the cathode side of the x-ray beam is more intense |
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The amount of kVp required to knock out a K shell electron |
69 kVp |
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All photons of the electromagnetic spectrum travel in this form |
Waves |
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Higher frequency forms of ultraviolet enegert and these 2 other forms have the ability to ionize an atom |
X-ray and gamma rays |
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Energy disturbance in space that has no charge or mass and travel at the speed of light (186,000 mi/sec or 3x10*8) |
Photon |
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Lose intensity with distance and are affected by gravity |
Photons |
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Distance from one crest to another |
Wavelength |
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Number of wavelengths that pass a point of observation |
Frequency |
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum |
Radiofrequency Microwaves Infared Visible light Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays Raging Martians invaded Venus using x-ray guns |
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Units of exposure: SI Gray |
Unit of radiation absorbed dose, patient dose |
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Units of exposure: SI Sievert |
Unit of occupational radiation exposure and effective dose |
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Patient exposure is measured in units of |
Grays |
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An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a |
Ion |
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The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its |
Frequency |
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The four properties of photons |
Frequency Amplitude Velocity Wavelength |
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What of electromagnetic radiation is constant |
Velocity |
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The rate of rise and fall of a swine wave is called |
Frequency |
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What are the fundamental particles of an atom |
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
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What is the removal of an electron from an atom called |
Ionization |
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What increases the efficiency of x-ray production |
kVp |
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An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of |
Zero |
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The negative side of the tube holds the |
Filament |
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Ionizing radiation is capable of removing ___ from atoms as it passes through the matter |
Electrons |
