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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lipids are generally (hydrophobic/hydrophilic), soluble in ... and largely insoluble in ...
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hydrophobic
organic solvents water |
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name 7 functions of lipids:
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membranes
energy reserves cushion vital organs insulation vitamins hormones chemical messengers |
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how much fat is in the average american diet?
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38%
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what pathological conditions are related to lipids:
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Obesity
Cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis Diabetes Cancer Metabolic syndromes Lipid Storage Diseases alzheimer's disease |
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what are the 5 classes of lipids?
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Triglycerides
Phospholipids Sphingolipids (spingophospholipids and glycolipids) Eicosanoids Cholesterol |
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what are the building blocks of lipids?
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fatty acids
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Chemically, fatty acids can be described as long-chain ... acids
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monocarboxylic
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length of the fatty acid chain usually ranges from ... to ...
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12
24 |
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why do fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms?
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all derived from acetyl CoA precursor, the 2-carbon building block
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a. alpha
b. omega |
identify the labeled carbons:
a. b. |
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In ... nomenclature fatty acids have an “-oic acid” suffix.
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IUPAC
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In common nomenclature, the suffix is usually ...
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“-ic”
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Fatty acids can also be abbreviated using the number of carbons in the fatty acid chain, followed by a colon and the number of ... present, while ... or ... indicate positions of double bonds
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unsaturated bonds or double
Δ ω |
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identify the type of nomenclature of the following fatty acid:
octadecanoic acid = stearic acid = C18:0 |
systemic name = common name = symbol
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fatty acids without any double bonds are said to be ...
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saturated
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animal fats are solid because the saturated fatty acid molecules are ...
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packed together very tightly
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... fatty acids have ... bonds that form "kinks" or bends that cause the fatty acid molecules to pack loosely
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unsaturated
double |
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mono- and polyunsaturated fats are in the form of a ...
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liquid
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a. saturated
b. unsaturated |
what kind of fatty acid is a. and what kind of fatty acid is b.
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Unsaturated fatty acids can occur either in cis or trans geometric isomers. In naturally occurring fatty acids, the double bonds are in the ...-configuration. ...-fats are found in fried and processed foods and contribute to coronary artery disease and can be carcinogenic.
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cis
trans |
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Free fatty acids are an important fuel source and are preferred by ... and ... to glucose).
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heart
skeletal muscle |
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triglyceride structure: glycerol is esterified with ...
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three fatty acids
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triglyceride
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identify this molecule:
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main function of triglycerides is ...
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energy storage
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any extra calories consumed will be stored as ...
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triglycerides
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glycerol
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identify this molecule:
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Triglyceride Levels (mg/dL):
Normal: < ... Borderline High: ... High: ... Very High: ... |
150
150-199 200-499 500 or above |
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High triglyceride levels may be due to …
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Cirrhosis, alcoholism
Diet low in protein, high in carbohydrates Hypothyroidism Pancreatitis Poorly controlled diabetes Nephrotic syndrome Familial hyperlipoproteinemia |
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in ... the carboxyl group of each fatty acid is esterified to the hydroxyl groups on carbon-1 and carbon-2 of the glycerol molecule. The phosphate group is attached to carbon-3 by an ester link.
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phospholipids
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how many fatty acids are attached to a phospholipid?
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2
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Phospholipids are ... molecules, meaning they have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.
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amphipathic
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phospholipid
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identify this molecule:
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One of the primary functions of phospholipids is to serve as the main constituent of ...
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cell membranes
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in phospholipids, one of the fatty acids replaced with a phosphoric acid esterified to a functional group:
c... e... s... g... i... |
choline
ethanolamine serine glycerol inositol |
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... are fats that resemble phoshatidylcholine, except the fatty acid at C1 of glycerol contains either an O-alkyl (-O-CH2-) or O-alkenyl ether (-O-CH=CH-) species.
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plasmalogens
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... are highly enriched in neuronal membranes and may act as endogenous antioxidants within cells
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plasmalogens
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a. glycerol
b. choline plasmalogen |
identify the part of the molecule labeled:
a. b. and identify the type of fatty acid it is .. |
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An example of a plasmalogen is ... which is an important mediator of hypersensitivity and inflammation.
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platelet activating factor (PAF)
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in sphingolipids, the backbone is ... derived from ... rather than glycerol
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sphingosine
serine |
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examples of sphingolipids include:
a. b. c. |
a. ceramides
b. sphingomyelin b. glycolipids |
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sphingosine
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identify this molecule:
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what type of lipid helps to form the myelin sheath surrounding axons and functions in cell recognition and cell signaling.
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sphingolipids
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what type of lipid helps to form a mechanically stable and chemically resistant barrier within plasma membranes?
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sphingolipids
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... are oxygenated derivatives of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids
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eicosanoids
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what enzymes are used to form eicosanoids?
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cyclooxygenase (COX) lipoxygenase
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ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids are named for where there ... bond occurs.
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double
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cyclooxygenase (COX) is blocked by ...
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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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the 4 main groups of eicosanoids are:
1. 2. 3. 4. |
1. leukotrienes
2. prostaglandins 3. prostacyclins 4. thromboxanes |
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... are major players in inflammatory response
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eicosanoids
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cholesterol
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identify this molecule:
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... is a cell membrane component and precursor to steroid hormones and ...
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cholesterol
vitamin D |
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central core consisting of ... fused rings is shared by all steroids
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four
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liver synthesizes ... grams of cholesterol a day (... of blood cholesterol)
... of blood cholesterol comes from dietary sources (meat and dairy) |
2
85% 15% |
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... (good cholesterol) carry ... (bad cholesterol) away from arteries
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HDLs
LDLs |
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a. sphingolipid
b. plasmalogen c. triglyceride d. sphingolipid (glycolipid) e. phospholipid |
identify the types of lipids labeled:
a. b. c. d. e. |
