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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Growth & ripening healthy fruit |
Sunlight, water & Carbon dioxide , which are photosynthesized by chlorophyll to make glucose as well as small amount of nutrients, which are found either in the soil or are applied by the vinegrower |
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Glucose molecules |
Make large carbohydrates and helps build the roots,trunk,shoots,leaves and fruits. Also for creation of tannins,acid and flavour molecules |
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Temperature also affects the metabolism |
Below about 10* C the vine is dormant , above this temperature, it's metabolism increase rapidly |
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Vine growth peaks |
22*C -25*C, above this vine growth slows because vine need to increase its metabolism faster than its ability to photosynthesize sugars |
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Climate |
The climate is the annual weather pattern of an area averaged over several years |
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Regional climate = |
Macroclimate |
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Cool climate |
Temperature during the growing season below 16°C (April to October in the Northern hemisphere, October to April in the southern hemisphere. Early ripening varieties, Chardonnay & Pinot noir will just ripen. E.p Champange, Mosel , southern England, Anderson valley, Tasmania and parts of Caneros |
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Moderate climate |
Temperature during the growing season 16°C-18.5°C. suited to the production of medium bodied wines from intermediate ripening varieties : Cabernet Sauvignon, merlot & Sangiovese. E.p Bordeaux, northern Rhone , Rioja, Tuscany, coonawarra, Marlborough, much of Piedmont and more moderate parts of Napa & Sonama |
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Warm climate |
Temperature during the growing season 18.5°C -21°C. Heat-loving varieties: Grenache, Mourvèdre,ruby Cabernet, Port and liqueur Muscat. E.p southern Rhone, Douro, Jerez,McLaren Vale and parrl |
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Hot climate |
Temperature during the growing season over 21°C. Best suited for the production of table wine and drying grapes. E.p San Joaquin valley in California |
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Maritime climates |
warm summers, mild winters with relatively high rainfall (low annual range of temperature). Ripening season is reasonably long and are usually found near large bodies water. Rainfall higher than Continental & Mediterranean and generally bring more cloud makes maritime climate ideal for medium bodied wines with moderate alcohol. E.p Bordeaux, Muscadet, Rias Baixas, Vinho Verde and south England |
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Mediterranean climate |
Warm,sunny summer and mild winters with dry summers and most of the rain falling during the winter (low range of temperature ). Dry &sunny condition enable to produce full-bodied, richly texture red with ripe tannins. E.p Mediterranean areas, west coast USA, most of Chilean wine regions , many south eastern Australia, cape wineland of South Africa |
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Microclimate = |
Canopy management |
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Effects of canopy management |
Canopy management has significant effect on the climate of fruiting zone, which in turn affects the style and quality of the wine able to be produced . In cool climate , a thick vigorously-growing canopy can: -Reduce flower initiation & berry set -high level acid retention due to cooling -reduce sugar accumulation due to an increase in humidity and shade from vigorous canopy -encourage competition between vigorous growing shoot tips and berries for sugar which reduce ability to ripen fully |
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Temperature effects on yield & quality |
Temperature is the major factor to determine whether a region is suitable for viticulture. However, most high quality wines are produced in climate that are just only suitable for vine culture . Slow , cool , berry ripening is argued to be able to produce finest taste & aromas. Low winter temperature will damage vines , freeze injury to dormant vine begins at -15°C. A site will be considered unsuitable if its temperature falls below -20°C more than once every 20 years or if the mean temperature for the coldest month is less than -1°C
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Temperature affects the yield by influencing
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-rate of growth ( vigor ) - number of flower clusters produced and their sizes - success of setting of these flowers into berries |
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Temperature affects the quality of crop by influencing |
- level of yield obtained - accumulation of sugars and the reduction of acidity -development of wine aromas |
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Heat summation |
Climatic indices (指數) are useful for evaluating potential and existing vineyard sites and determining which varieties are most suitable. The most common used is Amerine & winklers heat summation system (1944) |
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Heat summation calculation |
If mean temperature for June is 15°C, the heat summation for that month is (15-10) x 30 days = 150 Growing Degree Day (GDD) |
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Amerine & winklers categories |
Category l , below 1370 GDD - finest light wine , i.e Chablis, Mosel valley & Champagne Category ll , 1370-1650 GDD - premium medium bodied red i.e Napa valley, Bordeaux, northern Rhone Category lll , 1650-1930 GDD - premium full bodied red i.e Barrosa valley, stellenbosch & south Rhone Category lV , 1930-2200 GDD - best fortified wine Category V, over 2200 GDD - bulk wine, table & drying grapes |
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EU zones of production |
In the European Union, wine- producing areas are grouped into zone A-C according to climate . Zone A Germany ( excluding Baden ) & Uk -minimum potential % abv= 5 -maximum enrichment = 3.5%-11.5% （up to 12% for red) - acid adjustment = -1- 0g g/L Zone B Loire,Champagne,Alsace & Austria - minimum potential % abv= 6 -maximum enrichment = 2.5%-12% （up to 12.5% for red) - acid adjustment = -1- 0g g/L Zone C 1a Bordeaux , south West France, Rhone, Vinho Verde -minimum potential % abv= 7.5 -maximum enrichment = 2%-12.5% - acid adjustment = -1- 0g g/L Zone 1b, Hungary, Trentino-Alto Adige -minimum potential % abv= 8 -maximum enrichment = 2%-12.5% - acid adjustment = -1- 0g g/L Zone C2, Languedoc-Roussillon, Provence, Northern Spain (except Atlantic coast), most of Italy -minimum potential % abv= 8 -maximum enrichment = 2%-13% - acid adjustment = -1- +2.5g g/L Zone C3a, parts of Greece -minimum potential % abv= 9 -maximum enrichment = 2%-13.5% - acid adjustment = 0- +2.5g g/L Zone C3b, Portugal (except Vinho Verde), southern Spain, Puglia, Sicily most of Greece -minimum potential % abv= 9 -maximum enrichment = 2%-13.5% - acid adjustment = 0- +2.5g g/L |
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Continental climates |
Hot summers & cold winters ( wide annual range of temperature ) , generally found inland , away from moderating effects of the sea. e.g Mendoza, Central Europe , central Spain . In regions far from equator the annual temperature may be very low but the continentality result in very warm summers. Temperatures drop more rapidly in autumn and shorter growing season. Less sunlight & warmth available at the end of growing season, thus suitable for early-ripening varieties : Riesling & Pinot Noir. Tend to be drier than maritime, reduces risk of rot , makes later harvesting less risk. In warm continental (Mendoza) possible to ripen Malbec & Cabernet Sauvignon that are best adapted to the long autumn . In cool continental climates , dry autumn enable to produce intensely flavored , late-harvested whites with high potential alcohols . |
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Tropical climate |
minimal temperature variation throughout the year. Due to lack of clear signals for its growth & dormant period, tropical and sub-tropical unsuitable for high quality viticulture . Lack of winters mean the vine crops more than once a year and no dormant period so that vine have a shortened productive lifespan |
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Site climate = |
Mesoclimate |
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Aspect |
Aspect is the direction a vineyard slope faces and is an important characteristics of a vineyard site in terms of less or more exposure to the sun received. Sunlight reduces in intensity as the angle at which it hits the ground reduces from 90 degree to zero. South facing in northern hemisphere and north facing in northern hemisphere will receive more sunlight . Many best vineyard sites face to the east ( rising sun). Sun's rays will be scattered less in the morning when the earth has cooled overnight and dust has settled. Vineyard sites face to the west have double disadvantages : Their sunlight will be scattered more by dust that has been lifted by warming air during the day and tend to be damper , cooler weather conditions. |
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Slope |
In some warm locations , suitable sites can be found by planting on the slopes that face away from equator. The slope of a vineyard influences not only sunlight interception but also air movement , soil properties & the cost of working the land. Isolated hills are ideal vineyard sites as there are no big currents of colder air flowing from the main hills. |
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Advantages of Sloping vineyard |
If the vineyard is on a slope, the cold, relatively dense air moves downhill. The sinking cold air displaces (轉移) warmer less dense air to higher levels producing warm thermal (熱能) layers on the slope which is why best vineyard of Côte d'Or run along the middle band of the slope. Not at the top or bottom. Soil tend to be poorer , more coarsely textured and better drained which moderates vine vigor. |
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Disadvantages of slope |
Increase risk of erosion (腐蝕） High cost |
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Waters effects |
Bodies of water near a vineyard site are usually regarded as a positive features in the cooler climates because : - reflect sun rays - provide a source for irrigation - reduce the risk of ground frost - provide morning mist to encourage the development of noble rot However, being closer to a body of water also increase the humidity and the risk of fungal disease e.p downy mildew |
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Vegetation effects |
Close to forest can be advantageous - windbreak -store heat in cold weather
Disadvantageous - cool Mesoclimate in warm weather - increase its humidity - large flock of birds to eat or damage grapes |
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Precipitation- Requirements & seasonal distribution |
The vine needs sufficient water to keep its cells from collapsing so they can function properly. Some water-stress during berry maturation enable to improve the quality of crop but severe (嚴厲) stress is detrimental (有害的 ) as it halts (中斷）vegetation growth. How much rainfall the plant needs , it depends very much on Soil type, seasons and rain rate . In cooler region -a vine need approximately 500mm/year precipitation In hotter condition -a vine will need more (perhaps as much as 750mm/year
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Total volume of water available to a vine during growing season depends on |
-Vine density -soil water holding capacity -when the rain falls: Mediterranean climates almost all the annual rainfall occurs during the winter. If the soil cannot hold that water, then it drains away. |
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Excess rain will |
- cool the Mesoclimate - more difficult for machine to work -increase the risk of fungal disease ( especially mildew, grey rot, phomopsis) - reduce fruit set , especially accompanied by low temperature -cause bunch compaction (緊縮）eventually berry splitting - dilute the must if it rains just before harvest |
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Benefits & drawback for each season's rainfall |
High winter rainfall has little effect on vine growth but some can be stored for later use. Spring rain is beneficial as it promotes shoot growth Summer rain is useful but encourage disease & reduce fruit set Autumn rain is always detrimental to the quality of crop
Hail can destroy a vineyard and is serious problem in Burgundy , Piemonte , Mendoza . It is hard to predict so it won't be taken into consideration when select a vineyard site
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Sunlight |
It is the energy source that enables plants to build sugars from carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. Sugars are produced in the plant leaves and translocate to other parts in order to provide raw material and energy for life function. In cool temperature , the rate of photosynthesis slows. Increasing the amount of leaf area and canopy can compensate this . Exposure of fruit to sunlight not only increase the rate of ripening but also increase the risk of sunburn . Leaf removal around fruit zone several days before harvest may help to ensure full ripening |
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Day length |
Day length doesn't affect to the developmental stage of vine but regions of high altitude (海拔）will have a greater capacity to photosynthesis due to increased day length in Summer. i.e Mosel, southern England & central otago all benefits from long days during the growing season |
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Sunshine intensity and effects on yield & quality |
Sunshine has effects on vine growth - indirect effect due to heat accumulation -direct effect on bud viability , the initiation of vine flowers, berry ripening and cane maturation -direct effect on the rate of photosynthesis
The a mouth of sugars in the grapes depends on the balance between the amount of sugar created by photosynthesis ( increase sunlight not temperature ) and the vine's other metabolic needs ( increase with temperature) i.g Hunter valley under cloudy condition , the sugar level can be very low but in cool sunny condition , Central Otago or Alsace, sugar level can be high but tannin in black grapes need warmth to ripen , may still taste unripe. Vitis vinifera is thought to require at least 1250 hours of sunshine to produce ripe fruit |
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Geographical features affecting climate |
Bodies of water -high quality vineyard in cooler region usually near a large body of water such like sea, lake or river. These are beneficial as they store heat for autumn, moderate summer and winter temperature but it also increase fungal disease due to high level humidity. Ocean Currents -Pacific Ocean off coast of California -Humbolt current off Chile -Gulf Stream on the west coast of UK warm up sufficiently to allow wine production at 50-52° latitude Forest Forest can also be a positive feature as the tree of the west of the Medoc region provide shelter from south-westerly winds from the bay of Biscay Altitude and mountain ranges -the mean annual temperature decreases by 0.6°C with every 100 meter rise above sea level In hot climates , altitude can be used positively as vineyard can be planted on higher elevation. Otherwise, it's too hot for wine production. Altitude also increase the cooling effects of wind exposure. Many wine regions are near mountain ranges which can improve their Mesoclimate by providing protection from excessive wind & rain . I.e Alsace is protected by Vosges mountain. Alsace on the mountain leeward (下風）side is one of driest side of France |
