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527 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hybrid
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variety resulting from cross-polination of 2 different species
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Crossing
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variety resulting from cross-polination of 2 different varieties of the same species (e.g. 2 v vinerfera)
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Maritime Climate - Characteristics
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warm summers
mild winters |
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Mediterranean Climate - Characteristics
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maritime climate (warm summers, mild winters) but
most of the rainfall occurs in winter -particularly suite to viticulture -California, Chile & South Africa, Mediterranean shores |
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Continental Climate- Characteristics
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-middle of a landmass
-extreme temps in both summer and winter |
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Currents
Locations & Effects |
Alaska - cold
Humboldt Current (Chile) - cold Benguela Current (S Africa) - cold Gulf Stream (NW Europe)-warm marked cooling effect on climate |
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Effects of Rivers on Viticulture
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Rivers - less likely to suffer frost damage due to movement of water
Warm Air/Cool Bodies (Tokaji/Sauternes) - mists are created which encourages noble rot Shallow lakes (Neusiedlersee in Austria) - similar to above |
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Effects of Mountains on Viticulture
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Rain Shadow (e.g. Vosges Mts protect Alsace)
Source of Cold Winds (e.g. Mistral in Rhone Valley) Temps drop w/increased altitude - (eg Salta, Argentina and Orange, Australia) |
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Marginal Climates - example regions and risks
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-opposite of stable climate
-vintages become important as quality will vary from time to time -examples are Champagne, Tasmania ("just suitable"), Bordeaux and Hunter Valley (risk of heavy rainfall at harvest), Burgundy, Canada (susceptible to Frost), Mendoza, Barolo (susceptible to hail) |
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3 Forms of Protection against Spring Frost
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1. Smudge Pots - create smoke that acts like blanket to keep heat in.
2. Wind Machines - drawn in warm air from aove to keep the temp at ground level above freezing point 3. Aspersion System - sprinklers spray water so that an insulating coat of ice protects the shoots. |
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Coulure
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"floral abortion"
nonfertilized blossom is shed |
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Millerandage
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"hen and chicken"
appearance of small, seedless grapes within a bunch, results from unsatisfactory pollination |
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Soils & Topography- Effects
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Soil:
water retention (absorption & drainage) heat retention nutrients & minerals Topography: steepness & direction affect drainage, air circulation & exposure to the sun |
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When is the first yield and make it be used in production of quality wine?
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Year 3
may not be used in production of quality wine in EU |
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Parts of a Vine - Name 7
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roots/rootstock
trunk/arms/cordons - permanent wood cane/spur-last years wood shoots-this years growth nodes/buds (8 to 15 per cane) flowers/fruit/berries leaves |
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Describe Pruning
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determines the number and location of shoots, spur, in which a number of short two- or three- bud spurs are left on the vine, and replacement cane, where one or more longer canes, each of 8 to 12 buds are left.
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Define replacement cane pruning & describe when it would be used.
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one (or more) long canes with up to 15 buds are retained. By minimizing the amount of perm wood (and the vine's carbohydrate reserves), the vine's vigor is restricted , so this system helps to limit yields
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Define spur pruning
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large number of short (two- or three-bud) spurs are retained. Vines with a large amount of perm wood tent to be more vigorous than replacement-can pruned vines
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Define Training
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determines the shape of the vine, by positioning the shoots to display leaves and fruit. Most common system is VSP (vertical shoot positioning). Alternatives include pergolas & untrained bush vines.
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Yield Management Factors & Effects
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Effects: excessive yields results in the grapes failing to ripen properly as the sugars in the leaves are shared among to many grapes.
High rainfall/excessive irrigation can give large crops of bloated/flavorless grapes and resulting wine will lack character. Factors: # of Vines per hectare # of Buds to Vine # of Shoots # of Clusters to Shoot # of Berries to Cluster Weight of Berries Green harvesting - pick out excess bunches at veraison |
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Name 2 of the 5 Vineyard Pests w/ Effect and Treatment
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1.grape moths (cochylis, pyralis & eudemis)-attack buds and grapes, insectisides
2.red/yellow spider mite-infest eleaves/decreasing vegetation growth, sprays 3.phylloxera 4.nematodes - attack roots, tx difficult so prevention is key 5.birds and animals - consume grapes, netting/fencing |
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Name 2 of the 5 Diseases & Treatment
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1.Powdery Mildew (oidium) - white powder on green parts, likes warm, shady environment, spray or dust with sulfur
2.Downy mildew (persnospera)-attacks green parts w/downy fungus, likes damp conditions, systemic fungicides 3.Rot (botrytis cinerea)- gray/noble rot 4. Longterm diseases such as eutyps dieback and phomopsis, attacks vine through pruning cuts & kills arms, no treatment. 5.Longterm bacterial disease - Pierce's disease (sharpshooters). vine will die in 5 years, no effective cure. - high risk in So Cal. |
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Typical Vineyard Calendar -Northern Hemisphere (october - september)
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Oct - cellar
Nov/Dec - autumn pruning. Shoots lignify& vines fall dormant Jan - start main pruning Feb-pruning Mar-finish pruning, sap begins to rise Apr-budburst, first spraying May-leaves appear, can matures to form old wood, shoots grow Jun-shoots positioned, flowering, fruit set Jul-green harvest, last spraying Aug-veraison, grapes swell & ripen, prepare for the vintage Sep-Vintage |
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Two Factors Considered When Assessing Ripeness of the Grape
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1.Phenolic ripeness (skins,pips)
2.Super ripeness |
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How is sugar ripeness measured?
What is the name of the tool used? What is the measurement in France? What is the measurement in Germany? What is the measurement in Cali, Australia and NZ |
w/refractometer to measure potential sugar and scales
1. Baume-France 2. Oechsle/KMW - Germany/Austria 3. Brix/Balling - California, Austria and NZ |
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Must adjustments
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Chaptilisation- adding sugar to the must (before or during fermentatation to increase alcohol levels
Sulphur Dioxide-antioxidant / antiseptic, kills wild yeast, prevents oxidation Acidification-adds tartaric acid Deacidification-adds potassium bicarbonate Add tannin powder or stalks to vat for insufficient tannin |
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What is saccharomyces cerevisiae?
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main yeast needed for alcoholic fermentation
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Define fermentation
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conversion of sugar, by the interaction of yeasts, into alcohol, with carbon dioxide gas and heat as by-products.
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Describe vinification of red wine.
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destalked/crushed
ferment at 20-32 C pump over (remontage) or punching down (foulage and pigeage) |
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Describe vinification of rose wine.
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crushed grapes are maccerated for 1-3 days and the run off pale coloured juice is fermented w/out the skins
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Describe vinification of white wine.
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grapes are pressed as no tannins are needed
juice is drawn off and allowed to ferment. Fermentation is 15-20 C and takes longer than red wine to enhance to fruit flavours and avoid loss of freshness |
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Malolactic fermentation
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lactic bacteria convert the tart malic acids (as in apples) into the softer lactic acids (as in milk).
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Flavors imparted by maturation in American oak.
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sweet, vanilla, coconut flavors and a little sappy tannin
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Flavors imparted by maturation in French oak
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provide more broader spectrum of flavours and tannins than american oak that help the wine age better once bottles.
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Declining scale of contribution from types of aging vessels
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1. small new oak barrels
2. second-hand oak barrels (1-2 yrs. old); large old casks and vats. 3. neutral vats, stainless steel, epoxy, glass lines. |
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Define fining & substances used for fining.
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method that stimulates tiny problematic molecules to coagulate into larger lumps (colloids) which either sink to the bottom or can be removed by filtration.
-egg whites (albumen), betonite (clay of volcanic origin), and isinglass |
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2 Examples of Filtration
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plate filters - removes unwanted particles
membrane filters - removes both yeasts & bacteria |
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2 Types of Bottling
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cold, sterile bottling - requires complete sterilization not just of the wine, but also of the filling equipment, bottles & closures
hot bottling-used for cheaper wine, wine is heated in the bottle to kill microbes |
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List the WSET Advanced approach to Wine Tasting
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Appearance:
clarity intensity color other Nose: condition intensity development aroma characteristics Palate: sweetness acidity tannin alcohol body mousse flavour intensity flavour characteristics length Conclusions: Quality Price Category Readiness to Drink |
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Germany - Climate/Weather/Soils
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Climate - cool, continental
Weather - variable, annual vintage variations due to spring frost, insufficient warmth during growing season and heavy rains in July / August. Long autumns encourage formation of noble rot. Soils - best have heat-retaining soils w/good drainage. Mosel=slate |
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Germany
Name 1 of 2 Main Black Grapes |
Spatburgunder (Pinot Noir)
Dornfelder |
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Germany
Name Main White Grape and one other white grape |
Riesling
Muller-Thurgau Silvaner Kerner Scheurebe Rulande (pinot gris) |
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Germany
Grapegrowing (i.e. best vineyard sites) |
best vineyards sited near rivers to aid frost protection. planted on steep south- and south-esats facing slopes to maximize exposure to the sun. High yields for vineyards planted on plains.
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Germany
Winemaking (allowable must adjustments) |
chapitalisation allowed for all but QmP wines
sussreserve (sterile grape juice) can be used at bottling |
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Germany
6 Key Wine Regions |
Mosel
Nahe Rheingau Rheinhessen Pfalz Baden |
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Bernkastel, Piesport, Saar, Ruwer
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Mosel Region of Germany
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Scholossbockelheim
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Nahe Region, Germany
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Rudesheim, Geisenheim, Johannisberg
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Rheingau Region, Germany
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What region/country is Nierstein located in?
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Rheinhessen Region, Germany
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In what region and country are Forst and Deidesheim?
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Pfalz Region, Germany
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What region in Germany are Kaiserstuhl and Tuniberg located in?
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Baden Region, Germany
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Define trocken & halbtrocken
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trocken-dry
halbtrocken - off-dry |
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Levels of Germany Quality Wines
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Deutscher Tafelwein-Table Wine
Landwein - vin de pays QbA - quality wine from 13 regions (anbaugebiete) QmP (Pradikatswein)-highest quality |
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Pradikatswein Categories
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Kabinett
Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese Eiswein Trockenbeerenauslese |
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What is an einzellage
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individual vineyard
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What is a grosslage
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group of adjoining vineyards
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What is a gemeinde
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commune, does not have legal status in germany
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What is a bereich
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district within a quality region, consisting of several communes
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what % of wine must come from the specified source if a Bereich, Grosslage or Einzerllage is mentioned on the label?
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85%
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What does "classic" mean on a German wine label?
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"harmoniously dry"
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United Kingdom
Climate, Weather, Soils |
cool, maritime climate tempeed by the Gulf stream and global warming
variable weather gives annual vintage variations. rain and frost are major problems soils are varied but good drainage is essential |
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United Kingdom
Key Black Grapes Name 1 of 2 Local Varietals Name 1 of 2 Int'l Varietals |
Dornfelder
Rondo Pinot Noir Pinot Meunier |
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United Kingdom
Name 2 of the 6 Key White Grapes B, O, R, S, SB, C |
Bacchus
Ortega Reichensteiner Schonberger Seyval Blanc Chardonnay |
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Austria
Climate, Weather, Soils What is climatic category? What is humidity level? Is there vintage variation? |
sunny dry continental
milder and more humid around LakeNeusiedl fewer variations in Vintages |
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Romania
Climate Weather, Soils |
sunny dry continental
milder and more humid near Black Sea fewer variations in Vintages |
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Bulgaria
Climate, Weather, Soils What is the climate? What is the humidity level? Is there much concern from vintage variation? |
sunny dry continental
milder and more humid near Black Sea fewer variations in Vintages |
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Austria
Key Grape Varieties Name 1 of the 2 local black varietals. (B or Z) Name 2 of the 3 most popular white varietals. |
Black: Blaufrankisch, Zweigelt
White: Gruner-Veltliner, Riesling, Welschriesling |
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Hungary
Key Grape Varieties Name Most Popular Local Black Varietal (bulls blood) Name 3 Popular White Varietals (tokay production) |
Black: Kekfrankos, Kadarks, Cab Franc
White: Furmint, Harslevelu, Irsai Oliver, Pinot Gris, |
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Romania
Key Grape Varieties Name 1 of the 2 Black Grapes (Int'l Varieties) P/M Name 1 of the 2 White Varietals (Local) F/W |
Black: Pinot Noir, Merlot
White: Feteasca, Welschriesling |
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Bulgaria
Key Grape Varieties Name 1 Key White & 1 Key Black |
Black: Cab Sauv, Merlot, Gamza, Mavrud
White: Aligote, chardonnay |
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Key Regions in Austria
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Lower Austria (Niederosterreich)- White - Wachau, Kamptal, Kremstal, Donauland
Burgenland - (Red/Dessert) - Neusiedlersee, Mittelburgenland, Neusiedlersee-Hugelland |
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Name 2 Key Regions in Hungary
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Tokaj-Hegyalja, Eger
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Key Regions of Dealu Mare is in what country?
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Romania
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Key Regions of Thracian Valley, Danube Plain, Struma Valley, Black Sea Region are located in what country?
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Bulgaria
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Austria
2 Additional Wine Classifications |
Ausbruch: between BA and TBA
Strohwine: sweet wine made from dried grapes |
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What is Minosegy Bor?
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quality wine produced in a specific region (Hungary)
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Bulgaria
What is the labelling term equiv to French AC |
Controliran
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Italy
Climate, Weather & Soils |
Climate - meditteranean, cooler in North, hot in South
Weather - variable weather giving annual vintages in North Soils - variable. Must of country is hilly or mountainous, and most of the best vineyards are on slopes. |
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Italy
Black Grape Varieties name 4 of the 8 local varietals name 2 of the 4 intl varietals |
Local: Nebbiolo, Sangiovese, Barbera, Dolcetto, Corvina, Montepulciano, Aglianico, Primitivo
Int'l: Cab Sauv, Cab Franc, Merlot, Pinot Noir |
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Italy
White Grape Varieties Name 3 of the 5 Local Varietals Name 1 of the 2 Int'l Varietals |
Local: Trebbiano, Malvasia, Verdiccio, Garganega, Cortese
Int'l: Chardonnay, Pinot Grigio |
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Italy
Grapegrowing Characteristics What is characteristic about vine training in the North? What is characterisic about vine training in the South? |
high trained vines in the north
low trained, high density planting in the South |
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Italy
Name the 13 Key Regions |
Piedmont
Trentino-Alto Adige Friuli-Venezia Giulia Veneto Tuscany Marche Umbria Latium Abruzzo Campania Apulia Basilicata Sicily |
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In what region and what country are Barolo, Barbaresco, Barbera d'Asti, Dolcetto D'Alba, Gavi located in?
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Piedmont Region, Italy
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Valpolicella (Amarone, Recioto), Soave, Bardolino, Veneto IGT
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Veneto Region, Italy
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Bolgheri, Brunello di Montalcino, Chianti, Vernaccia di San Gimignano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, Toscana IGT
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Tuscany Region, Italy
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What region and country are Conero and Verdiccio dei Castelli di Jesi located in? Where is it located in the country?
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Marche Region, Italy
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What region is Orvieto in?
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Umbria Region, Italy
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What region is Frascati in?
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Latium Region, Italy
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In what region and country are Montepulciano d'Abruzzo and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo?
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Abruzzo Region, Italy
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Taurasi, Greco di Tufo
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Campania Region, Italy
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In what country and region are Salice Salentino and Copertino located in?
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Puglia Region, Italy
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What region is Aglianico del Vulture in?
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Basilicata Region, Italy
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What does the label term "Amabile" mean and what country is it used in?
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medium-sweet
Italy |
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Spain
Climates Whare are the four climates of Spain? |
4 climates:
atlantic coast-moderate, wet, maritime north-warm, maritime center - hot continental mediterranean coast - warm-hot meditteranean |
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Spain
Weather Effects on Vintage |
North & Atlantic - varying vintages affected espially by rain
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Spain
Soils - what are they mostly |
mostly limestone/chalk except:
Far North-West - granite South-East - sand |
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Spain
Key Black Grapes Name 2 of the 3 Local Varietals (TGM) Name the 2 Int'l Varietals |
Local: Tempranillo, Garnacha, Monastrell
Int'l: Cab Sauv, Merlot |
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Spain
Key White Grapes Name 3 of the 4 Local Varietals Name 2 Int'l Varietals |
Local: Airen, Viura, Verdejo, Albarino
Int'l: Chardonnay, Sav Blanc |
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Spain
Name 4 of the 6 Key Regions |
Upper Ebro - Navarra, Rioja, Somontano
Catalonia - Catalona, Costers del Segre, Penedes, Priorato, Tarragona Duero Valley - Rubera del Duero, Reuda, Toro Galicia - Riax Baixas Levante - Valencia Castilla-La Mancha - La Mancha, Valdepenas |
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Navarra, Rioja, Somontano
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Upper Ebro Region, Spain
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Catalonia, Costers del Segre, Penedes, Priorato, Tarragona
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Catalonia Region, Spain
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Ribera del Duero, Rueda, Toro
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Duero Valley Region, Spain
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What region is Rias Biaxas in ?
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Galicia Region, Spain
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What region is Valencia in
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Levante Region, Spain
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La Mancha, Valdepenas
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Castilla-La Mancha Region, Spain
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Where is the label term DOCa used and what does it mean?
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highest level of quality in Spain (only Rioja & Priorato)
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Where is the label term Vino Joven used what what does it mean?
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young wine
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Where is the label term Crianza used what what does it mean?
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2 years minimum aging, of which 6 months must be in cask (in rioga, its 12 months)
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When the label term "Reserva" is used in Spain, what does it mean?
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Spain
Red: 3 years min aging, of which 12 mos must be in cask Rose/White: 2 years aging, of which 6 mos must be in cask |
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Where is the label term Gran Reserva used what what does it mean?
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Red: 5 years min aging, of which 18 mos be in cask (rioja=24)
Rose/White: 4 years aging, of which 6 mos must be in cask |
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Portugal
Climate /WeatherTypes |
Near Coast - warm, maritime
Inland - warm-hot continental South - hot Mediterranean rain can be problem at coast |
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Portugal
Soil Types for 1) coastal 2) Duoro Valley and Dao 3) Bairrada |
sandy near coast
Douro Valley and Dao- granite Bairrada - limestone & clay |
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Portugal
Name 2 of 6 Key Black Grapes |
Baga, Touriga Nacional, Trincadeira, Tinta Roriz/Aragonez, Jaen, Periquieta,
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Portugal
Key White Grapes |
Alvarinho, Loureiro, Arinto, Roupeiro
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Portugal
Name 4 Key Regions of the North |
Bairrada
Dao Douro Vinho Verde |
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Portugal
Key Regions - South |
Alentego, Rebatejo
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What does the label term "Reserva" mean in Portugal?
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wine from a single vintage
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What does the label term "Quinta" mean in Portugal?
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estate
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Greece, Cyprus, Lebanon
Climate |
warm-hot Mediterranean
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Black: Xynomavro, Agiorgitiko (Saint-George), Cab Sauv, Merlot, Syrah
white: Savatiano, Rhoditis, Assyrtiko, Chardonnay, Sauv Blanc |
Greece - Key Varietals
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Black: Mavro
White: Xynisteri |
Cyprus - Key Varietals
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Nemea, Naoussa, Santorini
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Key Regions, Greece
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In what Southern Europe/Meditteraneam region is the Key Region of Troodos Mountains?
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Cyprus
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Bakaa Valley
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Key Region, Lebanon
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What does the label term "TA" mean and what country is it used in?
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Traditional Appellation, given to traditional wines (eg Retsina) in Greece
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Black: Mavro
White: Xynisteri |
Cyprus - Key Varietals
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What is the French AC equivalent that is used in Greece?
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AOQS
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In which country are the following varietals key:
Black: Mavro White: Xynisteri |
Cyprus
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Nemea, Naoussa, Santorini
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Key Regions, Greece
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South Africa
Climate, Weather & Soils |
warm-hot mediterranean, very arid inland, cooler near coast
little vintage variation, drought can be a problem soils are varied. Stellenbosch known for limestone and sandstone |
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Nemea, Naoussa, Santorini
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Key Regions, Greece
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Troodos Mountains
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Key Region, Cyprus
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South Africa
Name 3 Key Black Grapes |
Pinotage
Cab Sauv Merlot |
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Troodos Mountains
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Key Region, Cyprus
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Bakaa Valley
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Key Region, Lebanon
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South Africa
Name 3 Key White Grapes |
Chenin Blanc, Sauv Blanc, Chardonnay
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Bakaa Valley
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Key Region, Lebanon
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What does the label term "TA" mean and what country is it used in?
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Traditional Appellation, given to traditional wines (eg Retsina) in Greece
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South Africa
5 Key Regions |
Stellenbosch
Paarl Worcester Constantia Walker Bay |
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What is the French AC equivalent that is used in Greece?
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AOQS
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What does the label term "TA" mean and what country is it used in?
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Traditional Appellation, given to traditional wines (eg Retsina) in Greece
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South Africa
Climate, Weather & Soils |
warm-hot mediterranean, very arid inland, cooler near coast
little vintage variation, drought can be a problem soils are varied. Stellenbosch known for limestone and sandstone |
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What is the French AC equivalent that is used in Greece?
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AOQS
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South Africa
Key Black Grapes |
Pinotage
Cab Sauv Merlot |
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South Africa
Climate, Weather & Soils Describe general climate, inland climate and coastal climate Is there vintage variation? Is drought a problem? Are soils varied? What soil type is Stellenbosch known for? |
warm-hot mediterranean, very arid inland, cooler near coast
little vintage variation, drought can be a problem soils are varied. Stellenbosch known for limestone and sandstone |
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South Africa
Key White Grapes |
Chenin Blanc, Sauv Blanc, Chardonnay
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South Africa
5 Key Regions |
Stellenbosch
Paarl Worcester Constantia Walker Bay |
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South Africa
Name 3 Key Black Grapes |
Pinotage
Cab Sauv Merlot |
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South Africa
Name 3 Key White Grapes |
Chenin Blanc, Sauv Blanc, Chardonnay
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South Africa
5 Key Regions |
Stellenbosch
Paarl Worcester Constantia Walker Bay |
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South Africa
3 Key Wines |
Stellenbosch Bordeaux-blends
South African Pinotage South African Chenin Blanc |
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California
Climate |
mostly moderate-warm Mediterranean, cooled by Pacific fogs. Hotter and drier in Central Valley. More continental in foothills.
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Oregon
Climate |
cool maritime
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Washington State / BC
Climate |
arid, extreme continental
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Ontario
Climate |
moderate continental (cold winters)
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North America
Soils |
varied and not as significant as in Europe
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North America
Name 4 Key Black Grapes |
Cab Sauv
Merlot Zinfandel Pinot Noir |
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North America
Name 3 Key White Grapes |
Chardonnay
Sauv Blanc Viognier |
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North America
Grape Growing Issues |
-irrigation widespread due to lack of rain in ripening period
-problem with phyloxxera in the 1980/90s due to poor resistance in rootstock AXR-1 ongoing probs w/Pierce's disease |
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California
Name 4 Key Regions |
North Coast:
Carneros Mendocino Nappy Valley Sonoma N Central Coast Monterey South Central Coast: Santa Barbara San Luis Obispo Central Valley Sierra Foothills |
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Oregon
Key Region |
Willamette Valley
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Washington State
Key Region |
Columbia Valley
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Canada
Key Regions |
Okanagan Valley
Niagara Peninsula |
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5 Key Wines of California
name region/grape |
Napa Cab
Old Vine Zin Fume Blanc (SB, usually oak-aged) Meritage (Bordeaux blend) Blush/White Zin (rose) |
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Key Wines of Oregon
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Pinot Noir
Pinot Gris Chardonnay Sparkling wine |
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Chile
Climates |
variety of climates - cooler near the sear and the south of the country, warmer in the central valley
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Chile
Weather |
little rain, abundance of water for irrigation from snowfall melt from Andes
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Chile
Soils |
varied, can be over-fertile
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Chile
Key Black Grapes |
Cab Sauv
Merlot Carmenere |
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Chile
Key White Grapes |
Chardonnay
Sauv Blanc |
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Chile
3 Key Regions |
Aconcagua Region
Central Valley Southern Valley |
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What region and country are Aconcagua and Casablanca located in?
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Aconcagua Region, Chile
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Maipo, Curico, Rapel, Maule
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Central Valley Region, Chile
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What region and country are Bio Bio and Itata located in?
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Southern Valley, Chile
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Key Chilean Wines
Name 1 key white region & varietal Name 2 key black regions/varietals |
Casablanca Sauv Blanc
Rapel Cab Sauv Chilean Carmenere |
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Argentina
Where are most vineyards in Argentina planted and why? |
vineyards above 500m to benefit from cooling influences of altitude (Andes)
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Argentina
Key Black Grapes - Name 2 of the 3 Grapes |
Malbec
Bonarda Cab Sauv |
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Argentina
Name 2 Key White Grapes |
Torrontes
Chardonnay |
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Argentina
4 Key Regions & 1 Key Varietal in Each |
Mendoza - Malbec, Cab Sauv, Chardonnay
San Juan Salta (Cafayate) - Cab Sauv, Torrontes Rio Negro - Malbec |
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Name 2 Key Wines of Argentina (region and varietal)
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Mendoza Malbec
Cafayate Torrontes |
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3 Most Important Subregions in Austria for quality exports of what 2 grapes
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Wachau, Kamptal & Kremstal for Gruner Veltliner & Riesling
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What are the 2 grape varietals used in Tokaji?
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Furmint, Harslevelu
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What grape varietal is used to make Bulls Blood in Eger?
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mainly Kekfrankos
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What does "Tokaji Szamorodni" mean?
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Tokaji, as it comes. includes botrytis and healthy grapes.
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What does the word "Aszu" mean?
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nobly rotted grapes
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How is Tokaji Aszu made?
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healthy and botrytis grapes are separated. The botrytix/aszu grapes are ground into paste which is added back to the healthy dry wine during or after fermentation. paste is added back and measured in puttonyos
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Describe classic tokaji in terms of color, acidity, intensity, flavors
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deep amber, high acidity, intense aromas, flavors of orange marmalade, apricots & honey. the best have hints of rye bread, smoke, coffee and caramel
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What is "Aszu Eszencia"
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made only in the best years from the best vineyards. sugar is in excess of 6 puttonyos, can age for over a century without losing their flavor
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What is "Tokaji Eszancia"
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Rarest Tokaji. Made from the free run juice of the Aszu berries. takes years to ferment and has alcohol levels less then 5%
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What grape is used for Barolo DOCG
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Nebbiolo
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What grape is used for Barbaresco DOCG
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Nebbiolo
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What grape is used for Barbera d'Asti DOC
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Barbera
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What grape is used for Barbera d'Alba DOC
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Barbera
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What grape is used for Dolcetto d'Alba DOC
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Dolcetta
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Name one local white varietal used for Trentino DOC wines. The local black varietal there is Teroldego
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Pinot Grigio
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Name 1 of the 3 grapes used for Valpolicella DOC wines
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corvina
rondinella molinara |
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What grape is used for Chianti DOCG
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sangiovese
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What grape is used for Brunello di Montalcino
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sangiovese
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What grape is used for Vernaccia di San Gimignano
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Vernaccia
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What grape is used for Orvietto DOC wines
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Trebbiano
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What grape is used for Frascati DOC wines?
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malvasia
trebbiano |
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What grape is used for Montepulciano d'Abruzza DOC wines?
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Montepulciano
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What grape is used for Trebbiano d'Abruzza DOC wines?
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Trebbiano
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What grape is used for Taurasi DOC wines in the Campania region and the Aglianico del Vulture DOC wines in the Basilicata region?
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Aglianico
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What 2 grapes are used for Salice and Copertino DOC wines in the Puglia region?
N MN |
Negramaro
Malvasia Nera |
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Key 2 of the 7 grapes of Rioja DOCa wines
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Tempranillo
Garnacha Mazuelo Graciano Viura Malvasia Garnacha Blanca |
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Name2 of the 4 Key black varietals of the Priorat DOC region
GCSP |
Grenache Carinena
Cab Sauv Syrah Pinot Noir |
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Key Grape of the Ribera del Duero and Toro DO wines
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Tempranillo
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Key Grape of the Rias Biaxas DO Wines
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Albarino
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Name 1 Key white grape of the La Mancha DO wines of the Meseta region of Spain. Name 1 of 3 key black grapes
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W-Airen
B-Tempranillo, CS, Syrah |
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Key varietal used in Valdepenas DO wines from the Meseta region in Spain
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Tempranillo
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Key black grape of Stellenbosch region
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Cab Sauv
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Key black grape of the Coastal region of S Africa
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Pinotage
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Key black grape of the Paarl & Stellenbosch regions
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Shiraz
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Key black grape of the Walker Bay region
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Pinot Noir
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Key white grape of the Coastal region of S Africa
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Chenin Blanc
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Key white grape of the Walker Bay, Coastal & Roberson regions of S Africa
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Chardonnay
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Key white grape of the Constantia, Coastal, Durbanville, Elgin, Robertson regions of S Africa
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Sauv Blanc
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Key grape of the Central Valley California
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White Zin
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Key red varietal of Sonoma, Sierra Foothills, Santa Cruz
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Zin
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Key Black varietal in Napa and Sonoma
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Cab Sauv
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Key Black varietal in Napa Sonoma and Monterey
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Merlot
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Key black verietal in Carneros & Sonoma
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Pinot Noir
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Key white varietal in Carneros, Sonoma & Monterey
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Chardonnay
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Key white varietal in Napa
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Sauv Blanc
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Key black varietal in Oregon
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Pinot Noir
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Name 1 Key white and 2 key black black varietals in Washington State
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Chardonnay
Cab Sauv merlot |
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Describe flavor characteristics of Chardonnay
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cool climates:
steely wines med to light body high acidity apple or green plum fruit slightly warmer regions impact more citrus flavors Hotter regions lend to more melon and peach and even exotic flavors like banana, mango and fig Hotter regions will be full-bodies, high in alcohol and low in acidity not an aromatic varietal but oaking and ML are used to contribute to flavor |
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Describe flavor characteristics of Sauv Blanc
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cool regions w/poor soils produce classic green, herbaceous, gooseberries, green pepper, grass, passion fruit or elderflower.
warmer regions - fails to develop much aromatic flavor and has just hints of peach some can develop vegetal aromas of peas and asparagus |
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Describe flavor characteristics of Riesling
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cool climates (Mosel) - very fresh grape and apply fruit character and high natural acidity is balanced with sugar.
Late harvested grapes in cool regions and in warmer regions (alsace, austria, clare valley) result in more citrus and peach fruit notes. some australian have lime character aged rieslings develop notes of honey, smoke and sometimes petrol |
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Describe flavor characteristics of Pinot Gris
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at its best in Alsace
almost oily, rather high in alcohol, and low in acidity. rich, aromatic, exotic fruit, such as melon, ripe banana and mango, and sometimes botrytis flavors can appear in dry wine. In Italy for Pinot Grigio, a different approach is taken. they are harvested early to retain acidity and avoid development of too much fruitiness. wines are generally light and fairly neutral in character |
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Describe flavor characteristics of Viognier
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soft full body texture of chardonnay but with more aromaticc fruit character. delicate perfume, sily texture and mineral flavors
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Describe flavor characteristics of Chenin Blanc
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high in acidity and unusual fruit characteristics. vegetal notes, aromas of green apples and flavors of citrus pith in young, dry CB.
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Describe flavor characteristics of Cab Sauv as it relates to the fruit aspects
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black currants.
cooler regions - notes of green capsicum and cedarwood warm climate - black cherry, black olive, fruit character Australian CS, particularly Coonawarra have hints of mint, eucalyptus or menthol |
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Describe the flavor characteristics of Merlot
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harvested late: blackberry and plum fruit, soft velvet textured tannins combine with a rich, full body due to high alcohol and concentrated fruit.
harvested early to make a more lighter body and alcohol wine w/higher acidity and more red fruit (raspberries, ripe strawberries) and maybe even vegetal, leafy aromas |
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Describe the flavor characteristics of Syrah
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very dark in color and has blackberry fruit flavors.
cooler climates, the tannins can be very high and the blackberry fruit can be accompanied by notes of black pepper and sometimes mint. hot climates - more full-bodied, with soft tannins and earthy, leathery flavours and spice notes that are more like liquorice /anise/ |
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Describe the flavor characteristics of Grenache
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high in alcohol and full-bodies with soft tannins. pale in colour and oxidise easily (browning at the rim).
red fruit flavours (strawberry, raspberry and hints of white pepper, which deveops into flavors of leather, tar and toffee as the wine ages. |
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Describe the flavor characteristics of Pinot Noir
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young PN displays a fruity perfume of raspberries, strawberries or red cherries w/soft/light tannins - seldom deep in colour
with age, vegetal and farmyard aromas develop |
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Describe the flavor characteristics of sangiovese
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typically not aromatic grape.
high in acidity w/sour red cherry . sometimes astringent tannins and earthy, dusty aromas reminiscent of tea leaves. |
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Describe the flavor characteristics of Tempranillo by describing tannin levels, color, and 2 "other" characteristics
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light levels of tannin and color, nose of soft leather and ripe strawberries
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Burgundy
Climate & Weather |
continental (severe winters & hot summers)
frost & hail are major hazards frequent summer rains make area prone to gray rot |
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Burgundy
Soil Mix the following: Soil in Chabis Soil in Cote d'Or Soil in Beaujolas with the following: limestone w/kimmeridgian limestone w/marl granite |
Chablis - limestone overlaid with kimmeridgian clay
Cote d'Or - limestone mixed with marl Beaujolais - granite |
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Burgundy - North
Grape Varieties Name 1 Black Name 2 Whites |
B: Pinor Noir
W: Chardonnay, Aligote |
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Burgundy - South
Grape Varieties Name 1 White & 1 Black |
B Gamay
W Chardonnay |
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Burgundy - North
Grapegrowing |
high density planting, guyot trained best vineyards on E or SE facing slopes
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Burgundy - South (Beaujolais)
Grapegrowing Name pruning technique Where are best vineyards located? |
goblet-pruned, free standing vines
best vineyards on hillsides in North |
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Burgundy - Red
Winemaking |
traditional fermentation w/sensitive use of oak maturation for Pinot Noir
carbonic maceration for Beaujolais |
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Burgundy - White
Winemaking What is characteristic about vessel for Chablis production What is characteristic about vessel for Cote de Beaune Chardonnary? |
stainless steel w/very little oak for Chablis
barrel fermentation w/new oak for Cote de Beaune Chardonnay |
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Burgundy
Key Wine of Chablis Name 2 ACs |
Premier Cru, Grand Cru
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Burgundy
Name 4 Key ACs of Cote du Nuits |
Gevry-Chambertin
Vougeot Vosne-Romanee Nuits-Saint-Georges |
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Burgundy
6 Main Regions |
Chablis
Cote du Nuits Cote de Beaune Cote Chalonnaise Maconnais Beaujolais |
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Burgundy
Name 6 Key ACs of Cote de Beaune |
Aloxe-Corton
Pommard Volnay Mersault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet |
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Burgundy
Name 4 Key ACs Cote Chalonnaise MGRM |
Mercurey
Givry Rully Montagny |
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Burgundy
Name 1 Key AC of Maconnais |
Pouilly-Fuisse
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Burgundy
Key Wines of Beaujolais |
Beaujolais Crus (Fleurie, Moulin-a-Vent, Morgon, Brouilly)
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Bungundy - South (Beaujolais)
Grapegrowing |
gobelet-pruned, free standing vines
best vineyards on hillsides in North |
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Burgundy - Red
Winemaking |
traditional fermentation w/sensitive use of oak maturation for Pinot Noir
carbonic maceration for Beaujolais |
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Burgundy - White
Winemaking What is characteristic about vessel for Chablis production? What is characteristic about fermentation for Cote de Beaune Chardonnay? |
stainless steel w/very little oak for Chablis
barrel fermentation w/new oak for Cote de Beaune Chardonnay |
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Burgundy
Key Wine of Chablis |
Premier Cru, Grand Cru
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What subreqion and reqion are the following located in:
Gevry-Chambertin Vougeot Vosne-Romanee Nuits-Saint-Georges |
Cote de Nuits, Burgundy
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Burgundy
6 Main Regions |
Chablis
Cote du Nuits Cote de Beaune Cote Chalonnaise Maconnais Beaujolais |
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Burgundy
Name 6 Key Wines ACs of Cote de Beaune APVMPC |
Aloxe-Corton
Pommard Volnay Mersault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet |
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Mercurey
Givry Rully Montagny |
Name 4 Key ACs of Cote Chalonnaise
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Burgundy
Name 1 Key AC in Maconnais |
Pouilly-Fuisse
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Burgundy
Name 4 Beaujolais Crus F, MV, M, B |
Fleurie
Moulin-a-Vent Morgon Brouilly |
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Burgundy
Label Term: Generic |
wines that do not qualify for AC, must have Bourgogne in title
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Burgundy
Label Term: District |
wines from a single district or group of better villages within a district
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Burgundy
Label Term: Commune |
wines from a single communes (willages) allowed own AC
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Burgundy
Label Term: Premier Cru Is the village and vineyard mentioned on label? |
Yes. village name followed by vineyard name, used for better vineyards
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Burgundy
Label Term: Grand Cru |
vineyard name only, highest level for best vineyards
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Alsace
Climate & Weather |
cool, sunny, dry continental
protected from rain and wind from teh west by the Vosges Mtns, giving long, dry autumns |
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Alsace
Soils |
varied
slopes contain granitic, limestone, sandstone, clay, loam and even volcanic plains - alluvial |
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Alsace
Noble Grape Varieties |
Gewurtz
Muscat Pinot Gris Riesling |
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Alsace
Grapegrowing Where are best vineyards located? What is unusual about trade? |
best vineyards in Haut-Rhin, on East facing foothills of Vosges Mtns
majority of vineyards are small holdings, co-ops & merchants important |
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Alsace
Winemaking What is unusual about the vessels? What % of the varietal is typically listed on the label? What is unusual about bottle? |
stainless steel or tartrate encrusted casks used to retain varietal character
100% named varietal on label Bottled in region in Alsace flute |
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Alsace
Classifications: Alsace Grand Cru |
w/name of vineyard, highest level for best vineyards
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Alsace
Classifications: Vendange Tardive |
late harvest, noble varieties only, dry - med sweet
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Alsace
Classifications: Selection de Grains Nobile |
sweet wine made from grapes affected by noble rot, noble varieties only
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Alsace
Classifications: Edelzwicker |
wine blended from more than one variety
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Describe characteristics of a Alsace Gewurtz in terms of intensity, characteristics, acidity and alcohol levels
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pungent, aromatic spicy nose, reminiscent of lychees, roses and cashews
low in acidity and high in alcohol |
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Describe characteristics of an Alsace Pinot Gris
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rich and high in alcohol.
similar in color to Gewurtz but less aromatic luscious and full of fresh / dried fruits and a smoky/honey character |
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Burgundian Pinot Noir
Tasting Notes |
red fruit flavors (cherry, raspberry & strawberry) in youth that evolve into vegetal and savory, gamey notes.
tannins/acidity vary with producer but tannins are rarely too astringent wines are usually full-bodied, due to natural ripeness or chapitalization |
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What is the main varietal used in Beaujolais
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Gamay
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Burgundian Chardonnay
Tasting Notes |
rich, ripe, creamy-buttery fruit
chablis - lean, steely, high acide Cote d'Or - complex, expressive Macon - fuller bodied, ripe fruit |
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Burgundy
Regional ACs Bourgogne Grand Ordinaire AC |
mainly red from Gamay. If white, maybe made from Melon de Bourgogne (muscadet) blended with Aligote
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Burgundy
Regional ACs Bourgogne Aligote AC Characteristics in terms of acidity and alchol What regions are they largely produced in? |
high acidity, low alcohol
largely produced in Chablis, Cote D'Or and Cote Chalonnaise |
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Burgundy
Regional ACs Bourgogne Passetoutgrains AC |
"chuck all the grapes in together"
mixture of Pinot Noir & Gamay |
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Burgundy
Regional ACs Bourgogne Rouge AC or Bourgogne Blanc AC |
made from best grape varieties from that area, usually PN or Chardonnay
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Burgundy
District ACs vs Bourgogne ACs |
districts are a step up from Bourgogne and don't include the word "bourgogne"
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Burgundy
Commune ACs |
above Bourgogne & District ACs
usually name of commune only on label, if name of vineyard is used, must be smaller print than village BEAUNE Lalune Appellation BEAUNE Controllee |
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Burgundy
2 Label Terms for Single Vineyard ACs |
Premier Cru (#560)
Grand Cru (#30) |
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Burgundy
Premier or Grand Cru? BEAUNE GREVES Appelation Beaune Greves Controlee |
Premier Cru because vineyard and village are same size on label
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Burgundy
Premier Cru or Grand Cru? MONTRACHET Appellation Montrachet Controlee |
Grand Cru because it only mentions vineyard name
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Gevrey-Chambertin
Aloxe-Corton Nuits-Saint-George vineyard or commune? |
communes
Mayors added their names (Aloxe, Nuits) to the name of the village |
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Montee de Tonnerre, Vaillons & Fourchaume
Examples of Premier Cru or Grand Cru? What grape varietal & region? |
Chablis Premier Cru ACs
Chardonnay |
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Les Clos, Vaudesir, Valmur, Les Preuses, Bougros, Blanchot, Grenouilles
Examples of Premier Cru or Grand Cru? What grape varietal & region? |
Chablis Grand Cru ACs
Chardonnay |
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What grape varietal is the Cote de Nuit known for?
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Pinot Noir
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What grape varietal is the Cote de Beaune known for?
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Chardonnay
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What region are the following in?
Gevrey Chambertin Vougeot Vosne-Romanee Nuits-Saint-Georges |
Cote de Nuits
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What region are the following in?
Aloxe-Corton Beaune Pommard Volnay Mersault Puligny-Montrachet Chassagne-Montrachet |
Cote de Beaune, Burgundy
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What region are the following in?
Rully Mercurey Givry Montagny |
Cote Chalonnaise, Burgundy
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What region is Pouilly Fuisse in ?
What is the grape varietal? |
Macon, Burgundy
Chardonnay |
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Describe characteristics of Gamay
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full of raspberry and cherry and very light in tannins
vinification technique: carbonic maceration to extract fruit flavors but very little tannin giving the wine flavors of kirsch, bananas, bubblegum and cinnamon-like spices |
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Define carbonic maceration
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fementation of whole bunches of black grapes with the berries initially intact. The intracellular fermentatino results in well-coloured, fruity red wines, with little tannins.
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What region is Wachau, Kamptal, Kremtal, Donauland in?
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Lower Austria/Niederosterrich
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What region and country are Neusiedlersee, Mittelburgenland, Neusierlersee-Hugelland located in?
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Burgenland Region, Austria
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Describe climate in Bordeaux and its effect.
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45degress - long hours of sun, moderated by maritime climate.
high humidity due to rivers, can cause noble and/or grey rot vingtage variations from weather |
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Describe soils in Bordeaux.
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Alluvial - borders of rivers (lowest appellation wines)
Quartz/flint pebbles over subsoil of marl-well draining gravel (finest vineyards) |
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Why are almost all Bordeaux made from a blend of varietals?
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varying climates make vinegrowing unpredictable leading to vintage variation
by blending, they can hedge their bets allowable for reasonably good wine production even when conditions are unfavorable |
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Describe Bordeaux Cabernet Sauvignon
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moderate yields, tannic wine with characteristic blackcurrant, when ripe. Hide to ripen so may produce some tough, vegatal wines that must be softened with Merlot.
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Describe Bordeaux Cabernet Franc.
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bigger yields than Cab but has less body and finesse. Flavours can be herbaceous/stalky, and matures rapidly.
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Describe Merlot in Bordeaux
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medium yield of full-bodied, moderately tannic wines which matures earlier than Cab. Adds softness, richness and body when added to Cab. Benefits from limestone in St. Emilion & Pomerol.
Even at world class estates, they add Cab or Cab Franc to provide aromatic fuit, colour and tannin. |
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Describe significance/importance of Petit Verdot in Bordeaux
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ripens fully only in very hot years, giving a very deep-colored, tannic wine which ages slowly. always plays minor role in blend and is used to add tannin, colour and exotic spicey notes.
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Describe significance/importance of Semillon in Bordeaux
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most widely planted white in Bordeaux.
thin skin/susceptible to noble rot so is used widely for sweet wines. gives wines with golden colour and plenty of body. |
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Describe significance/importance of Sauv Blanc in Bordeaux
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vegetal, glass & elderflower. when blended, its high acidity acts to counterbalance the flabbiness of Semillon, particularly in the great sweet wines.
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Describe key characteristics of viticulture in Bordeaux.
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mostly high density planting w/machine harvesting. Handpicking for fine sweet wines (noble rot)
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Name the three levels of AC heirarchy in Bordeaux
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Generic Appelations
District Appelations Commune Appelations |
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Describe the Generic Appelation AC in Bordeaux and give an example AC name
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wine produced anywhere in the Gironde
-Bordeaux AC & Bordeaux Superieur AC |
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Describe the District Appelation AC in Bordeaux
Name the 3 Key District ACs |
highest appelation attainable in particular location (eg Entre-Deux-Mers) or a couple of superior commune ACs (Haut-Medoc)
-Medoc AC, Haut-Medoc AC and Graves AC |
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Describe the Commune Appelation AC in Bordeaux
|
highest appelations in Bordeaux
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Do Chateaux names form any part of the AC system in Bordeaux
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No. For example, Chateau Latour has the AC Pauillac.
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Name 4 Key Commune ACs in the Haut-Medoc
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Saint-Estephe AC
Pauillac AC Saint-Julien AC Margaux AC |
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Name the Key Commune AC in northern Grave AC
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Pessac-Leognan AC
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Name the 2 key Commune ACs on the west bank of the Garonne upstream from Graves and the 2 grape varietals allowed
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Sauternes AC & Barsac AC
only white - Semillion, Sav Blanc |
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Name the key District AC between the Garonne and the Dordogne? Name the key varietals
|
Entre-Deux Mers
-SB and Semillion |
|
|
Name the key Commune AC in the Entre-Deux-Mers District AC and the wines from this commune.
|
Sainte-Croix-du-Mont
sweet wine in Sauternes style |
|
|
Name the 2 key District ACs North and East of Gironde & Dordogne
|
Bourg & Blaye
Cotes de Bourg Premieres Cotes du Blaye |
|
|
Name the most important Commune AC of right bank of Bordeaux
|
Saint-Emilion AC
|
|
|
Name the two most important Commune ACs on right bank of Bordeaux
|
Saint-Emilion AC
Pomerol AC |
|
|
What does it mean to sell wines "en primeur"
|
wines, especially from Bordeaux, that are sold before they are bottled.
|
|
|
What region of wines is included in the 1855 Classification?
|
Medoc & Sauternes
|
|
|
Name the 5 Ranks of the 1855 Classifications
|
Premier Cru (First Growth)
Deuxieme Cru (Second Growth) Troiseimes Cru Quartrieme Cru Cinquiemes Cru |
|
|
What is the only Chateux to carry Premier Grand Cru Classe of the sweet wines in the 1855 Classification
|
Chateau d'Yquem
|
|
|
Name 4 of the 6 Premier Crus of the 1855 Classification
|
Chateau Haut-Brion (the only one from outside Medoc)
Chateau Latour Chateau Lafite-Rothschild Chateau Mouton-Rothschild (only reclassification, in 1973 from second growth to premier cru) Chateau Margaux Chateau d'Yquem |
|
|
In non-Bordeaux Southwest France, what varietals are Bergerac, Monbazillar, Cotes de Duras, Buzet known for?
|
Bordeaux clones (Cab, Merlot, Semillion, Sauv Blanc, Cab Franc)
|
|
|
What grape is used to produce Madiran AC
|
Tannat
|
|
|
Name the 4 subregions of the Loire Valley
|
Central Vineyards
Touraine Anjou-Saumur Nantais |
|
|
Name 2 key AC wines in the Central Vineyards region of the Loire
|
Sancerre
Pouilly-Fume |
|
|
Describe the weather of the Central Vineyards region of the Loire
|
continental climate, severe winters and hot summers
summer hail and spring frosts are continuing hazards |
|
|
What white varietal is Sancerre known for?
|
Sauv Blanc
|
|
|
What white varietal is Pouilly Fume known for?
|
Sauv Blanc
|
|
|
Describe the climate of Touraine
|
halfway between Muscadet and Sancerre so its a cross between maritime and continental
|
|
|
What varietal is always is Vouvray
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What is the most prestigious red wine of the Loire Valley (i.e. what AC?)
|
Chinon AC - Cab Franc
|
|
|
What are the key varietals of both Anjou AC and Saumur AC?
|
Cab Franc
Chenin Blanc |
|
|
What varietal are the best wines of Anjou Saumur
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What region/country is the Nantais in?
|
Loire- west end by Atlantic
|
|
|
What is the key wine / region of the Nantais
|
Muscadet, Sevre et Maine subregion
|
|
|
What is the grape varietal in Muscadet
|
Melon Blanc
|
|
|
Describe topography & climate in Northern Rhone
|
valley is narrow & steep w/vineyards planted on western slopes, close to the river.
dominant climatic feature - Mistral (strong, cold, north wind) provides chill factor but inhibits diseases by improving air circulation. Vines are staked from Mistral climate = southern continental, hot (but not oppressive) summers |
|
|
What is the dominant grape of Northern Rhone & describes characteristics
|
syrah - soft black fruit flavours (blackberry & blueberries) with spicy hints of black pepper when young and gamey aromas when mature.
|
|
|
Name 3 white grapes of Northern Rhone
|
Viognier, Roussane, Marsanne
|
|
|
Name 6 crus of Northern Rhone
|
Cote-Rotie
Condrieu Saint-Joseph Crozes-Hermitage Hermitage Cornas |
|
|
Describe the topography and climate of the Southern Rhone.
|
mediterranean climate
topography is flatter than Northern Rhone so vines have to be protected from Mistral by planting windbreaks |
|
|
Name key grape varietals of Southern Rhone
|
Grenache, but blended with (Mouvedre, Syrah, Cinsault)
|
|
|
Describe profile of Southern Rhone syrah.
|
high alcohol
low in tannin and colour flavors of spiced red berries ( strawberry) fruit character can be quite baked, jammy or even burnt. |
|
|
Describe the climate of Touraine
|
halfway between Muscadet and Sancerre so its a cross between maritime and continental
|
|
|
What varietal is always is Vouvray
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
What is the most prestigious red wine of the Loire Valley (i.e. what AC?)
|
Chinon AC - Cab Franc
|
|
|
What are the key varietals of both Anjou AC and Saumur AC?
|
Cab Franc
Chenin Blanc |
|
|
What varietal are the best wines of Anjou Saumur
|
Chenin Blanc
|
|
|
Name two most important ACs of Southern Rhone
|
Cotes du Rhone
Chateauneuf-du-Pape |
|
|
What is the importance of the pudding stones in the Rhone
|
effective in storing heat during they day to warm the vineyards throughout the night
|
|
|
What is the general climate of Australia
|
mediterranean
|
|
|
What is the classic red Australian varietal?
-characteristics of one grown in Hot regions of Hunter and Barossa -characteristics of one grown in cooler regions (Margaret River, W Victoria) |
Shiraz
-soft earthy, spicy style that develops leather /caramel notes -leaner more peppery style |
|
|
Describe Australian Cab Sauv & name two classic regions for CS in Australia
|
ripe black fruit (blackcurrant, black cherry) underpinned by toast, meaty oak notes.
Coonawarra & Margaret River |
|
|
What is the primary grape grown in the Barossa Valley? What country?
|
Shiraz
Australia |
|
|
What is the primary grape grown in the Adelaide Hills Region? What country?
|
Chardonnay
Australia |
|
|
What are the three primary grapes of the McLaren Vale Region? What country?
|
Cab Sauv
Shiraz Merlot |
|
|
What is the most famous region in the Limestone Coast Zone of Australia and what varietal is it known for?
|
Coonawarra Region
Cab Sauv |
|
|
What is the most famous region in the Port Philip Bay Zone by Melbourne and what varietal is it known for?
|
Yarra Valley Region
Pinot Noir |
|
|
Where is New South Wales Zone located and in what country? what is the famous wine growing region there?
|
Australia
NW of Sydney Hunter Valley |
|
|
What are 2 primary white grape varietals of Upper Hunter Valley and Lower Hunter Valley?
What is the primary black grape varietal of same? |
Chardonnay/Semillion
Shiraz |
|
|
Name the most important wine region in the SW Australian Zone and what grape varietal is important?
|
Margaret River Region
Cabernets / Bordeaux Blends Chardonnay & Grassy Semillions (like NZ Sauv Blanc) |
|
|
What is the predominant climate in New Zealand
|
maritime (two islands)
|
|
|
What is the most climatic problem?
|
excessive rainfall so most vineyards on the Eastern seaboard, where they are protected from prevailing west wine and rain by the moutainous pine of the country
|
|
|
What varietal is New Zealand known for?
|
Marlborough Sauv Blanc
|
|
|
Describe Marlborough Sauv Blanc
|
capsicum, cut grass, elderflower, but may include passion fruit, stony mineral notes and hints of creamy oak. High end w/intense concentration of fruit and high acid levels are capable of developing vegetal, asparagus notes with age.
|
|
|
Name three region in the North Island of New Zealand and the grapes they are known for
|
Gisborne - Chardonnay
Hawkes Bay - Cav Sauv, Merlot Martinborough - Pinot Noir |
|
|
Name two famous regions on the South Island of NewZealand and the varietals they are known for
|
Marlborough - SB, Chard
, Pinot Noir Central Otago - Pinot Noir |
|
|
Name the three basic ways to make sparkling wines
|
1. secondary fermentation in the the bottle
2. secondary fermentation in the tank 3. carbonation |
|
|
What is liquer de tirage and what is it used for?
|
cokctail of wine, sugar, yeast nutrients and a clarifying agent. used to start 2ndary fermentation for sparkling wines
|
|
|
Describe remuage
|
riddling; moving the sediment to the neck of the bottle prior to disgorgement (sparkling wines)
|
|
|
What is liquer d'expedition and what is it used for?
|
final adjustment to the sweetness of sparkling wine after disgorgement and prior to corking (aka dosage)
|
|
|
What are the three grapes used for Champagne?
|
Pinot Noir
Pinot Meunier Chardonnay |
|
|
Why is the Coquard Press important?
|
vertical press for making white wine from black grapes
|
|
|
What do the letters RM at the base of a Champagne label indicate?
|
made by a grower
|
|
|
What do the letters CM at the base of a Champagne label indicate
|
made by a co-operative cellar
|
|
|
What do the letters NM at the base of a Champagne label indicate
|
made by a champagne house
|
|
|
What is the name used for French sparkling wines?
|
cremant wines
|
|
|
What is the name for Spanish sparking wines? and where is the predominant region for production?
|
Cava, Penedes in Catalan
|
|
|
What sparkling wines are made using the tank method? What country?
|
Prosecco, Italy
|
|
|
What is German sparking wine called?
|
Sekt
|
|
|
What is the climate of Champagne?
|
Northern Continental
|
|
|
What is the primary soil in Champagne?
|
chalk
|
|
|
Describe the traditional method for making champagne (8 steps)
|
1.First fermentation
2.Blending 3.Second fermentation 4.Maturation and Autolysis 5.Riddling/Remuage 6.Disgorgement 7.Dosage 8.Dressing |
|
|
What are the three key regions of Champagne?
VM CB MR |
Vallee de la Marne
Cotes des Blancs Montagne de Reims |
|
|
What are the key regions for sparkling wine production in Loire?
|
Saumur, Vouvray
|
|
|
What are the key regions in North America for sparkling wine production?
|
Carneros, Oregion
|
|
|
What does the label term "Extra Brut" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
bone dry
|
|
|
What does the label term "Extra-sec" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
off-dry
|
|
|
What does the label term "Demi-sec" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
sweet
|
|
|
What does the label term "Blanc de Blancs" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
white grapes only
|
|
|
What does the label term "Brut" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
very dry
|
|
|
What does the label term "Sec" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
medium-dry
|
|
|
What does the label term "Doux" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
luscious
|
|
|
What does the label term "Blanc de Noirs" mean in sparkling wine production?
|
black grapes only
|
|
|
What is the minimum length of maturation required for vintage Champagne?
|
3 years minimum
|
|
|
What method is used to make Cava?
|
traditional
|
|
|
Name 2 of the 3 grapes are used to make Alsace cremant?
|
Pinot Blanc
Riesling Chardonnay |
|
|
What 4 grapes are used to make Cava?
3 local varieties and 1 Int'l |
Parellada, Xarel-lo, Macabeo, Chardonnay
|
|
|
What 2 regions in Australia make sparkling wines?
|
Yarra Valley, Tasmania
|
|
|
What region in New Zealand is known for Champagne production?
|
Marlborough
|
|
|
In what country is the labelling term "Cap Classique" used. What is a term for?
|
South African quality sparkling wine
|
|
|
What grape varieties are used to make Port?
Name 3 of 5 local varieties |
Touriga Nacional
Tinta Roriz Touriga Franca Tinta Cao Tinta BArroca |
|
|
Name 2 of the 5 grape varieties used to make Madeira?
SVBMT |
Sercial
Verdelho Bual Malmsey Tinta Negra Mole |
|
|
Name 2 of the 3 grapes varieties used to make Sherry
|
Palomino
Pedro Ximenex (PX) Moscatel |
|
|
What grape varieties are used to make Montilla-Moriles
|
Pedro Ximenez (PX)
|
|
|
What grape varieties are used to make Vins Doux Naturels
|
Muscat
Grenache |
|
|
What grape variety is used to make Rutherglen
|
Muscat
|
|
|
Is Port fortified during or after fermentation?
|
during
|
|
|
Is Madeira fortified during or after fermentation?
|
during
|
|
|
Are Sherry & Montilla-Moriles fortified during or after fermentation?
|
After
|
|
|
What are the two key styles of Port? (i.e. what are two ways Port can be matured)
|
wood-matured
bottle-matured |
|
|
What is the key difference between wood maturation and bottle maturation of Port?
|
wood is ready to drink and bottle needs further maturation for many years
|
|
|
What styles of Port are bottle aged?
|
Vintage
Xingle Quinta Vintage |
|
|
Which styles of SHerry are matured under Flor?
|
Fino
Manzanilla Pale Cream |
|
|
Which styles of Sherry are matured oxidatively?
|
Oloroso
Cream |
|
|
Which 2 styles of Sherry are matured under Flor, then oxidatively?
|
Amontillado Seco
Palo Cortado |
|
|
Which Sherries are Dry?
|
Manzanilla
Fino Amontillado Seco Oloroso Seco |
|
|
Which Sherries are Medium?
|
commercial Amontillado
|
|
|
Which Sherries are sweet?
|
Oloroso
Pale Cream Cream |
|
|
Is alcohol added during or after fermentation in the production of port?
|
during. alcohol is added to halt the fermentation before it has finished naturally.
|
|
|
Describe soils/topography of the Duuro that make it known for Port production
|
vineyards are planted on terraces (originally were narrow socalcos & now wider patameres)cut into the schistours rock on steep hillsides
|
|
|
Describe climate of the Duoro Vineyards.
|
dry/continental. Serra do Marao protect vineyards from the rain-bearing winds.
|
|
|
Describe details of the fortification of Port
|
Once the fermented wine has reached 6% to 9% abv, spirit at 77% abv is added at 1 part spirit to 4 parts of wine. this kills yeast and stop fermentation.
|
|
|
What are the 5 preferred grapes for Port production?
|
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Touriga Nacional - finest, used for very best Touriga Franca - premium Tinta Cao - very little Tinta Barroca |
|
|
Which style of Port is young, non-vintage, full-bodied, deeply coloured wine, generally sold at less than 3 years old.
|
Ruby Port
|
|
|
Which style of port is from 1 or more vintages, cask matured for up to 5 years before bottling. Full bodied, w/rich fruit and better integration and ready for drinking when bottled
|
Reserve Ruby Port
|
|
|
Which style of port is made by blending ruby and white ports to produce cheap wines recognized by their Pink rim.
|
Tawny Port
|
|
|
Which style of port is the result of 7 years maturation in cask and can be very soft and smooth and recognized by their more russet, tawny rim.
|
Reserve Tawny Port
|
|
|
Which style of port is a high quality ruby of one or more vintage, bottled young and unfiltered. They throw heavy sediment (crust) and require decanting
|
Crusted Port
|
|
|
Which style of port is made from a specific, but not necessarily a "declared" year, aged in cask for 4-6 years before bottling. can be traditional style(bottled unfiltered) or modern (matured in cask and filtered before bottling)
|
Late Bottled Vintage Port (LBV)
|
|
|
Which style of port is known for singel vintage that age in cask until just before sale. min aging is 8 years, tho many are longer.
|
Colheita Ports
|
|
|
Which port is the product of one particular year, typically best vineyards only and bottled when they are 2 years old. mature slowly and peak at 20 years. throw heavy deposits. not produced every year
|
Vintage Ports
|
|
|
Which port is a full vintage port that is the product of a single estate, the flagship of the shippers vineyards holdings.
|
Single Quinta Vintage Ports
|
|
|
Describe climate, soil & viticulture of Madeira
|
mountainous island w/vineyards maily on slopes of North and South coasts. fungal diseases are a problem. irrigation from mountains through levadas
|
|
|
Key varietal in Madeira
|
Tinta Negra Mole
|
|
|
What do the labelling terms for Madeira mean?
-Finest -Reserve -Special Reserve -Extra Reserve |
Finest - 3 yo
Reserve - 5 yo Special Reserve - 10 yo Extra Reserve - 15 yo |
|
|
What region in what country is known for soils of albariza, arena & barro? What are they known for producing?
|
Jerez, Spain (sherry production)
|
|
|
What is the climate of Jerez
|
hot Mediterranean
|
|
|
Which grape is approx 90% of sherry production?
|
palomino
|
|
|
Why is flor important in the production of Sherry?
|
important in aging. Flor yeast feed on oxygen, alcohol and glycerine and reduces overall acidity of the wine. prevents oxidation (protective layer)
|
|
|
Describe the solera system
|
fractional blending system to refresh flor.
|
|
|
What style of sherry is pale in colour, and light/dry/clean on the palate. lower in alcohol and should be consumed young since they loose freshness once bottled. Aged on flor
|
Fino
|
|
|
What is significant about a Manzanilla sherry as opposed to a Fino sherry?
|
fino sherry aged in a bodega in seaside town of San lucar (climate allows flor to be active year round)
|
|
|
Which sherry is one that is an aged Fino or Manzanilla for which the flor has died away (naturally after 7 years of aging). Browny-yellow in color, dry w/nutty flavours from oxidative aging under flor.
|
Amontillado
|
|
|
Which sherry style is a very rare style which occurs when an elegant wine, that had been selected to be a Fino, fails to sustain Flor. flavors of amontillado but palate of oloroso (full-body, dry)
|
Palo Cortado
|
|
|
Which sherry style is a full-bodied, russet-color dry wine, which has oxidised from the beginning. robust aromas & flavor that can be savoury, meaty & nutty.
|
Oloroso
|
|
|
Which varietal makes the finest desert wines of Jerez
|
PX (pedro ximenez)
|
|
|
What style of sherry is made by adding concentrated grape juice to a Fino
|
Pale Cream
|
|
|
What do these label terms mean and where are they used and for what wine?
VOS VORS |
Spain - Sherries
VOS-very old sherry (20 year old soleras) VORS - very old rare sherry (30 year old soleras) |
|
|
What is the lesser known region of Spain for liquer wines
|
Montilla-Moriles
|
|
|
What is the key varietal used in VDN (and what is VDN) and which is the lesser used grape?
|
VDN - vins doux naturels - 95% abv grape spirit is added to partially fermented must to make a strong sweet wine (15-20% abv)
Muscat lesser=Grenache |
|
|
What type of wine are these regions known for?
Muscat de Beames de Venise (Rhone) Muscat de Saint Jean de Minervois (Langeudoc) Muscat de Frontignan (lang) Muscat de Mireval (lang) Muscat de Lunel (lang) Muscat de Rivesaltes (lang) |
VDNS (Vins doux Naturels) - "other fortified wines"
|
|
|
Name a new world fortified wine
|
Rutherglen Muscat (Australia)
|
|
|
Describe distillation
|
concentration of alcohol present in a fermented liquid. alcohol boils at a lower temp than water and vaporises and can be collected.
|
|
|
Which still is the type that looks like a large kettle and is heated by direct heat. Vapors collect and go through swans neck to the condenser to be liquified, Produces liquers with character. made of coper
|
pot still
|
|
|
Which type of still consists of two vertical columns, the analyser and the rectifier. Steam enters the bottom of the analyser, rises and meets the wash, which hsa been heated in teh rectifier, descending the column. The alcohol in the wash is vaporised as it encounters the hot steam. It rises and is passed to the bottom of the rectifier. produces more neutral spirit
|
continuous still
|
|
|
Which still is the type that looks like a large kettle and is heated by direct heat. Vapors collect and go through swans neck to the condenser to be liquified, Produces liquers with character. made of coper
|
pot still
|
|
|
Which type of still consists of two vertical columns, the analyser and the rectifier. Steam enters the bottom of the analyser, rises and meets the wash, which hsa been heated in teh rectifier, descending the column. The alcohol in the wash is vaporised as it encounters the hot steam. It rises and is passed to the bottom of the rectifier. produces more neutral spirit
|
continuous still
|
|
|
What is the spirit/liquer made from distilled wine?
|
Brandy
|
|
|
What are the two most famous regions for Brandy?
|
Cognac & Armagnac, France
|
|
|
What is the main grape used in Brandy production in Cognac?
|
Ugni Blanc (aka Trebbiano)
|
|
|
What do these label terms mean and what liquer/spirit are they used for?
VS or *** VSOP XO |
Cognac
VS or *** - 2 yr min age VSOP - 4 yr min age XO - 6 yr min age Armagnac VS or *** - 1 yr min age VSOP - 4 yr min age XO - 5 yr min age |
|
|
Name 4 of the 7 "other" types of grape spirits
|
Spanish Brandy
Pisco Marc Grappa Pomace Brandies Calvados Fruit Eaux-de-vie |
|
|
How many years must a Scotch Whiskey be matured for?
|
3 years min
|
|
|
Which Scotch whisky is made from malted barley only and is double-distilled in a pot still
|
Malt Whiskey
|
|
|
Which Scotch whiskey is made from non-barley grains with a small amount of malted barley in a continuous still
|
Grain Whiskey
|
|
|
What is a single malt whiskey
|
malt whisky from one distillery
|
|
|
Name the 6 stages of production for Scotch whiskey before fermentation
|
steeping
green malt kilning milling mashing conversion |
|
|
Where are most bourbon whiskeys produced
|
Kentucky
|
|
|
What is the minimum % of corn in a Bourbon?
|
51%
|
|
|
What is the minimum % of rye in a Rye Whiskey
|
51%
|
|
|
What kind of still is used for Cognac production
|
pot still
|
|
|
What kind of still is used for Armagnac production
|
usually Armagnac but can use pot
|
|
|
What is the name for apple Brandy from Normandy and Brittany
|
Calvados
|
|
|
What liquer can be made from grain, potato or molasses
|
vodka
|
|
|
Is aging of vodka required
|
no
|
|
|
What liquer can be made from sugar-cane juice or molasses
|
rum
|
|
|
What liquer must be distilled in a sugar-cane growing country but can be aged in any country?
|
rum
|
|
|
Tequila can only be made from what plant?
|
Blue Agave
|
|
|
How long has a Blanco tequila been aged.
|
unaged
|
|
|
How long has a Golden Tequila been aged
|
unaged and colored
|
|
|
How long has a Reposado tequila been aged?
|
min 2 months
|
|
|
How long has an Anejo tequila been aged?
|
min 12 months
|
|
|
Which liquer is made from a base of highly recitified neutral spirit
|
gin
|
|
|
What is significant about gin as it relates to the distillation process
|
its redistilled in the presence of botanicals
|
|
|
What is the predominant botanical in gin
|
juniper
|
|
|
Name 3 fruit liqueurs
|
Creme de Cassis - Blackcurrant
Sloe-Sloe Gin Apricot Brandy Cherry Brandy, Maraschino Curacao, Cointreau, Grand Marnier - Orange Southern Comfort - Peach |
|
|
Name 2 herb liqueurs
|
Galliano
Benedictine Charteause Drambuie Kummel Creme de Menthe |
|
|
Name 2 kernel liqueurs
|
Kahlua, Tia Maria, Creme de Cacao, Amaretoo, Malibu
|
|
|
Name 2 dairy liquers
|
Baileys
Advocaat |
|
|
What is the service temperature of medium/full-bodied, oaked white wines such as White Burgundy, Fume Blanc
|
lightly chilled - 12C
|
|
|
Name 2 kernel liqueurs
|
Kahlua
Tia Maria Creme de Cacao Amareto Malibu |
|
|
What is the serving temp for light/medium-bodied white such as Muscadet, NZ Sauv Blanc, Fino Sherry
|
chilled - 10C
|
|
|
Name 2 dairy liquers
|
Baileys
Advocaat |
|
|
Name 2 kernel liqueurs
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Kahlua, Tia Maria, Creme de Cacao, Amaretoo, Malibu
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What is the serving temp for sweet wines such as Sauternes & Sweet Muscats
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well chilled 8-10C
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What is the service temperature of medium/full-bodied, oaked white wines such as White Burgundy, Fume Blanc
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lightly chilled - 12C
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Name 2 dairy liquers
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Baileys
Advocaat |
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What is the service temperature of medium/full-bodied, oaked white wines such as White Burgundy, Fume Blanc
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lightly chilled - 12C
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What is the serving temp for light/medium-bodied white such as Muscadet, NZ Sauv Blanc, Fino Sherry
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chilled - 10C
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What is the serving temp for sweet wines such as Sauternes & Sweet Muscats
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well chilled 6-8
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What is the serving temp for light/medium-bodied white such as Muscadet, NZ Sauv Blanc, Fino Sherry
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chilled - 10C
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What is the serving temp for sweet wines such as Sauternes & Sweet Muscats
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well chilled 6-8
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What is the serving temp for sparkling wines?
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well chilled 6-8C
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What is the serving temp for light-bodied reds such as Beaujolais, Valpolicella
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lightly chilled 12C
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What is the serving temp for med/full body red such as Burgundy, Shiraz, port, Barolo
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room temp 17-18C
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What is the prescribed storage of wine?
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cool and constant for longterm storage
store wine on its side to ensure contact with cork to avoid cork drying and let air in to oxidize the wine keep wines away from light keep away from vibrations |
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KANSAS CITY, MO
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MCI (Many Can Ignore)
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Name 3 things impacting BAC
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amount of alcohol
speed of drinking & length of time weight gender health food intake |
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What is the Int'l recommended guidelines for Adult low risk consumption
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Men - 2 drinks per day, max 14 /week
Women - 1 drink per day, max 7/week |
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Name three things forbidden in US beverage advertising
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association w/sports activity
aimed at minor association w/maturity use of high degree alcohol as attractive suggestion that bev has therapeutical properties or enhances physical performance |
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Name 3 health benefits of moderate drinking
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decreased risk of cardiovascular disease
helps reduce the risk of harmful clots and clogging of arteries small amounts may stimulate liver to produce good cholesteral lowered risk of dimentia, Alzheimers, osteoporosis and Type 2 diabetes |
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Name 5 risks of drinking to drunkenness
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increased risk of injury/accident
unsafe sex/STD/pregnancies risk of being robbed/going home w/stranger risk of fights, arguments or relationship problems risk of criminal record alcohol poisoning, coma, brain damage and death |
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Name 5 risks of getting drunk or drinking heavily on a regular basis
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alcohol dependency/alcoholism
sexual difficulties/impotence cirrhosis of the liver cardiac arrest & stroke pancreatitis stomach disorders/ulcers certain types of cancer (aero-digestive tract & breast cancer) |
