Worldhist1: Early Modern Era In Europe

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altarpiece

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Work of art that decorates the space above and behind an altar.

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annul

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To declare invalid.

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baroque

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This period is defined by emphasizing the dramatic. It is bold and ornate. Popular in Europe between 1600-1750.

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celibate

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Abstaining from sexual intercourse or marriage.

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communist

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A political ideology in which the state or government owns everything. This ideology frightened Americans because with it came the loss of freedom.

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Copernican System

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The belief that the sun, not the earth, is at the center of the solar system.

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Council of Trent

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This series of meetings (lasting for more than 20 years) worked to stop Protestantism from spreading even more. Strengthened Catholic views, but also gave up controversial practices.

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denomination

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A large group of religious congregations united under a common faith and name and organized under a single administrative and legal hierarchy.

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Elizabeth I

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Beloved English queen who strengthened the British empire, displayed religious tolerance, and refused to marry.

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Eucharist

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A Christian observance honoring the sacrifice of Jesus. Also called "communion."

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excommunicate

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Formal exclusion from church membership and participation.

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Galileo

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Italian astronomer who expanded on and supported the Copernican System. He was found guilty by the Inquisition and made to recant.

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gravity

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A single force which keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.

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Henry VIII

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King of England, who notably married several times, divorcing one wife while creating the protestant Church of England, and executing several others for not giving him a male heir.

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humanism

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An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of humanities, which emphasized secular disciplines of rhetoric, grammar, history, and poetry.

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humanities

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The study of subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, and history.

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hypothesis

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A possible explanation of data proposed by scientists that is tested to prove true or false.

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indulgences

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Permissions granted for committing a sin.

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Inquisition

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A Church court to try heretics or people going against church practices.

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Isaac Newton

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British mathematician and physicist who developed the theory of gravity.

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Johannes Gutenberg

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Invented the printing press which revolutionized the spread of information.

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Leonardo da Vinci

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Italian Renaissance artist, inventor, and philosopher. Most famous for painting Mona Lisa.

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Martin Luther

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German monk who was disgusted w/ the corruption in the Catholic Church, esp. w/ the selling of indulgences. Set out to reform w/ his 95 Theses, but ended up creating a new sect called Lutheranism.

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metal alloy

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A mixture of metals.

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Michelangelo

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Renaissance painter and sculptor. Painted the Sistine Chapel and sculpted David.

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missionaries

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Men and women sent on a trip in an attempt to convert others to a specific religion.

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neologism

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A new word, usage, or expression.

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Nicholas Copernicus

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Polish astronomer who defied the Catholic Church with the findings that the Sun is at the center of the solar system, not the Earth.

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Ninety-Five Theses

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"List" of 95 problems that Luther found with the Catholic Church and wanted to reform.

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Parliament

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A representative body with legislative powers.

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patron

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A person who provides financial support for the arts or for specific artists.

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Peace of Augsburg

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This treaty allowed the Princes' of Germany to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for their principalities. If effectively divided Germany and Europe.

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penance

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A penalty paid for a sin.

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perspective

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The artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect.

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predestination

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A religious belief that God knows who will achieve salvation and guides those to their destiny.

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primogeniture

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A law in which the eldest male child or family member inherits the estate of his father or male relative.

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Protestants

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Followers of Christian faiths independent to the Catholic Church.

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renaissance

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A movement following the Middle Ages that was based on a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture and scholarship. ("rebirth")

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sacrament

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A religious observance or holy tradition.

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salvation

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Deliverance from the power or penalty of sin.

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scientific method

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A painstaking method used to confirm findings and to prove or disprove a hypothesis.

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Shakespeare

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English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature.

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sonnet

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A 14-line, fixed verse poem.

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tenement

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A group of apartments or rooms leased by tenants.

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tithe

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Regular contributions of money from church members.