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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CONSCRIPTION
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A military draft that had been established as a regular practice in most countries before 1914.
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ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND
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He was the heir to the Austrian throne, assassinated on June 28, 1914 and precipitated the confrontation between Austria and Serbia. His murder was thought to be "the straw that broke the camel's back," in a sense, because it started all the conflicts and was the short-term cause of the war.
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BLACK HAND
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It was a Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom.
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BLANK CHECK
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Emperor William II and his chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg responded to Austrians seeking German help with this, which was their assurance that Austria-Hungary could rely on Germany’s “full support.” Germany could fill in the desired amount for their services and Austria-Hungary would pay them that amount. Made other nations mad.
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MOBILIZATION
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The organization of troops and supplies for service in times of war
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SCHLIEFFEN PLAN
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Under this plan, Germany could not mobilize its troops solely against Russia and therefore declared war on France on August 3 after issuing an ultimatum to Belgium on August 2 demanding the right of German troops to pass through Belgian territory. (sleeve would brush the borders of some country)
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TRENCH WARFARE
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It is warfare in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches protected by barbed wire.
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HINDENBURG
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the German commanding general (had an aircraft named after him, but it crashed in New Jersey)
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LUDENDORFF
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German chief of staff under Hindenburg
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VERDUN
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1916. Here, at this German offensive, the senselessness of trench warfare became all too obvious. In ten months here, 700,000 men lost their lives over a few square miles of terrain.
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THE SOMME
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River in France on which a battle was fought where upwards a million men lost their lives
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LAWRENCE OF ARABIA
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(1888-1935) He was a British officer who incited Arab princes to revolt against their Ottoman overlords in 1917. In 1918, British forces from Egypt destroyed the rest of the Ottoman Empire in the Middles East.
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BATTLE OF JUTLAND
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May 31, 1916. This was the only battle in which the German and British naval forces engaged in direct combat, where the Germans won an inconclusive victory.
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THE LUSITANIA
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This was a British liner sunk by German U-boats on May 7, 1915, on which more than one hundred Americans lost their lives.
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ZEPPELINS
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These were the giant German aircrafts that were used to bomb London and Eastern Europe. This caused little damage but frightened many people. Germany’s enemies, however, soon found that they were filled with hydrogen gas and quickly became raging infernos when hit by antiaircraft guns.
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TANKS
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They were also introduced to the battlefields of Europe in 1916. The first British model used caterpillar tracks, which enabled it to move across rough terrain. Armed with mounted guns, they could attack enemy machine gun positions as well as enemy infantry.
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TOTAL WAR
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It is defined as warfare in which all of a nation’s resources, including civilians at home as well as soldier in the field, are mobilized for the war effort.
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NATIONALIZATION
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defined as the process of converting a business or industry from private ownership to government control and ownership.
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CLEMENCEAU
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the French Prime Minister
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EASTER REBELLION
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In 1916, fifty thousand German workers carried out a three-day work stoppage in Berlin to protest the arrest of a radical socialist leader. In France and Britain, the number of strikes increased significantly. Even worse was the violence that erupted in Ireland when members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Citizens Army occupied government buildings in Dublin on Easter Sunday in 1916. British forces crushed the Easter Rebellion and then condemned its leaders to death.
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TSARINA ALEXANDRA
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She was the German-born princess and wife of Tsar Nicolas II who had fallen under the influence of Rasputin.
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TSARIVITCH ALEXIS
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He was the son of Alexandra and Nicolas who was a hemophiliac and Rasputin seemed to be the only person who could make his bleeding stop.
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RASPUTIN
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He was a Siberian peasant whom the tsarina regarded as a holy man because he alone seemed to sable to stop the bleeding of her hemophiliac son, Alexis. His influence made him a pwer behind the throne, and he did not hesitate to interfere in government affairs. He was assassinated in December of 1916. “Mad monk”
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MENSHEVIKS
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One faction of the Marxist Democratic Party
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LEON TROTSKY
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(1877-1940) He was a fervid revolutionary and chairman of the Petrograd soviet. He also helped air the Bolsheviks to a position where they could seize power in the name of the soviets.
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BOLSHEVIKS
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They were a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; they seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed the Communists
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V.I. LENIN
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(1870-1924) He was a dedicated enemy or tsarist Russia, and his search for revolutionary faith led him to Marxism. After he was arrested and exiled to Siberia, he returned to Switzerland and eventually assumed the leadership of the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party.
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APRIL THESES
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Lenin issued this on April 20, which presented a blueprint for revolutionary action based on his own version of the Marxist theory. According to Lenin, it was not necessary for Russia to experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward socialism, as orthodox Marxists had argued.
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FRIEDRICH EBERT
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He was a Socialist leader who announced the establishment of a republic on November 9.
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