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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the causes of war? |
Militarism Nationalism Alliances Imperialism |
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Define Militarism |
The buildup and maintenance of a strong military. Britain and Germany first to start.
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Define Nationalism |
A belief that people with a common language and culture should form their own nation. Bosnia wanted to be united with Serbia. |
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Define Alliances |
An agreement that an attack on one country of an alliance would be an attack on all the countries in the alliance. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente: France, Russia, England |
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Define Imperialism |
Extending political and economic control over countries; creates colonies which provides cheap goods for the mother countries which turns them into manufactured goods. Britain had colonized 25% of the world at the time. Germany blocked off Britain's cargo shipments and raided them for their own use. |
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What were the sparks (immediate causes)? |
-June 28, 1914: ArchDuke Franz Ferdinand, Austrian- Hungarian heir to the throne, and his wife, Sofia, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand -Black Hand’s goal was to unite Bosnia with Serbia (Nationalism) -Austria responds by giving a list of demands, or Ultimatum, to Serbia a.Put down nationalist hatred b. Punish all those involved with the assassination c.Allow Austrian-Hungarian officials into Serbia -Serbia agreed to the first 2 conditions, but would not let another country’s officials in -Austria-Hungary declares WAR!!!! (June 28, 1914)Russia, ally of Serbia declares war -Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally declares war on Russia and France |
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What was the Schlieffen Plan? |
Germany was surrounded by enemies so they had to act fast. |
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How was the Schlieffen Plan supposed to work? |
-Germany invades France by going through Belgium to avoid troops at the border -Expects Russia to be slow to mobilize and once Paris is conquered, soldiers can be sent back to fight Russia |
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What actually happened to the Schlieffen Plan? |
-Belgium fought back -Russia mobilized faster than expected -France held off Germany -Britain joined the war |
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How did Canada enter the war? |
-Britain was pissed that Germany entered Belgium and entered war
-When Britain entered war, Canada had to as well because its affairs were controlled by Britain. |
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Recruitment and Preparation of Canadian Troops |
-Canada was spectacularly unprepared -Young men enlisted for the war -Women, children, people with disabilities, the elderly, Ukrainians, Germans and people of colour (Asians, Blacks, Aboriginals) could not enlist -ValCartier, the training camp for recruits, was overcrowded and had terrible conditions, according to soldiers -Government believed ValCartier was strategically placed (next to a river and within a day’s march of supplies) and had the best sanitary system, electricity, etc. |
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What were the new war technology? |
-Airplanes -Artillery -Cavalry -Chlorine Gas -Dreadnought -Flamethrowers -Machine Gun -Tank -Repeating Rifle -Submarine |
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Airplanes |
Average life span of a pilot was 2 weeks Planes used at the beginning of the war for spying and gathering information More useful towards end of war, where pilots dropped bricks on soldiers and planes were equipped with machine guns |
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Artillery |
They are bombs and shells. Fast, deadly, good to launch into trenches without risk to self Trenches were developed partly as a means to counter artillery fire |
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Cavalry |
Completely useless. Just men on horses. |
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Chlorine Gas |
Deadly but dependant on wind direction First used in the Battle of Ypres by Germans Harmed both enemies and allies |
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Dreadnought |
Warships. Used to bring in supplies Easy target for submarines (U-boats) |
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Flamethrower |
Only projected a few metres Also depended on weather Useless in trench warfare |
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Machine Gun |
Most important weapon in trench warfare Fast, fired at long range, easy to reload Could be moved without much effort |
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Tank |
Got stuck in the mud at beginning of war Became well developed by the end |
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Repeating Rifle |
Shot long distances, important for soldiers in no man’s land Hard to reload in the mud; often got jammed |
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Submarine |
U-boats. Destroyed ships crossing the Atlantic Very effective Unsafe for soldiers |
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Trench Conditions |
-Muddy, rainy, soldiers often got Trench foot -Barely adequate food; no veggies, meat often spoiled or tainted (they got hard biscuits) -Not enough soldiers so many were on the front lines for long periods of time (55 days) before being withdrawn |
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Trench Effects on Soldiers |
-Soldiers had low morales -Tired/Exhausted -Traumatized -Trench foot -Diseases spread |
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Why were trenches used? |
Trenches were used because soldiers can’t be seen in them Defense against artillery Place for soldiers to rest Prevented troops from advancing |
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Significant Battles for Canada |
-Second battle of Ypres -Battle of Somme -Vimy Ridge -Passchendaele -Amiens |
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Second Battle of Ypres |
-First time Germans used Chlorine gas -French were brought down by chlorine gas, but Canadians pushed through -Canadians had to cover both their line and France’s -First major involvement for Canada & showed the world what Canada was made of |
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Battle of Somme |
-Used shells to destroy German trenches, but some shells were defective and Canadians were slaughtered -British Field General Douglas Haig took the blame -Lost 60 000 on the first day -Inspired better artillery and planning |
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Vimy Ridge |
-First time every region of Canada fought together -Key to victory was a wall of explosives and shrapnel that isolated enemy trenches while keeping them away from machine guns -Significant win for Canadians; no one else could capture Vimy Ridge, but WE DID!!!!! -Awakened nationalism in Canada -Revealed Canada’s military presence to the rest of the world |
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Passchendaele |
-When France and Britain couldn’t capture Passchendaele, Canadians succeeded -Ground was muddy, heavy rain, and drainage systems were destroyed in previous battles -Douglas Haig commanded the Canadian Corps to attack despite conditions -Currie protested because there would be many casualties -Canada captured Passchendaele but at the price of almost 16000 deaths |
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Amiens |
-First battle where allies attacked (instead of defending) -Attack was planned to regain the Amiens railway in France -Canadians went through the city of Amiens and attacked Germans where they least expected it |
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Activity on Homefront |
-Women had to take over men’s jobs This included civil services, munitions factories, sewing items for soldiers, and preparing food rations -2000 women enlisted as nurses -They were encouraged to persuade men to go fight in the war -Children were placed on farms to help with harvest (boys 15-19) -Boy scouts were put in little guard positions -Children also collected scrap metal to be melted down -Men who didn’t participate were encouraged to help in farms to supply food for the war |
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How was the war financed? |
-Government introduced income tax as a “temporary measure” -Victory Bonds were sold with a 5.5% interest rate |
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How were enemies percieved? |
-Those of Ukrainian and German ethnicity were put in internment camps -Built roads / bridges and cleared land for only 25 cents/day -Because we were fighting against Austrian-Hungarians and Germans, immigrants weren’t to be trusted -If Ukrainian and Germans tried to leave Canada, acted suspiciously, or resisted authority, they were interned |
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Conscription |
1917 Military Services Act: men from the ages of 20-45 could be conscripted to fight in the war, although only 62k men were able to help. French Canadians, farmers and munitions workers (welders) were against conscription Conscription wasn’t called until 1918 Many historians believe the damaged caused on our national unity wasn’t worth the small contribution |
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Sam Hughes |
1914-Minister of Militia Responsible for ValCartier Provided defective Ross Rifles, Shield shovels and boots (made of cardboard) to troops Was involved in the Munitions Scandal; helped his friends make $170 million who only produced $5.5 million worth of shells |
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Archduke Franz Ferninand |
Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip which was what ignited the war |
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Gavrilo Princip |
A member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
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Black Hand |
A serbian (and serbia-supported) terrorist organization whose mission was to reunite Bosnia with Serbia. |
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Arthur Currie |
First Canadian commander of the Canadian Corps He predicted that 16 000 people would die in Passchendaele AND HE WAS RIGHT Brilliant strategist who took over in 1917 |
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Julian Byng |
British commander of the Canadian Corps Predecessor of Arthur Currie Famous for the Battle of Vimy Ridge Original Byng boy |
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Military Voters Act |
Gave soldiers overseas right to vote Canadians could vote, no matter their length of residence Included nurses |
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Wartimes Election Act |
Allowed female relatives of soldiers to vote, opening the door to female suffrage Took the vote away from many Canadians who had immigrated from "enemy" countries The Act was passed by Prime Minister Robert Borden's Conservative government in an attempt to gain votes in the 1917 election |
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Treaty of Versailles |
The treaty that ended WWI Canada had a seat in the negotiation of the treaty |
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Zimmerman Telegram |
Used by germans to send message to mexicans telling them to attack the US Intercepted by US and they entered the war Mexico never called war |
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Munitions Scandal |
Sam Hughes gave his friends $170 million to produce shells, but they ran off with the money and only produced $5.5 million’s worth of shells which arrived late |
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Halifax Explosion |
Imo was forced to the wrong side of the canal and blocked the Mont Blanc which was filled with explosives Caused a huge explosion with 2000 casualties and flattened Richmond Many ended up maimed or blinded because they were looking out the window at the flaming ships while the explosives went off The canal was one of the most important transport routes for Britain |
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Ross Rifles |
Rifles used at the beginning of the war They would often get jammed in the mud and become so hot in just a few minutes that they were unusable Sam Hughes takes the blame for them |
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U-boats |
Submarines / Undersea-boats Dangerous and unsafe Effective against dreadnoughts Could be avoided by sailing in a zig-zag |
