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173 Cards in this Set
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Mogul Empire
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Indian empire that ruled the subcontinent for more than 300 years from 1526 to 1858, except for a brief period under the Sur sultans (1540-1555). During its reign, the empire flourished for about 150 years from 1556 to 1707 under Akbar and his immediate successors, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.
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Battle of Plassey
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led by Sir Robert Clive in 1757 (aggressive British empire builder O.o, chief representative of British East India Trading Company). He led a small British force of about three thousand soldiers. Victory over Mogul led army ten times its size. The Mogul court gave the BEIC the power to collect taxes from lands in the area surrounding Calcutta.
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Sepoy Rebellion
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(sepoys were Indian soldiers used by the BEIC to protect the company's interests). In 1857, a growing Indian distrust of the British led to a revolt. It was known as the Great Rebellion or the Sepoy Mutiny. (..he combined those two names…) Indians called it the first war of Independence.
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Cause of Sepoy Rebeliion
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rumor of bullets greased with cow and pig fat (know the phrase "bite the bullet"?) the cow was sacred to Hindus and the pig taboo to Muslims. The rebellion was crushed because of unorganized Indian forces, and more Indians siding with the British.
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BEIC
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The British East India Trading Company. It was given power by the British government to become actively involved in India's political and military affairs. It had its own soldiers and forts. It hired Indian soldiers, sepoys, to protect the company's interests in the region. Because of the Sepoy Rebellion, the BEIC's power was transferred to Brit government
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Indian National Congress
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Indian nationalist movement. These people were upper class and English-educated. They met in Mumbai to form the INC. It did not demand immediate independence but did call for a share in the governing process. The goal was to seek independence for all Indians, regardless of class or religion, but many leaders were Hindu and reflected only Hindu concerns. Soon, Muslims wanted their own Muslim League to protect their rights.
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Muslim League
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formed because of Indian National Congress
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Sati
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One of the most repugnant aspects of medieval Indian society was the Hindu custom of sati, whereby the widow was immolated on the funeral pyre of her husband during his cremation.
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Opium Wars
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In the 1800s, European merchants were restricted to a small trading outlet at Guangzhou, or Canton. There was also an unfair trade balance. The British imported more goods (tea addicts…) from China than they exported to China. They imported tea, silk and porcelain and they sent them Indian cotton to pay for this. It did not cover the entire debt and the Brits were forced to pay with silver. "When in doubt, sell opium!" They traded opium to the Chinese, illegally, and got an enormous profit. The Chinese government didn't like this, but Brit government refused to stop. The Chinese blockaded Guangzhou and the British responded with force starting the opium War (1839-1842).
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Kowtow
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is the act of deep respect shown by kneeling and bowing so low as to touch the head to the ground
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Treaty of Nanjing
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When the British sailed almost unopposed up the Chang Jiang River to Nanjing, the Qing dynasty made peace. They signed the treaty in 1842, and agreed to open five ports to B. trade, limit taxes on imported goods, and pay for the costs of the war. They also agreed to give Britain Hong Kong. Nothing was said about opium.
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Extraterritoriality
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the British were to live in the parts of the cities where the ports were only, and they did not have to follow Chinese laws, but their own laws.
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Tai ping Rebellion
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The inability of the Chinese government to deal with rising issues within its own country cause a peasant rebellion. It lasted from 1850-1864. It was led by Hong Xiuquan, a Christian convert who saw himself as the young brother of Jesus. He was convinced that God gave him the mission of destroying the Qing dynasty. It appealed to many people because it called for social reforms. These included giving land to all peasants and treating women as equals to men. The rebels seized Nanjing. The revolt continued for 10 years. It was a fourteen year struggle. It was the most devastating civil war ever.
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Boxer Rebellion
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The Open Door policy came too late to stop the Boxer Rebellion. Boxer was the popular name given to members of a secret organization called the Society of Harmonious Fists. At the beginning of 1900, Boxer bands roamed the countryside killing missionaries, and Chinese Christians. British, French, German, Russian, American and Japanese troops killed the uprising.
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Qing Empire
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by the late 1870s, the Qing empire was in decline. It was unable to restore order. To finance their private armies, warloeds ha collected taxes from local people. After crushing the rebellion, many of these warlords refused to dismiss their units. They continued to collect taxes. It began to listen to reformes that want to adopt the policy called "self-strengthening". They wanted Western technology and traditional ideas.
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/TOKJAPAN/SHOGUN.HTM
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Sphere of influence
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areas where imperial powers had exclusive trading rights. After the Tai Ping Rebellion, warlords began to negotiate with foreign nations. In return for money, the warlords gave them trading rights or railroad building and mining privileges. This way, Brit, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan all established spheres of influence in China.
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Closed country
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under the Tokugawa shogunate, Japan was isolated from virtually all contact with the outside world. The Tokugawa maintained formal relations only with Korea. Informal trading links with Dutch and Chinese merchants continued at Nagasaki. Foreign ships were driven away.
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Matthew Perry
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the first foreign power to succeed with Japan was the US. In the summer of 1853, an American fleet of four warships under Matthew Perry arrived in Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay). They wanted to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations as Perry himself said. Wow. The final decision to open Japan was because of military pressure from Perry.
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Mejii Restoration
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The Japanese realized that they must change in order to survive. The emperor Mutsushito called his reign the Enlightened Rule. It was also known as the Meiji Restoration. Their first act was to abolish the old order and strengthen power in their hands. There was also a new system of land ownership. A land reform program made the traditional lands of the daimyo into the private property of the peasants.
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Russo-Japanese War
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in 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur which Russia took from China in 1898. Russian troops were no match for Japanese ninjas (not really ninjas…). After defeat, the Russians agreed to peace. They gave the Liaodong Peninsula back to Japan and the southern part of Sakhalin and island north of Japan. Japan was now a power.
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Otto von Bismarck
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was a Prussian and German statesman of the 19th century. As Minister-President of Prussia from 1862–90, he oversaw the unification of Germany. From 1867 on, he was Chancellor of the North German Confederation. When the second German Empire was formed in 1871, he served as its first Chancellor, gaining the nickname "Iron Chancellor". As Chancellor, Bismarck held an important role in German government and greatly influenced German politics during his time of service.
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Zollverein
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a customs union established to eliminate tariff barriers.
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Motivations for German unification
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In one word: Power.
Economically, they led it by being able to fund a large military (needed to unify Germany), and they had steady trade with most of Europe. Politically, Bismarck and William I politics appealed to most Germans. Culturally... can’t find anything for this. I’m guessing he wants relation to Kulturkampf? This is what I had in my notes: It had a tradition of militarism (reliance on military strength). Prussian Nationalism- Napoleon- Confederation of Rhine- German Confederation Industrialization |
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Iron and blood
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With an expanded army Bismarck resolved to achieve unification with "iron and blood" rather than with Liberal methods.
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Prussia vs. Austria/Denmark/France: Austro-Prussian War
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After obtaining Schleswig and Holstein (by help of Austria), Bismarck “created friction” with the Austrians and forced them into war on June 14, 1866. Austrians were defeated July 3.
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Schleswig and Holstein
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Bismarck defeated Denmark with Austrian help in 1864 and gained control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
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Franco-Prussian War
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Bismarck realized that France would never agree to a unified German state. In 1870, Prussia and France started arguing about the candidacy for the king of Spain of a relative of the King of Prussia. Bismarck took advantage of this to goad the French into declaring war on Prussia (July 19, 1870) At Sedan, Sept 2, 1870, the entire French army and Napoleon III were captured. Paris surrendered on Jan 28, 1871 and William I was proclaimed the Kaiser or emperor of the Second German Empire.
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Ems Dispatch
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this was what started the Franc-Prussian war. It was meant to be a peaceful telegram explaining that the relative of Wilhelm I would not be running for King of Spain, but Bismarck edited the telegram “sharpening the language” and offending France (which was what he wanted).
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Kulturkampf
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the conflict between Bismarck and the Roman Catholic Church. –Education should be in the hands of the Catholic Church, German state appoints the clergy.
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King Wilhelm I
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let Otto von Bismarck rule for him basically. He never wanted any war, but Bismarck would force him into it. King of Prussia and emperor of the Second German Empire. Died in 1888.
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Wilhelm II
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son of Wilhelm the first. Also King of Prussia and emperor of Germany. He resented Bismarck’s treatment of his father so he fires him (and Bismarck dies soon after that…) He has no vision (as opposed to Bismarck) so he makes some critical mistakes. For ex: he doesn’t believe that they need to make friends with Russia, so when the Reinsurance treaty is up for renewal in 1894, he makes no attempt to renew it and Russia signs a friendship agreement with France----gets translated into defensive alliance.
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Self-determination
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The principle of self-determination, often seen as a moral and legal right, is that every nation is entitled to a sovereign territorial state, and that every specifically identifiable population should choose which state it belongs to
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Dying man of Europe” --> impact on origins of WWI
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the Ottoman Empire had been growing steadily weaker since the end of the eighteenth century. They called it the sick man of Europe. (It once included parts of Eastern Europe, The Middle East, and North Africa.
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Social Darwinism
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Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in “survival of the fittest.”
The application of Darwinism to the study of human society, specifically a theory in sociology that individuals or groups achieve advantage over others as the result of genetic or biological superiority. A concept based on the idea of "survival of the fittest." Based on Social Darwinism, the Nazis created a pseudo-scientific brand of racism which was most virulent when directed against the Jews, but others, particularly Slavs, were not exempt. In the late nineteenth century, scientific theories were sometimes applied inappropriately to achieve desired results. Like, Charles Darwin’s theories were applied to human society in a radical way by nationalists and racists. This was known as social Darwinism. |
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Herbert Spencer
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the most popular exponent of Social Darwinism. British philosopher. He argued that social progress came from the struggle for survival as the fit, the strong advanced and the weak declined.
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Scientific racism
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extreme nationalists used this theory to say that they were better than other countries. They said that countries were also in this sort of race for the survival of the fittest. Germany- most racism. This is the origin of the theory of the Aryan race.
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Anti-Semitism
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hostility towards and discrimination against the Jews. It was not new to European civilization. Since the Middle Ages, the Jews had been portrayed as the murderers of Christ and subjected to mob violence. In Germany and Hungary, new political parties used anti-Semitism to win elections. Persecutions and pogroms were widespread.
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Zionism
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hundreds of thousands of Jews decided to emigrate to escape the persecution. Many went to the US. Some moved to Palestine which became home for a Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism. Palestine was then a part of the Ottoman Empire and settlement there was difficult.
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Dreyfus Affair
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France. Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, was a captain in the French general staff. In 1894, a secret military court found him guilty of selling army secrets and condemned him to life in prison. During his trial, angry mobs yelled anti-Semitic sayings. After the trial, there was evidence that he was innocent. Another person, a Catholic was the real traitor. The army refused a new trial. A wave of outrage made the government pardon Dreyfus in 1899.
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Alliances/ententes leading up to WWI
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Triple Alliance/Entente, Reinsurance Treaty
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Dual Alliance
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1879 between Germany and Austria- consistent throughout the war
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Three Emperors’ League
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1881 Germany, Austria and Russia- “we cool” O.o
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Reinsurance Treaty
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1887 Germany and Russia- pledging neutrality if Germany is attacked. Russian nationalists try to convince the Czar to break off the alliance. Lapses in 1894.
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Triple Alliance
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1882 Germany, Austria, Italy
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Triple Entente
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1907 Britain, Russia, France
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Serbia and the “Balkan powderkeg”
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Europe in 1914 is often compared to a powder keg: safe and secure until a fuse is lit. Serbia ignites by shooting Archduke Ferdinand.
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Pan-Slavism
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political movement intended to bring the political unity of all Slavs. Provoked Russo-Turkish war. Aimed to destroy Ottoman Empire.
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Militarism
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reliance on military strength. Well, upping troops, weaponry, and technology is a sure way to get people angry. (Germany- upps military, wants a strong navy that threatens Britain, so, The UK- makes its navy even bigger ^.^) Militarism created competitiveness
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Dreadnought
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battleship of the UK that revolutionized naval power. Her launch sparked a major naval arms race as navies around the world rushed to match her, mostly Germany
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Black Hand/Gavrilo Princip
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group that killed Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. Princip was a nineteen year old Bosnian Serb that shot both the archduke and his wife.
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“rape of Belgium” and “scrap of paper”
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“Rape of Belgium”: Belgium provided a perfect pathway from Germany to France, otherwise they would have to go around. Britain used this as an excuse to declare war on Germany. Belgium was all innocent and neutral and Germany goes marching through.
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“Boys will be home by Xmas”: Reasons for the miscalculation of a short war
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- They believed the nation's cause (for war) was just.
- People were reminded that almost all European wars since 1815, in fact, ended in a matter of weeks. - None of the countries had anyone who had actually seen war. - The role of technology was not taken into consideration |
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key military battles from WWI
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Marne, Gallipoli, Verdun
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Battle of Marne
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September 6-10. French military leaders load up two thousand Parisian taxicabs with fresh troops and send them to the front line. War turns to a stalemate. Marne 2: This was after the withdrawal of Russia from WW1. Germany was now free to concentrate entirely on the Western Front. Erich von Ludendorff, who guided military operations decided to make a military gamble- a grand offensive in the west to break the military stalemate. The German troops were stopped at the Second Battle of Marne. French, Moroccan, and American troops supported by hundreds of tanks threw the Germans back over the Marne. The gamble had failed.
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Battle of Verdun
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Seven hundred thousand men lost their lives over a few miles of land. World War one turns into a war of attrition. (10 months)
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Battle of Gallipoli
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the allies try to open a Balkan front by landing forces at Gallipoli, southwest of Constantinople. However, Bulgaria enters the war on the Central Power side . The allies had to withdraw because of a disastrous campaign at Gallipoli.
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key military technology from WWI
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machine guns, tanks, barbed wire, planes, poison gas
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Role of technology in defensive warfare
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Machine guns, barbed wire (cavalry missions become suicidal). The tank- Britain in 1916. Tears through barbed wire. Grenades can detonate. Airplanes- spot troops, air attack. Poison gas (mustard gas which kills cells). Germans use submarine warfare and have an advantage over Britain.
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u-boat warfare, Lusitania - use of propaganda: Total war – connect to propaganda
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(total war-war involving complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in warring countries). Propaganda- tells people crazy things that make them go out and fight.
submarine warfare used by the British and Germany. In 1915 a German U boat sank the British liner, |
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Lusitania (in the u-boat warfare)
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and a large number of US citizens were killed in the attack. There was fury in the USA and the Americans came close to declaring war. This would have so weakened Germany that they immediately called off the campaign and went back to the old approach.
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Trench warfare
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people sit in trenches about 4.5 feet deep. Filled with gross stuff so you get out there and shoot.
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Central Powers
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solid part of territory- easy movement and communication. Germany has the best organized, trained, and equipped army (Germany, Austria and Italy)
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Allied Powers
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more soldiers (because of Russia), industrial power and large navy (Britain), easier to get food and materials from elsewhere, Britain uses blockade to stop central powers (Britain, Russia, and France) US joins the allied powers almost as Russia leaves.
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Stalemate
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trench warfare. No one was winning, many people dying, but no one was getting anywhere. No REAL wins or losses.
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All Quiet on the Western Front
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that book we read in class, after we did trench warfare and we were all sitting on the floor... about the guy being on the battlefield in trench warfare
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war of attrition
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(war based on wearing the other side down by constant attacks and heavy losses) Trench war turned into this when no one was winning
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isolationism
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A policy of not participating in or withdrawing from international affairs, especially as practiced by US governments during the first half of the war
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14 Points
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before the end of the war, Wilson outlined “Fourteen Points” to the United States Congress-his basis for a peace settlement that he believed justified the enormous military struggle being waged. They included: reaching peace openly rather than through secret alliances, reducing military forces and weapons, ensuring the right of each people to have their own nation.
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Zimmerman telegram
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telegram from Germany to Mexico promising American land if they were to join the war. Deciphered by British cryptographers. Made the US join World War I. “never before or since has so much turned upon the solution of a secret message”
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (not brest-limkampf XDD)
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Signed by Lenin on March 3, 1918. (with Germany) Gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic provinces. Lenin said it made no difference b/c they could get it back, or it would be irrelevant with the socialist revolution. (Signed to obtain peace)
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Treaty of Versailles
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Five separate treaties with the defeated nations (Germany Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) Treaty of Versailles with Germany most important. Germany is “Coerced” into treaty and forced to pay for damages. Also it is blamed for start of the war. Had to reduce its army cut back its navy and eliminate its air force. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France. Sections of Germany were given to Poland.
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League of Nations
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Wilson wanted to create this to prevent future wars from happening.
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Reparations
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in April 1921, the Allied Reparations Commission determined that Germany owed 132 billion marks (33 billion USD). Annually, they had to pay 2.5 billion marks. Their first pay was in 1921. The second one never happened because Germany said that they were in financial trouble and that there was no way they could pay this much money. France got upset and took of the Ruhr Valley, collecting reparations from its profits. The people there got angry, and started to strike.
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Big Four/Big Three
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USA, France, Italy, and the UK. All want their own territories, then Italy wants Tyrol Trieste, and Fume from Austria, but Wilson disagrees to the last one so it storms out leaving only the Big Three.
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inherent weaknesses of Treaty of Versailles
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no real enforcement of the Treaty. It included unwise provisions that could serve as new causes for conflict. The US senate refused to ratify the treaty, so the US could not join the League of Nations.
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Revolution of 1905
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because of working conditions. Here, Trotsky was arrested and sent to Siberia. When he escaped, he went to Germany to regroup.
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Social Democrats: Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks
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Bolsheviks were more radical- they wanted social revolution and fast and would go to any means. They were going to lead the revolution of the proletariats. Mensheviks were more liberal. They also wanted social revolution but they were going to achieve it slowly, step by step.
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Czar Nicolas II
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ordered partial mobilization of the Russian army against Austria-Hungary. Half mobilization would create chaos in the army. Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication in 1917. He proved unable to manage a country in political turmoil and command its army in World War I. His rule ended with the Russian Revolution of 1917 in which he and his family were imprisoned first in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoe Selo, then later the Governor's Mansion in Tobolsk. Finally, at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Nicholas and his family were executed by the Bolsheviks on the night of July 16-17, 1918. This has led to him being labeled a Martyr by various groups within Russia, but most prominently the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia. He was also nicknamed Bloody Nicholas because of the tragic events during his coronation, Bloody Sunday and his government's subsequent suppression of dissent. He is also the third richest person in history.
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Gregori Rasputin
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uneducated, Siberian peasant who claimed to be a holy man. Alexandra believed that Rasputin was holy, for he seemed to be the only one able to stop her son’s bleeding (son has hemophilia). Rasputin’s influence made him a very important power behind the throne. He did not hesitate to interfere in government affairs. The Czar ended up stepping down and was later assassinated.
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V.I. Lenin
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leader of the Petrograd Soviet (elected leader) His death in 1924 led to the third phase of the revolution.
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Leon Trotsky
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death of Lenin leads to power struggle between him and Stalin. Ends in Trotsky being assassinated in Mexico. Trotsky wanted to continue the revolution to create a perfect classless society.
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Josef Stalin
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was arrested, sent to Siberia, but escaped and soon asked by Lenin to join him. Takes over after Lenin
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Communist Party
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the provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks. They soon called themselves the Communists, following Marxist ideas to create a classless society.
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Red Army
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the communist party. Was very organized because a single idea united it.
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Cheka
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a secret police that began the Red Terror. It was aimed at the destruction of all those who opposed the new regime (like the Reign of Terror in the F. Revolution). It added an element of fear to the Communist Regime
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Duma
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legislative body which the czar tried to dissolve. March 12, it made the provisional government (consisted of middle-class Duma representatives). Urged the czar to step down.
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St. Petersburg/Petrograd
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people were starving and protesting for bread. So the government gets the soldiers to calm the riots. The soldiers join the riots. The workers and soldiers form a union initiated by Trotsky that would help solidify work. Petrograd soviet influences others to make their own soviets. “Land, peace and bread! End war, pull out of World War I, and turn over factories to the workers”
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Soviets
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a Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers
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Bloody Sunday
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workers assembled in front of the czar’s winter palace to demand a more democratic government. 1,000 workers were killed in open fire.
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C/c stages of Russian Revolution to French Revolution
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France 1st stage: (liberal stage) Tennis Court Oath, Civil Constitution of the Clergy I think
Russia: people are starving and protesting for bread, workers create a union France 2nd stage: radical stage. Reign of terror, de-Christianization Russia: ascension of the Bolsheviks. Land reform, collectivization (peasants on large farms seized from land lords), factories turned over to soviets, pull out of world war I, Communist Revolution France 3rd stage: conservative stage. Robespierre decides he went too far and leaves Russia: death of Lenin. Creates a power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky |
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Weimar Republic
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After William II’s “regime” came to an end in 1918, a new German democratic state was created. This new state was plagued by problems. 1) it had no real, good leaders. 2) it inherited great economic problems because of the reparations and inflation. 3) there were social problems because workers watched their paychecks become worthless (along with their work…)
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Inflation
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inflation in Germany led to the Dawes Plan. Inflation is a rise in the prices of goods and services, as happens when spending increases relative to the supply of goods on the market.
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John Maynard Keynes
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published General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money in 1936. He condemned the old theory that in a free economy, depressions should be left to resolve themselves. He argued that unemployment came not from overproduction, but from decline in demand. Demand could be increased by putting people back to work making highways and public buildings. He wanted the government to engage in deficit spending.
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Dawes Plan
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it first reduced the reparations. Then, it coordinated Germany’s annual payments with its ability to pay. It also granted an initial 200 million USD for Germany’s recovery and began the United States’ investment in Germany and Europe.
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Treaty of Locarno
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Signed by Germany’s Gustav Stesemann and France’s Aristide Briand. It guaranteed Germany’s new western borders between France and Belgium. It was viewed as Germany’s and France’s pledge to peace and it inspired the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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Signed by 63 nations. It was written by US secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister, Aristide Briand. It was a pledge to “renounce war as an instrument of national policy. But, it had no consequences for someone not following the Pact.
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factors contributing to Great Depression
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1) a series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920s. By the mid-1920s, prices of products fell rapidly because of overproduction.
2) international financial crisis because of the United States stock market crash. In the 1920s, the market was booming. By 1928, investors were pulling money out of Germany to invest in the stock market. In 1929, however it crashed and prices plunged. |
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Hawley-Smoot Tariff
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it was an act signed into law on June 17, 1930, that raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels. Many countries retaliated with their own increased tariffs on U.S. goods, and American exports and imports plunged by more than half.
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stock/stock market
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short term: buy and sell in one day to make a quick profit.
Long term: daily effects do not cause people to pull out because the money will go up. They keep their stock for a long time. Dividends: if the company makes a profit in the first quarter, parts of the profit are distributed among the share holders. -limited liability for owning stock. They can’t come to you for debt payment Stock brokers are the middle men. Bull market= people buy buy buy! Bear market= people sell sell sell! =] |
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NASDAQ/Dow Jones
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the averages of 30 good companies to show the average rate the stock market is going down or up.
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New Deal
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active government intervention. It included an increased program of public works, including the Works Progress administration. It was an organization hat employed about 3 million people. It provided reforms that prevented a social revolution in the US. But it did not solve the unemployment problems of the Great Depression. Unemployment was still at 10 million inn 1930.
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FDR
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created the new deal. He won a landslide victory in the 1932 presidential election. (he was a democrat). He was a believer in free enterprise and realized that capitalism needed to be reformed if it was to be saved.
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popular front
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political leaders followed the wants/needs of the masses. In other words, they did whatever the people wanted in order to keep their positions and avoid revolutions.
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Comintern
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in 1920, Lenin adopted a new revolutionary strategy aimed at societies outside the Western World. The chief means of spreading the word of Karl Marx was the Communist International or Comintern for short. Formed in 1919, it was a worldwide organization of Communist parties dedicated to the advancement of world revolution. At the HQ, agents were trained and then returned to their own countries to form Marxist parties and promote the cause of social revolution. (wow, is it just me or does this sound like one of those crazy villain schemes?)
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5 Year Plans
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planned economy for rapid industrialization. First one in 1928: Stalin’s goal to eliminate private enterprise and create a private army to protect the country
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New Economic Plan
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a modified version of the old capitalist system. Peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly. Retail stores could be privately owned and operated. Heavy industry remained in the hands of the government. The NEP saved the USSR from complete economic disaster. It was, however, only temporary.
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“Right” strategy/Buhkarin
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wanted to continue the NEP, cooperate with the peasants. It thought that prosperous peasants would ensure the support of peasantry and consumer industry. Bukharin was a Bolshevik revolutionary and intellectual.
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“Left” strategy/Stalin
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Stalin purged Bukharin—not real communist. Left- rapid industrialization, focus on heavy industry like steel. Forced extraction from the peasantry to pay the things quick (things?). Use of Force!
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collectivization
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a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government
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fascism
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common characteristics, its adherents
radical tactics-conservative goals mass politics Para military organization violence to achieve power negative cohesion extreme nationalism of racist overtones leader as cult chameleon like |
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totalitarianism
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a government that controls the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens
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reasons for rise of fascist movements in Italy/Germany-
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Italy- double dipped in World War 1
political paralysis= power vacuum growth of fascism Germany- struggles of Weimar republic ascendancy of Nazis ideology goals of party creating Nazi state anti-Semitism |
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Benito Mussolini
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he established the first European fascist movement in Italy. He created the League of Combat. The term fascist is derived from that name. He formed the Blackshirts. He suppressed the Italian mafia. The Italian fascists never completely destroyed the old government but kind of…ruled alongside it.
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Lateran Treaty
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Mussolini’s regime recognized the sovereign independence of a small area within Rome known as Vatican City. When Mussolini recognized this, the Church recognized the Italian state. Mussolini also gave the church money, and the Church supported the fascist regime…
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Adolf Hitler
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was born in Austria on April 20, 1889. A failure in secondary school, he eventually traveled to Vienna to become and artist but was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts. He stayed in the city, supported at first by an inheritance. While in Vienna, he developed his basic ideas which he held for the rest of his life.
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Mein Kampf
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An over confident Hitler divided to stage an armed uprising. (Boer Hall putsch). This was quickly crushed and he was sentenced to prison. There, he wrote Mein Kampf or My Struggle, an account of his movement and its basic ideas. In this book, German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and anticommunism are linked together by a social Darwinian theory of struggle.
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SA
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the NSDAP grew and grew and part of it became the party militia. This was the SA. It stands for Storm Troops, or the Brownshirts, after the color of their uniforms.
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SS/Heinrich Himmler
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for those who needed coercion, the Nazi totalitarian state used terror and repression. The Shutzsraffeln (“Guard Squadrons”) were an important force for maintaining order. The SS was originally created as Hitler’s personal bodyguard. Under Himmler, the SS came to control not only the secret police forces that Himmler had set up, but also the regular police forces.
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lebensraum
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in Mein Kampf, Hitler talks about this. He says that superior nations deserve the right of living space through expansion. It also upholds the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership over the masses.
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Nuremburg Laws
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excluded the Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens. In 1941, German Jews were also required to wear ID cards saying that they were Jewish.
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Krystal Night
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November 9, 1938 (the night of shattered glass). In a destructive rampage against the Jews, Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed seven thousand Jewish businesses. This led to further drastic steps.
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Rearmament
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the act of arming again…what Hitler did after World War 1????
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Propaganda
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ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause
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Triumph of the Will
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a documentary of the 1934 Nuremburg party rally. This movie was filmed by Leni Riefenstahl, an actress turned director. It forcefully conveyed to viewers the power of National Socialism.
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Mandate
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a nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations.
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Zionism/political Zionism
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Jews see themselves as a nation, not just a religion. (not all Jews are Zionist and not all Zionists were Jews). Jerusalem- many religious claims.
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Diaspora
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The Jewish Diaspora:: they were spread all around the world. (US, Latina America, Asia, Europe, Asia, etc…why is Asia twice?)
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Theodor Herzl
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founder of political Zionism
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Uganda Scheme
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Theodore Herzl, the visionary who founded Zionism, was an assimilated Jew, who did not consider Palestine the optimal choice for a resurgent Jewish nationalism.
When the British offered to him a homeland in East Africa (today's Uganda), he accepted and proposed it to the Sixth Zionist Congress in Basle in 1903. After bitter recriminations, the Congress decided (295 for, 178 against) to send an "investigatory commission" to the territory to inspect it and report back. Herzl vowed that the Uganda scheme is not a substitute for the reclamation of Palestine as the historic homeland of the Jewish people. But his actions defied his speech. He pursued the British proposal to his death (in 1904) as did many other prominent Jewish leaders, organized in the Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO). The plan was decisively abandoned only after the Balfour Declaration which granted the Jewish people a homeland in Palestine under the British mandate. |
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Palestine
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Palestine had been the home of the Jews in antiquity, but few had lived there for almost two thousand years. While some Christians and Jews did live in Palestine, it was inhabited primarily by Muslim Palestinians.
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kibbutz
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kibbutz is a unique rural community; a society dedicated to mutual aid and social justice; a socioeconomic system based on the principle of joint ownership of property, equality and cooperation of production, consumption and education; the fulfillment of the idea “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”; a home for those who have chosen it.
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Cultural nationalism
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is opposed to ethnic nationalism in the sense that the nation is defined not by its ethnicity, nor merely by its institutions, but rather, by a shared (inherited) culture.
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Balfour Declaration
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“His Majesty’s government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”. 1917, Britain supports.
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Zaibatsu
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A large financial and industrial corporation within a single enterprise. (財閥, from the characters for "property/wealth" and "clan/lineage")
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Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Secret agreement of 1916 between Britain, France and Russia concerning the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire, following a future defeat of the empire.
The agreement was defined by the senior British diplomat, Sir Mark Sykes, and the French consul in Beirut, Georges Picot, with talks starting in November 1915. The agreement was signed May 16, 1916 by Picot and Sykes, and following correspondence with Russia, areas were defined as theirs in October 1916. |
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What Russia got as a result of Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Constantinople; the Bosphorus Strait; and most of the 4 provinces close to Caucasian Russia.
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What France got as a result of Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Armenia; Ottoman Syria, which comprises today's Syria, Lebanon and parts of central-southern Turkey; and northern Iraq.
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What Britain got as a result of Sykes-Picot Agreement
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Mesopotamia (southern Iraq); modern Jordan; modern Kuwait; north coast of modern Saudi Arabia; and an area around Haifa.
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International zone
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Most of Palestine.
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McMahon Letter
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“Sir Henry McMahon (1862-1949), British High Commissioner in Cairo, negotiated in 1915-16 with Husain Ibn Ali, the Sheriff of Mecca. The British government promised to support his bid for the restoration of the Caliphate (and leadership in the Arab world) …
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Jomo Kenyatta
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wrote Facing Mount Kenya. He argued that British rule was destroying the traditional culture of the peoples of Africa.
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conquests of imperial Japan
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Japan needed raw materials. It seized Formosa, Korea, and southern Manchuria.
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The Last Emperor
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really gross movie. It was about the emperor Pu Yi. A dramatic history of Pu Yi, the last of the Emperors of China, from his lofty birth and brief reign in the Forbidden City, the object of worship by half a billion people; through his abdication, his decline and dissolute lifestyle; his exploitation by the invading Japanese, and finally to his obscure existence as just another peasant worker in the People's Republic.
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Chiang Kai-shek
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After Sun Yat-Sen died in 1925, he was succeeded by Chiang Kai-Shek as the head of the Nationalist Party. He pretended to support the alliance with the Communists. In April 1927, however, he struck against the Communists and their supporters in Shanghai, killing thousands in what is called the Shanghai Massacre. The Communist-Nationalist alliance ceased to exist. In 1928, Chiang Kai-Shek founded a new Chinese republic at Nanjing. During the next three years, he work to reunify China. Although China saw Japan as a serious threat to the Chinese nation, he believed that Japan was less dangerous than his other enemy, the Communists.
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Mao Zedong
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After the Shanghai Massacre, some Communist Party Members fled to the mountainous Jiangxi. They were led by the young Communist organizer Mao Zedong. Unlike most other leading members of the Communist Party, Mao was convinced that a Chinese revolution would b driven by the poverty stricken peasants in the countryside rather than by the working class.. Mao’s army used guerrilla tactics against Chiang’s army which tried to get the Communists out of Shanghai and Jiangxi.
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“May 4th Movement”
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was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement in early modern China. Beginning on May 4, 1919, it marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, and a re-evaluation of Chinese cultural institutions, such as Confucianism. The movement grew out of dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles settlement, termed the Shandong Problem. Coming out of the New Culture Movement, the end result was a drastic change in society that fueled the birth of the Communist Party of China.
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Long March
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In 1934, Chiang’s troops, using their superior military strength, surrounded the Communist base in Jiangxi. However, Mao’s army, the People’s Liberation Army broke through the Nationalist lines and began its famous Long March. Moving on foot through mountains, marshes and deserts, Mao’s army traveled almost 6000 miles to reach the last surviving Communist base in the northwest of China. Along the way, many people died, but there was also many people that joined the march along the way. This showed the most loyal of followers.
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Korean War
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why is this here? It began in 1950 as an attempt by the Communist government of North Korea, which was allied with the Soviet union, to take over South Korea. The Korean War confirmed American fears of Communist expansion. More determined than ever to contain Soviet power, the US extended its military alliances around the world.
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Great Leap Forward
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in 1945 there were 2 Chinese governments. The Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communist government of Mao Zedong. Full-scale war between the two broke out in 1945. The People’s Liberation Army defeated the Nationalists. Chiang and two million followers fled to Taiwan. Mao now ruled China. He attracted peasants by taking land from the wealthy and dividing it among the poor. To speed up economic growth, Mao began a more radical program, known as the Great Leap forward, in 1958. Existing collective farms, normally the size of a village, were combines into vast communes. Each commune contained more than thirty thousand people who lived and worked together. Mao hope this program would enable China to reach the final stage3 of communism- the classless society-before the end of the twentieth century. The great Leap forward was a disaster. Bad weather and the peasants’ hatred for the new system drove food production down. As a result, almost fifteen million people died of starvation.
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Cultural Revolution
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In Mao’s eyes only permanent revolution, an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor, could enable the Chinese to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism. In 1966, Mao launched th4 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The Chinese name literally meant “great revolution to create a proletarian culture”. A collection of Mao’s thoughts, called the Little Red Book was hailed as the most important source of knowledge in all areas. To further the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards were formed. These were revolutionary groups composed largely of young people. They set out to eliminate the “Four Olds”.
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20th century imperialism in Latin America: economic/political
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Latin American countries were dependent on the US, Europe, and Japan for the advanced technology needed for modern industries. Many Latin American countries had failed to find markets abroad to sell their manufactured products. These economic failures led to instability and reliance on military regimes. In the 1960s, repressive military regimes in Chile, Brazil, and Argentina abolished political parties and returned to export-import economies financed by foreigners, These regimes also encouraged multinational corporations (companies with division in more than two countries0 to come to Latin America. This made these Latin American countries even more dependent on industrialized nations. In the 1970s, Latina American nations began to borrow money to maintain their economies. Wages fell, and unemployment and inflation skyrocketed. With this debt crisis, there came a movement for democracy. The UFC controlled many Latin American nations and it tried to control many of the parts of government. Uhm, it created many Banana Republics in these nations.
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nationalist movements in Latin America: Lazaro Cardenas
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president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. He moved to fulfill some of the original goals of the Mexican revolution. His major step was to distribute 44 million acres of land to landless Mexican peasants, an action that made him enormously popular with the peasants. He took a stand with eh US over oil. He seized control of the oil fields and the property of the oil companies.
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muralist movement/public art
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Latin American artists went abroad and brought back modern techniques, which they often adapted to their own native roots. Many artists, such as Diego Rivera, used their work to promote the emergence of a new national spirit.
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Getulio Vargas
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a wealthy rancher that was made president of Brazil as a result of a military coup. He ruled from 1930 to 1945. Early in his rule, he appealed to workers by instituting an eight-hour day and a minimum wage. Faced with opposition in 1937, he made himself dictator. He established his New State. It was an authoritarian state with some Fascist features. Political parties were outlawed and civil rights restricted. He made a secret police.
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exs. of how WWII a continuation or a departure from WWI:
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continuation: -same allies
-impact of treaty of Versailles -role of nationalism -starts Europe, spreads to the World Departure- different theater -more acquisition based - larger role for Italy - ideologically –drive (motives) |
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rationale for placing blame on Germany/US/Fr/GB leading to WWII isolationism
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Nazi Germany is a good place to place the blame. B/c of ideology, nature of regime, and the consequences of rearmament. Germany was the aggressor every step of the way.
Others: Germany was not ready until the 1940s. The US’s policy of isolationism was not really neutrality, it gave supplies to Britain. Appeasement; if Hitler is given what he wants, he will stop. |
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appeasement and episodes where Hitler appeased
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- March 1936: Rhineland is militarized
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- July 1936
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Spanish Civil War. Hitler and Mussolini supported Francisco Franco who wanted to overthrow the democratically elevated government. France, Great Britain and the USA were neutral and did nothing. To help the democracy of Spain,.
-March 1938- Germany annexes Anschluss of Austria because of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points. He gets no response from the allies. -Spring of 1938: Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. Allies call a conference (SO DARING!) The Munich conference of 1938. Hitler gets the land if he doesn’t ask for any more territory. |
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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To prevent a two-front war, Hitler made his own agreement with Stalin. On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi Soviet nonaggression pact. In it, the two nations promised not to attack each other. Hitler offered control of eastern Poland to Stalin, hoping to get it back later anyway.
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WWII as “total war”
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Fighting was more widespread and covered most of the world Economic mobilization (the act of assembling and preparing for war) was more extensive, so, too was the mobilization of women. The number of civilians killed was much higher. Many of the victims were children.
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exs. of attacks on civilian population in WWII Holocaust
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Axis powers: Battle of Britain, Leningrad, Holocaust, Nanking
Allies: Cologne/Dresden, Hiroshima/Nagasaki |
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Final Solution
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Genocide, or physical extermination of the Jewish population.
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Genocide
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massive physical extermination
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Reinhard Heydrich
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Reinhard Heydrich was the head of the SS's Security Service. --he was to administer the Final Solution. For this purpose, he created the Einsatzgruppen.
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Tehran Conference
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Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met at Tehran to decide the future course of the war. Their major tactical decision had concerned the final assault on Germany. (American-British invasion thought France in spring of 1944).
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Yalta Conference
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met in southern Russia. The defeat of Germany was obvious then. Stalin was suspicious of western powers. He wanted a buffer to protect the Soviet Union from possible future Western aggression. Roosevelt liked the idea of self-determination for Europe. This involved a pledge to help liberated Europe in the creation of democratic institutions of their own choice. Here Roosevelt also sought military help from Russia against Japan. Creation of UN. Free elections cause a split between the Soviets and the Americans. Eastern Europe governments were to be freely elected, but it was clear that Stalin might not honor this provision. This attempt to reconcile two irreconcilable foals was doomed, as soon became evident at the next conference of the big three.
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Potsdam Conference-
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Roosevelt had died, to Truman took his place. Truman demanded free elections. Stalin sought military security and did not want free elections.
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Pearl Harbor
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on December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands. Japanese leaders hoped that their lightning strike at American bases would destroy the US fleet in the Pacific. The Roosevelt administration, they thought would now accept Japanese domination of the Pacific. The American people in their eyes of Japanese leaders had been made soft by Material indulgence. The Japanese miscalculated however. Their attack on Pearl Harbor unified American opinion about becoming involved in the war. The US now joined with European nations and Nationalist china in a combined effort to defeat Japan. Believing the American involvement in the Pacific would make the US ineffective in the European theater of war, Hitler declared war on the US four days after pearl Harbor. Another European conflict had turned into a global war.
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D-Day
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On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under US general Dwight D Eisenhower landed on the Normandy beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion. The Allies fought their way past underwater mines, barbed wire, and horrible machine gun fire. Heavy German resistance. Their slow response, however, enabled the Allied forces to set up a beachhead. Within three months, the Allies had landed two million men and a half-million vehicles. Allied forces then pushed inland and broke through German defensive lines.
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island hopping
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Island hopping was a strategy used in the Pacific theater whereby selected islands were secured by allied forces (usually the marines). Usually, these islands would have some strategic value (like an airfield or anchorage) which helped to move the fight closer to Japan. Many islands were bypassed because of significant Japanese defenses. As we "hopped" from island to island, we were able to shorten the distance to Japan and establish forward land bases for supply purposes.
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Blitzkrieg
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German for “lightning war”, a swift and sudden military attack; used by Germans during World War II.
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Luftwaffe
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the German air force. It launched a major offensive in the beginning of August 1940. German planes bombed British air and naval bases, harbors, communication centers and war industries. (This is when Hitler realized that an amphibious (land-sea) invasion of Britain could succeed only if Germany gained control of the air.)
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