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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Money
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A quantitative measure of the value of qualitatively quite diverse goods and services. Measurements of value in units of money express the relative value of items that are diverse in their use and social significance.
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Profit
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A quantitative gain in wealth. For a given actor, a transaction is profitable if and only if it results in a quantitative increase in wealth. This is a matter of what costs are accounted for, and who captures value produced by human labor. Thus, slave plantations in the Americas yielded profits for plantation owners because their costs for productive labor were so low, since they paid no wages to the slaves. By contrast, the high costs to the quality of life for the enslaved persons were not accounted for. On this basis, these slave plantations were profitable.
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City
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an area of such dense inhabitation that it cannot provide for its own subsistence, and vice-versa, as it were, an area of such dense inhabitation that it produces more waste (human particularly) that it is healthy to live with. If cities do not minimally address the first of these problems, though do not exist. However, they can largely ignore the second problem and continue, if in a distinctly stinky (to our noses) and often unhealthy way. Because they must extract subsistence from somewhere else, cities manifest a boundary between, or a separation of, the city and countryside.
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Christendom
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A term for the aggregate of realms that are under the rule of a Christian monarch (sometimes said to be a "prince" or "king"). In retrospect, given our knowledge of the geographic location of such Christian realms in the past, the location and area of Christendom around 1500 corresponds roughly to what we now know as Europe. To start with the most basic difference in the concepts: the lands of Christendom are identified by the religion of their ruling groups, whereas the composition of Europe is defined in relation to geography. Christendom was splintered by the Protestant Reformation that begin, roughly speaking, in the 1520s.
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Latin Christendom
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The component of Christendom within which monarchs accepted the religious authority of the Church of Rome. Latin Christendom corresponds roughly to what is today Western Europe and Orthodox Christendom corresponds roughly to Eastern Europe, inclusive of Turkey.
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Meritocratic
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A social order that assigns social positions, particularly occupational positions, and/or status on the basis of demonstrated performance in some activity, such as an examination or a competitive race. Meritocracies generally have an explicit acceptance of some possibility of social mobility, but they are by no means intrinsically or necessarily egalitarian.
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Alternate Years at Court
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Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, most daimyo were required to spend alternate years at the shogun's court in Edo. Before the establishment of a centralized state under the Tokugawa Shogunate (in the second half of the 16th century and first decades of the 17th century), the Daimyo had been quite autonomous, local lords. The institution of alternate attendance was one of a number of means used by the shogunate to weaken the daimyo and make them dependent. The institution of alternate attendance lessened any opportunity for daimyo to develop a local base of support in their own territory, since they had to be away every other year. It also weakened them financially, since both the second household (in Edo) and the processions to and from Edo were costly. The institution of alternate attendance was made compulsory after 1635.
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Commodity
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Any good or service that is produced or exchange for the purpose of getting the most for the least in monetary terms, that is for profit;
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Whomsoever
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trade for profit in which one will trade with whomesoever gives them the best price in contrast to thoss who trade for mutual substinence.
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Luxury Goods
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goods that are not needed for life support (exp: silk from china, spices, precious metals.
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Subsistence Goods
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goods needed to keep one alive (grains etc).
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Cultural Convention
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not an innate truth, rather a learned and taught understanding or practice that exists in a certain community, not universally.
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Seperate Sphere of Exchange
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a circuit of trade of specific items, contrasted with goods that can be traded for lots of things. Also, traded only in already existing relationships.
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Kula Trade
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occurs b/w islands in the PAcific where a circle trade takes place and items eventually come back to their original owner. No one amasses weatlh nor mutual well-being but produces renown fame.
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Species
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a form of money that was like a coin. Species were uniform and held the exact same value.
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Jerusalem
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The center of Christianity because it was the site where Jesus was crucified.
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Ascribed Status
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Social staus is pre-assigned rather than merit based, it is often hereditary and considered divinely ordered.
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Corporations
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Groupings within the scheme of the three orders of feudalism in Latin Christendom. Those with similar occupations, village citizenships, perferred saint of worship, etc belong to variying levels of corporations. These helped to regulate trade taxes, fair prices, and trade regulation. They also gave peasants a stronger political voice
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Households
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In Latin Christendom - neither peasants nor nobility lives with only their nuclear families, instead the entire extended family was together
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Vassal
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A heirarchy of lords and authority in Latin Christendom. Lords are not independant, rather they are a vassal of a more powerful lord. The lords negotiate with the King, just as the peasants negotiate with them.
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Estates
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Are the same as corporations, only for nobels instead of peasants. Appeal to higher authority.
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Three Orders
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Exist under feudalism:
Priests (nuns, monks, etc), Lords (kings, army, etc), Peasants |
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Dar Al Islam
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The inhabited lands of Islam
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Polysocial States
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States in which people of multiple religions are able to live and worship together peacefully.
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Kul
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In Ottoman empire the kul was an institution of slavery which was made up of advisors and goveners serving the sultan. They made up the administrative elite. The most succesful became vizers who advised the sultan directly and married his relatives. Can come from the deushirme tax or purchased war captives.
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Deushirme Tax
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A tax in the Ottomen Empire which required citizens to give their children for governing use. These children became kuls or part of the military elite.
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Harem
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The household of the sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
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Ayllu
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A group of households in the Inca Empire connected by kinship (village). They are headed by a leader called the kuraka. They also established mitmaqs (colonies) in different levels of the Andes to get a variety of crops.
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Labor Tax
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A tax that the ayllus of the Inca Empire owded the authorities. People were sent to the authority temporarily (men and women both).
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Tribute Goods
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A tax owed by the ayllus to the authorities of the Inca Empire in the form of textiles.
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Calpulli
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Small social groups composed of a number of families in the Aztec Empire. Had their own schools, dieties, temples, and local government.
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Sacrifices
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Aztecs conducted human sacrifices at certain points in the year, most commonly when the sun and moon needed restoring. They were performed in public and the mayeques (conquered peoples) were the victims.
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National Allegiances
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Loyalty to the state
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Crown
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The beaucrats and monarchs/dynasties together.
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Factories
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Armed trading stations.
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Encomienda
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Large pieces of land granted to the men that came on Columbus' second voyage. The land came with garanteed labor from indigenous peoples.
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The Great Dying
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The harsh working condidtions that Columbus and his men created for indigenous peoples to feed themselves and mine for them resulted in a rapid depopulation.
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Biosocial Phenomena
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The epidemic did not start until 20yrs after Columbus came because disease is not purely biological, it is also social. It only spreads when combined with a lack of nutrition and poor working conditions.
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Essentializing
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To take a historical activity and apply it to the natural character of a group of people (aztecs are bloodthirsty and violent because they sacrifice humans).
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Altepetl
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Three city-states outside of the Aztec Empire (Tlaxcala, Huejotzingo, and Cholula)that were in alliance against three Aztec cities including its capital. They joined wiht Cortez to bring about the demise of the Aztecs.
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Syncretism
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A mix of the traditions of the old religion with Christianity.
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Gender Roles
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Social roles defined in the relation to a sexula binary of male and female.
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Salvation
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To be saved from one's sins.
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Comparitive Knowledge
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What is noteworthy in history depends on the scholar's point of view.
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Bureaucracy
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A system of offices or positions generally orginized into departments with distinct functions and staffed by appointments rather than hereditary.
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Civil Bureaucracy
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One of the three branches of the bureaucracy in the Ming Dynasty. Staffed through a complex series of examinations with 4 increasingly difficult levels.
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Military Hierarchy
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One of the three branches of the bureaucracy in the Ming Dynasty. Each of the provinces was given a military unit and commander These were hereditary positions.
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Bureau of Ethics Officials
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One of the three branches of the bureaucracy in the Ming Dynasty. Pulled out of the civil bureaucracy and toured the state anonomously investigating the corruption of the officials.
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Invention of Tradition
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The Ming Dynasty tried to establish traditions of golden areas in the ideal past but actually most of the "traditions" were innovations that were propogated as representing actions as traditional.
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Infrastructure
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Permanent instalation supporting movement and communication.
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Whomsoever
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trade for profit in which one will trade with whomesoever gives them the best price in contrast to thoss who trade for mutual substinence.
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Luxury Goods
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goods that are not needed for life support (exp: silk from china, spices, precious metals.
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Subsistence Goods
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goods needed to keep one alive (grains etc).
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Cultural Convention
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not an innate truth, rather a learned and taught understanding or practice that exists in a certain community, not universally.
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Seperate Sphere of Exchange
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a circuit of trade of specific items, contrasted with goods that can be traded for lots of things. Also, traded only in already existing relationships.
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Kula Trade
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occurs b/w islands in the PAcific where a circle trade takes place and items eventually come back to their original owner. No one amasses weatlh nor mutual well-being but produces renown fame.
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Species
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a form of money that was like a coin. Species were uniform and held the exact same value.
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Jerusalem
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The center of Christianity because it was the site where Jesus was crucified.
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Ascribed Status
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Social staus is pre-assigned rather than merit based, it is often hereditary and considered divinely ordered.
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Corporations
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Groupings within the scheme of the three orders of feudalism in Latin Christendom. Those with similar occupations, village citizenships, perferred saint of worship, etc belong to variying levels of corporations. These helped to regulate trade taxes, fair prices, and trade regulation. They also gave peasants a stronger political voice
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Households
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In Latin Christendom - neither peasants nor nobility lives with only their nuclear families, instead the entire extended family was together
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Vassal
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A heirarchy of lords and authority in Latin Christendom. Lords are not independant, rather they are a vassal of a more powerful lord. The lords negotiate with the King, just as the peasants negotiate with them.
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Estates
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Are the same as corporations, only for nobels instead of peasants. Appeal to higher authority.
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Three Orders
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Exist under feudalism:
Priests (nuns, monks, etc), Lords (kings, army, etc), Peasants |
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Dar Al Islam
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The inhabited lands of Islam
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