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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tanakh
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-the most authoritative text, old testament, hebrew bible
-Acronym for; Torah(teachings), Neviim (prophets), Ketuvim (writings) |
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Patriarchs of the Jewish tradition
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-Abraham, Isaac, Jacob
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Exodus/Passover
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-focus on the home and family
-recalls Gods deliverance of the tribes of Israel from slavery in Egypt. (exodus) -one the first two nights families gather to eat a dinner called Seder -they eat unleavened bread |
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Moses
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leading figure in Jewish Haskalah (enlightenment) movement/reform Judaism
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Solomon
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-son of david built the first temple
-married hundred of wives -after the death of Solomon the kingdom breaks up into 2 nations -northern part becomes Israel and southern part becomes Judahh |
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Pentateuch
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-legal material
-the first five books of Jewish and Christian Scriptures -(Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) |
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Tetragrammaton
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-YHWH
-tetra -considered in Judaism to be the proper name of the God of Israel used in the Hebrew Bible |
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The First Temple
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-Solomon son of David built the first temple
-was built to honor God |
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Assyrian and Babylonian Attacks
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-Assyrian attacked Northern Israel
-Babylonian destroyed the first temple that Solomon Built in South Judah,they took the best people to Babylon - |
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Second Temple Period
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-destroyed by Romans
-Ezekiel was a prophet that lead the captives, also made the cannon -Ezra rebuilt the temple and cannons |
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Rabbis
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-literally means "my master"
-someone who studies the scriptures, and knows the scriptures -were Pharisees.(everyone can be holy) (Oral Tora) -brought the believe of the synagogue -teachers and legal specialists, who helped preserve customs without a temple. |
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Tannaim
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-Rabbis referred to as a whole
-those who study |
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Synagogue
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-people come together, and pray, honor God, worship
-you need 10 adult Jewish males and copy of the Tora -doesnt have to be in a bldg - |
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Minyan
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-refers to the quorum of ten Jewish male adults required for certain religious obligations.
conduct public prayers |
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Judah the Prince
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-collected all the legal commentary that had been collected since the days of Ezra
-alive during the 2nd century |
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Midrash
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-A commentary or interpretation
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Mishnah
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-6 part commentary and dispute
1. Seeds- prayer and agricultural concerns 2. Set Feasts-how to celebrate holy days 3. Women- issues of women, marriage, and family life 4. Damages- criminal and civil law 5. Holy Things- how to serve in the Temple, including sacrifice 6.Purifications- ritual uncleanness and ways to repair things defiled -inside you will find rabbinic interpretations of the Torah and what the laws really mean - |
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Gemarah
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-commentary on the Mishnah
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Talmud(babylonian)
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-AKA: Oral Torah
-2 Talmuds both written in Aramaic -Palestinian Talmud-the Mishnah with the Palestinian germarah -Babylonian Talmud-the Mishnah with the Babylonian gemarah, larger and popular |
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Halakha
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-"to walk in the way of God"-the proper legal procedure or living life and deals with legal discussion and decisions/their path to purity and holiness
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Aggadah
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-the moral lesson form the stories in the Hebrew bible and deals with history, folklore, and sermons
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Sephardim Jews
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-half of the Jewish pre-modern geographical world
-from Portugal and Italy |
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Ashkenazim Jews
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-from the Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Russia
-half of the Jewish pre-modern geographical world -most common for North American Jews |
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Moses ben Maimon, aka Maimonides
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-Promenant figure in Spain
-He was a Philosopher,Talmudist, and Physician -2 most important works were the Mishneh Torah(14 volumes of Talmudic Law) and Guide of the Perplexed(harmonization of Judaism with Aristotle) |
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The Golden Age of Spain
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-Started with the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711 C.E.
-allotted Jews freedom and tolerance -Jews entered fields like (Science, Medicine, Philosophy, and Literature) -Spanish Jews became the leaders of Judaism worldwide |
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Kabbalah
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-the received or tradition
-looks for the mysteries in creation, the hidden meanings of words, and the exact relationship of God of humanity, as described in the Zohar. |
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The Zohar/Sefer Hazohar
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-largest compilation of the Kabbalahlistic material is
-the book of splendor -concerned with the nature of God, theories about the emanations from God, cosmogony, the creation of humans and angles, and the existence of evil -Jews in the middle ages looked towards the Zohar to discover answers about the coming of the Messiah and for salvation |
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Orthodox Judaism
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-largest group within Judaism today
-they preserve traditional Jewish culture and religion -Hebrew is the language of the Orthodox worship -kosher foods, and Talmudic laws are stressed -both men and women must cover heads in worship |
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Reform Judaism
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-popular in the U.S. and Europe
-attempt to modernize practices and beliefs -Worship on Friday night, and their Synagogues are called temples -Women can be ordained as Rabbis -not strict with Kosher laws and Talmudic Laws -not required to cover heads |
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Conservative Judaism
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-sparked as a reaction to the extremes of Reform Judaism and Orthodoxy
-found in between Orthodox and Reform Judaism -more relaxed in matter of religious practice -into scientific study of the Hebrew bible and Talmudic material -Worship on Saturday mornings -men are required to cover heads |
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Tallith
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-a prayer shawl, today it is usually stripped in blue and white and in 2 sizes, one is larger and covers the shoulders and the neck
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Tefillin
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-traditional prayer garb and has two small boxes that hold passages of scripture
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Kippah/Yarmulke
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-skull cap
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The Sabbath
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-begins at sunset on Friday and continues until sunset on Saturday
-most sacred day in the Jewish calendar -For observant Jews there is no work |
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Kosher
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-dietary law that prohibits Jews from eating meat
-sea animals need to have fins and scales -kosher slaughtering practices draining all blood from animal and must be killed without feeling any pain |
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Rosh Hashanah
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-Jewish New Year, celebrated on the first two days of the month of Tishre (between September-October)
-special prayers and treats are eaten in the hopes of a good new year -these days are filled with penitence and culminate in the days before Yom Kippur |
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Yom Kippur
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-day of atonement and holiest day in the Jewish calendar
-jews abstain from work and say special prayers of forgiveness -many spend day at the Synagogue |
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Hanukkah
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-minor holiday
-holiday commemorates the redidcation of the temple by Juda Maccabaeus after it was taken over by the Syrian Greeks |
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Lessons Learned in: History of the Talmud
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-made up of the Mishna and the Gamara
-mishna- commentary and interpretation of the Gamara -Gamara- commentary and interpretation of the Mishna -Mishna was finished by Judda |
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Worship in the Early Church
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-new idea of baptism
-worship was modeled after the forms used in the jewish synagogue -Eucharist was new, done to model Jesus during the last supper |
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Messianic Title
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-given to Jesus by Peter
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Deacons
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-diakonos, servant
-position of leadership |
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Bishops
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-episkopos literally means Shepard
-position of leadership |
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Elders
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-pribyteroy, allowed to make decisions based on age and wisdom
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Gnosticism
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-encompassed the earliest theological controversy in Christianity
-believed that there was a divine spark within all humans, world was controlled by evil forces, and that the Supreme God was pure spirit |
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Apostles Creed
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-doctrine was made by the Orthodox Christians to counter other Heretical groups and teachings
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Septuagint
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-Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible
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Vulgate
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-Latin translation of the Bible.
-adopted as the official bible of the Roman Catholic Church |
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Western Churches
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-emphasized the humanity in Christ
-one Bishop and claimed to be the leader of all Christendom -became the Catholic Church |
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Eastern Churches
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-more interested in theology and stressed the divine nature of Christ
-many Bishops as Patriarchs -Became the Eastern Orthodox Church |
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Constantine
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-Roman successor to the Diocletian and changed the future of Christianity forever
-he saw a vision of the Chi Rho that said to "conquer in this sign" -he wont the battle, and controlled the western half of the empire -he allowed Christians to practice their beliefs -Constantine was baptized on his deathbed |
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Theodosius
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-with the Reign of Theodosius Christianity became the religion of the Roman Empire
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Augustine
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-wrote his autobiographical book, Confessions
-wrote City of God, about contrasting a human city with the city of God -most known for his formulation of several doctrines including: original sin, the fall of man, and predestination |
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Aquinas
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-a dominican monk that published Summa Theologiae (Summation of Theology), trying to bridge the gap between reason and faith
-He had 5 proofs that God was within reason |
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Crusades
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-muslims captured Jerusalem in 637
-1071 taken by Seljuq Turks -1095 Pope Urban II called Christians to liberate the Holy Lans, held until Salah al-Din in 1187 -Four crusades took place and in 1261 the Byzantines recaptured the city |
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Inquisition
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-in the 13th century the Church Bishops were mandated to execute "episcopal inquisitions"
-Pope Innocent the IV stated that torture could be used on heretics -In Spain it was used against Jews and Muslims -Grand Inquisitor Tomas de Torquemada ordered more than 2000 executions -Christian witch hunting manual was published to eradicate witchcraft in Germany |
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Protestant Reformation
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-occurred because of the; abuses of church, declaring direct connection to God, declaring direct access and understanding to sacred scripture through enlightenment
-Martin Luther allowed for the Protestant Reformation to erupt |
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Protestant Denominations
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-Lutherans (Germany):followed Luther, God is also a friend, conducted service in vernacular, had bishops who could marry
-Anglicans (England): established by Henry VIII, state church, hierarchy of bishops who couldn't marry, monarch is head of church -Calvinists (Switzerland): God is sovereign and predestines everyone's life to salvation or damnation, no bishops, representative assembly -Anabaptists: emphasized adult baptism, lay preachers -Unitarians: reject the concept of the trinity -Puritans: not a denomination, a movement to purify the church of England from Catholic influence, stressed morality and moderation -Congregationalists: each congregation has ultimate authority -Baptists: adult baptism-religion was a choice not a state matter -Quakers: experience with the inner light of Christ not about an institution, sit in silence, highly humanitarian, reject war at all costs |
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Martin Luther
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-allowed for the Protestant Reformation
-famously objected indulgences -posted a notice of 95 theses criticizing various aspects of the church -arguments were theological and advocated the direct connection Christians have in the |
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Ancient Arabia
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-Hijrah
-time of ignorance -mixture of animism -polytheistic |
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Mecca
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-mercantile city for trade
-between two empires -many religions - |
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Trade
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-happened in Mecca
-between two empires Byzantine Empire and Sanssanid Empire |
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Life/Chronology of the Prophet Mohammed
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-orphan
-raised by uncle in Mecca -gained rep for being Trustworthy (al-hamid) -decided to work in Mecca -worked for Khadijah, later married her -Angel Gabriel appears to Muhammad in the Dome of the Rock, gives him revelation by God in 610 -632 -dies in 632 - |
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Early Islamic History
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Ka'bah
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-cuboid building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the most sacred sites in Islam.
-built by Abraham and Ismael -black stone was given to Abraham, by Angel Gabriel |
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Mt. Hira
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-where Prophet Mohammed meditates about life in Mecca
-Angel Gabriel appears to him and gives him revelation |
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Khadija
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-boss of Prophet Mohammed
-spouse of Prophet Mohammed -owned Caravans |
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Hijaz
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-migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina
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Hijrah
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-migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina
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Qur'an
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-uncreated speech
-recitation -non-chronological order -given to Mohammed by Angel Gabriel -longest to shortest -114 chapters (Surahs) -filled with versus (Ayahs) |
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Ayahs
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- Verses
- 6,500 versus in Qur'an -287 is the longest verse -3 is the shortest verse |
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Surahs
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-Chapters
-a division of the Qur'an -114 Chapters |
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'Ijma
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-general consensus or agreement of the Muslim community basically on religious issues
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Qiyas
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-process of deductive analogical reasoning in which the teachings of the Hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Qur'an
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Hafiz
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-people that memorize the Qur'an
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Tafsir
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-action of making commentary on the Qur'an
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Hadith (3 types)
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-3 types
-chain of transmitters -6 Sunni Cannons |
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Fiqh
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-expansion of the code of conduct (Sharia) expounded in the Quran, often supplemented by tradition (Sunnah) and implemented by the rulings and interpretations of Islamic jurists.
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Halal
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-designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law
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Haram
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-meaning sinful.
-refer to any act that is forbidden by God, |
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Koine Greek
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-language of the Day
-Reason why the NT is in Greek |
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Birth of Jesus in Gospels
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-born in Bethlehem
-according to Matt and Luke Jesus was born from a Virgin -grew up in Nazareth -Three wise men (Magi), showed up bearing gifts -Christ came to fulfill the prophecy |
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Ministry of Jesus in Gospels
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-before ministry wandered in desert for 40 days and was tempted
-baptism by John the Baptist, marks the beginning of his ministry -30 years old when started in ministry |
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Synoptic Gospels
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-matt,mark, and luke are considered synoptic
-included many of the same stories, often in the same sequence, and similar wording |
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Roman Empire
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New Testament Books
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-Athanasius of Alexandria placed his authority behind 27 books
-Gospels: 4 books; Matt, Mark, Luke and John -History: 1 book; Acts of the Apostles -Mystical Vision: 1 book; Revelations -Letters: 21 books; 14 written by Paul |
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Paul
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-Saul of Tarsus as Jew
-wrote half of the books of Acts -also authored 14 books in the New Testament -best known early Christian -"Second Founder of Christianity" -first to try to systematize the beliefs of Christianity |
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The Caliphate
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-successor to the PM
-modeled after the PM -rightly guided Caliphs, first 4 Caliphs were selected form the Prophet Mohammed companions 1.Abu Bakr 2. Umar ibn al-Khattab 3. Uthman 4. Ali ibn Abi Talib |
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Islamic Expansion
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-Umar initiated expansion and conquest
-Spread to Palestine, Syria, Persia, Egypt, North Africa, Spain, Middle East, India, China, and Central and South East Asia -reason for quick expansion;no distinction among races, practical and simple, |
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Th Umayyad Dynasty (8 points)
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-HQ in Damascus
-ruled as Kings not Religious Leaders -succession became hereditary -Non-Arab converts treated as second class citizens -Captured N.Africa, Spain, and Portugal -dominated by a military aristocracy, it was imperial and the government became more bureaucratic -society was Arabized and Islamized -language of the government was Arabic |
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The Abbasid Empire
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-moved capital to Baghdad
-great centralized government and economic prosperity -Under Persian influence had a salaried Army and bureaucracy -developed Ulamas(educated class of Muslim legal scholars) -No Clergy or Preist hood for Sunnis -Built many mosques and schools |
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Shi'a Islam
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-family line of the PM
-party of Ali -sinless -intermeddiatiary between God -developed sense of clergy - |
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The Five Pillars
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-Shahadah: (belief or confession of faith)
-Salat: (worship in the form of prayer) -Sawm Ramadan: (fasting during the month of Ramadan) -Zakat: (alms or charitable giving) -Hajj: (the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime. |
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Lessons Learned in: Inside Mecca
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-women need mens permission to participate in Hajj
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Who was the prophet of Judaism?
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Moses
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Who where the Kings of Judaism?
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King Saul, David, Solomon
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Judaism groups and Elite Groups
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-regular Jews
-Priests/Scribes -The Jewish Elite (Pharisees, Sadducess, Essenes, Zealots) |
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5 proofs of Aquinas
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1. proof of motion
2. proof of Efficient Cause 3. Proof from Necessary vs. Possible Being 4. Proof from Degrees of Perfection 5. Proof from Design |
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scholastic theology
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understanding scripture through reason
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start of Catholic Church
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-Catholics believe that Catholicism started with the Apostle Peter and that Peter was the first Pope
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