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82 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Pacific Islands
-Marked by the appearance of distinctively decorated Lapita Pottery
-Could have been discovered because of:
*New crops
*New canoes
*New navigation skills
*Wanderlust
Lapita Pottery
-Named after a site where it was found in New Caledonia
-Originated in Southeast Asia
Lapita People
-Skilled seafarers who, beginning around 1500 b.c., spread eastward through the islands of Melanesia and into the remote archipelagos of the central and eastern Pacific
Lapita People
-Sailors and farmers reached Tonga and Samoa by roughly 1000 B.C.
-Reached the Marquesas by A.D. 300
-Reached Hawaii by A.D. 600
Easter Island
-Colonized around A.D. 400
-Colonized by the people who eventually raised hundreds of colossal stone heads on the island
New Zealand
-Bypassed in the expansion
-Not colonized until A.D. 1000
Oxygen isotope Curve
-From marine sediments
-Recorded ration depends on climate (precipitation and evaporation)
Habitat Tracking
-C14 dating of shallow water mollusks, coralline algae, beachrock, and salt-marsh peat
Sea-Level Changes
-Oxygen isotope curve
-Habitation Tracking
The New World
-Discovered by Columbus
-Consisted of two entire continents with a native population estimated to have been in the tens of millions and speaking more than 1,500 different languages and dialects
-Diversity of cultures: hunter gatherers to kingdoms
Beringia (Bering Land Bridge)
-During long periods in the Pleistocene
-People in northeast Asia could have walked into the New World across this body of land
-Sometime before 15,000 ya. (unknown)
Ushki I
-Excavated by Nikolai Dikov
-Contained a grave filled with red ochre, and several large, peanut-shaped dwellings
-Small, stemmed, bifacial flint projectile points similar to ones from Alaska
-Inhabitants hunted bison, reindeer, and probably mammoth and large salmon
Beringia
-Probably dry land between 60,000 and 13,000 years ago
Possible Routes for the spread from Alaska into North America
-Beringia (Bering Land Bridge)
-Western Coastline
First inhabitance of Eastern Siberia
-We don't know
-After humans adapted to life in the Arctic
-ca. 40,000 B.P.
Oldest Evidence of Humans in the Arctic
-Mamontovaya Kurya, Russia (40,000 B.P._
-Lake Baikal, cental Siberia (34,000 B.P.)
-Dyuktai Cabe, central Siberia (18,000 B.P.)
-Ushki Lake, eastern Sibera (11,300 B.P.)
Beringia (Bering Land Bridge)
-Sea level 125 m (400 feet) lower than modern
Laurentide Ice Sheet
-Split between 15,000 and 7,000 B.P.
-Formed Cordilleran and an Eastern part by a massive ice stream that drains into the Arctic Ocean
Indian Archaeology
-Dominated by the Harappan (indus valley) Civilization
-Overt (not hidden/open) Architecture
-Led archaeologists to believe this was the beginning of inhabitation in this region (~5,000 ya)
Mehrgarh
-Disproved the prevailing theory of the beginning of inhabitation
-Provides unique insight into the later Indus Valley Civilization
-Early Neolithic Site (9,000-7,500 B.P)
-Important Location
*Bolan Pass connects the
Indus River Valley with
Southwest Asia)
Mehrgarh
-Early Levels
*9,000-8,000 B.P.
-No Pottery
*But all kinds of clay figurines
-Focus on Wild Resources
Mehrgarh: ~6,000 B.P. Upper Deposits
-Mostly domesticated animals, but still some wild animals
-Other wild animals= 13%
-Swamp deer= 0%
-Antelope= 0%
-Gazelle= 13%
-Cattle= 55%
-Sheep= 18%
-Goat= 20%
Mehrgarh: ~8,000 B.P. Middle deposits
-Mostly Domesticated animals (cattle, sheep and goats), but still some Wild animals
-Other wild animals= 12%
-Swamp deer= 0%
-Antelope= 0%
-Gazelle= 14%
-Cattle= 32%
-Sheep= 39%
-Goats= 20%
Megrgarh: Between 9,000 and 8,000 B.P. Lower deposits
-All Wild Animals
-Other wild animals= 5%
-Swamp deer= 17%
-Antelope=17%
-Gazelle= 33%
-Cattle= 11%
-Sheep= 17%
-Goats= 20%
Mehrgarh
-Two transitional Burials
-Two examples of middle-aged male
-Buried with:
*5 domestic goats at their feet
*Trade goods
>Lapis Lazuli
*Covered with Red Ochre
Mehrgarh
-Domestication: Diffusion or Independent development?
-Both?
*Wheat seems to have been
imported
*Sheep and goats imported
*Barley may have been
domesticated
*Cattle were domesticated
Mehrgarh
-Middle and Upper Deposits
-Subsistence Shifts
*Zebu Cattle (aka Brahman)
-Suggests cattle husbandry may have begun at the same time as in SW Asia
*Sheep/goats may have been
brought in, but these cattle
were domesticated in India
Mehrgarh
-Craft Specialization in late occupations
*~6,000 B.P.
-Pottery
*Potter's Wheel
invented/introduced
*Highly efficient production of
standardized pottery
-Jewelry
*Beads of Lapis Lazuli,
Turquoise, and carnelian
Lapis Lazuli
-Trade Good of Mehrgarh
-Source: ~600 miles away
*Badakhshan, Afghanistan
-if person walks 20 miles a day it would take a month to walk
Turquoise
-Trade Good of Mehrgarh
-Source: ~800 miles away
*Khorasan Province, Iran
-40 days walk
Ban-po-ts'un
-First extensively excavated Neolithic village in China
*~7,000-5,000 B.P.
-Redefined Chinese archaeology
>Chinese Civilization was
previously thought to have
originated through diffusion
Ban-po-ts'un
-Settlement
*~100 circular huts
*Arranged in a circle
*Surrounded by a ditch
>Drainage/defense?
*Long duration
>Superimposed houses
Ban-po-ts'un
-Resources
*Domestication of Millet, not
rice
*Hemp for fiber
*Silk
>Evidence
*Silkworm cocoons
*Spindle Whorls
-Animals
*Dogs
*Pigs, Sheep, Goats and cattle
Millet
-A grassy plant, often used for silage or birdseed now
-King of lake Chenopodium such as Quinoa
-The fundamental domesticate in Northern China at this time
-Supplemented by nuts
Ban-po-ts'un
-Ceramic Industry
-Large concentration of kilns outside of the village
-500,000 pottery sherds recovered
-Cooking pots:
*Coarse and gritty
-Water and eating pots:
*finely made and decorated
*Geomorphic and Zoomorphic
designs
Ban-po-ts'un
-Handling of the dead
-Adults
*Extended burials in a cemetery outside of the village
-Children and Infants
*Interred within redware
pottery jars near the houses
V. Gordon Childe
-Diffusion from a few primary cultural cores
-Mehrgarh and Ban-po-ts'un show that this was wrong for these areas
*Civilization did not need an
evolutionary external force
Hunters and Getherers
-Dolni Vestonice
-Clovis
-Meadowcroft
-Monte Verde
Foragers
-Vedbaek
-Sannai Maruyama
-Carrier Mills
Early Agriculturalists
-Abu Hureyra
-Jericho
-Catalhoyuk
-Mehrgarh
-Ban-po-ts'un
Mexican Domestication
-Zea maize
-Cucurbita pepo
-Beans
-Peppers
Zea maize
-Ancestor of corn
-Shattering inflorescences
*Mechanism by which the
seeds of the plant are
dispersed naturally
-Selective use and cultivation of teosinte grass over thousands of years
Teosinte
-Giant wild grass so closely related to Zea mays that most botanists place it with corn in the same species
-Still grows in the foothills and highlands of Mexico and Guatemala
-Only large-seeded, wild, annual grass in the tropical Americas
-lacks a cob, instead its seeds are contained in fruitcases
-Seeds dispersed through shattering
Guila Naquitz Cave
-"White Cliff"
-Seasonally inhabited
*Late Summer/Early Winter
-"Micro-bands"
*Small group of hunter-
gatherers
-Mainly seasonally available plants
*Nuts, agave, seeds, some
meat
*How does this compare to
modern diets?
Guila Naquitz Cave
-Domesticated varieties of squash
*~8,000 B.C.
-Incidental Domestication at first?
Tehuacan Valley
-Extensive work by Richard MacNeish in the 1960's
*Went here to fidure out the domestication of maize
-Chose the tehaucan Valley for dryness and its location near other finds
-MacNeish's research questions:
1. What led to the
domestication of maize?
2. How did these changes lay
the foundation for later
Mesoamerican civilization?
Tehuacan Valley
-MacNeish created a 12,000 year sequence in the valley
-For pre-ceramic groups:
*Lived in microbands that
dispersed periodically
*Scheduled their seasonal
movements to coincide with
the periodic availability of
local plant and animal species
-Squash
*~8,000 ya
*protein
-Maize
*small
*
Zea maize
-Spread throughout most of North America
-It appeared in the Eastern United States around 2,500 B.P.
-It did not become a stable crop for another 1,500 years.
Eastern Agricultural Complex
-Kind of a misnomer
-Native Americans domesticated and cultivated many indigenous crops as far west as the Great Plains
-Edible oily seeds
*Sumpweed
*Sunflower
-Starchy Seeds
*Erect Knotweed
Eastern Agricultural Complex
-Grain and Vegetable Crops
*Grains to make flour
>Maygrass
>Little Barley
*Leafy vegetable
>Chenopod/goosefoot
Eastern Agricultural Complex
-Gourds
*Bottle gourds
*Pepo Squash
-Dual use
*Storage containers
*Food
How EAC domestication occured
-The Floodplain Weed Theory
The Floodplain Weed Theory
-The EAC was a suite of weedy floodplain crops which were at first incidentally encouraged to group, and then actively cultivated and domesticated
The Floodplain Weed Theory
1. Floodplain weeds are pre-adapted to thrive in anthropogenic open habitats
-These habitats are where plants were domesticated
2. Deliberate planting/cultivation creates new selective pressures, which are the mechanism of domestication
3. Natural habitat research: EAC plants are documented as living in modern floodplain environments
-Arch/Climate/Geomorph research: Anthropogenic open habitats available ~7,000-5,700 B.P.
-SEM/AMS developed: phenotypic changes associated with domestication evident ~4,000-3,000 B.P.
Coevolution
-Bruce Smith's Floodplain Weed Theory is based on humans and plants interacting and affecting one another
*David Rindos - Darwinian
Approach
David Rindos - Darwinian Approach
-Humans Clear land for settlement
-Plants like this land
-Humans like these plants
-Humans clear more land, this time for plants
-Plants use humans- enjoy a nice habitat
-Humans use plants - enjoy nice food
-Positive feedback loop
Early Woodland Period
-Time period throughout the Eastern Woodlands
*Adena is an EWL cultural complex in Ohio
-3,000-2,000 B.P.
-Represents increasingly sedentary occupations in the Eastern Woodlands
*Similar in some ways to the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic
components at many of the
sites we looked at.
Adena
-Early Woodland
*Defined by ceramics
-Dispersed sedentary communities
-EAC supplemented by meat, nuts
Adena Earthworks
-A defining characteristic of Adena culture
*Earthen burial mounds
Ohio Hopewell
-"Moundbuilders"
-2,000-1,500 B.P.
-Known for elaborate earthworks and long distance trade networks
-A delineation or an intensification?
*Archaeological Systematics
Serpent Mound
-Traditionally thought to be created by later groups
*This is questionable
Ohio Hopewell
-Sacred/secular dichotomoy
*so what about everyday life?
-Vacant Ceremonial Model
*Olaf Prufer
-Habitations?
Hopewell Culture
-200 B.C. - A.D. 350
*Centers in Ohio and Illinois
*Earthworks
*Long-Distance Exchange for
Mortuary Rituals
-Then - decline
*"Good and Grey" cultures -
Late Woodland
*A.D. 400 - A.D 1000
-Mississippian groups developed out of local late Woodland populations in many areas throughout the Southeaster US
*~A.D. 1000 - Contact
Mississippian Culture
-Maize agriculture
-Sedentary Villages
-Social Inequality
-Earthworks
-Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
-Southern Cult
-Duality
-Axis Mundi
-Underwater Panther Motif
-Spiral Motif
Cahokia
-Largest Mississippian Site
*First?
-1,050-1,300 A.D.
-2,200 acres
-Population estimates vary
*3,000-12,000 (Holley 1999)
-Developed out of Late Woodland traditions
-"Big Bang" c. A.D. 1050 (Pauketat 1997)
Cahokian Ideology
-Manifestations of SECC
-Late Woodland Traditions are also evident
-Based on Ideologically Segregating the Elite
-Nobility and Fertility Cults
Monumental Labor
-Deliberately Planned Mounded Landscape
*120 mounds
*55 million cubic feet of soil
>4.3 Billion pounds
-Plazas
*Great Plaza is 40 acres
>The OSU oval is ~11 acres
-Palisade
*2 miles long. The last wall
was composed of about
20,000 timbers
Cahokian Social Hierarchy
-Monks Mound covers 14 acres, rises 100 feet, and was topped by a massive 5,000 acre square-foot building another 50 ft. hight.
Cahokian Social Hierarchy
-Traditionally, 2 tiers
*Elite/commoner
-Distinct differences
*Households
*Material Wealth
*Diet
-Subsequent analyses have revealed a more intricate power structure
*Priest Class?
-Mortuary Cults
-Compare to Hopewell
Mound 72
-Sits on an important N-S Axis
-Elite burial mound focused on 1 person
-Buried on a layer of 20,000 shell beads
-Buried with a number of significant grave good
*A cache of finely made
projectile point, produced
from a number of raw material
types
Cahokian Social Hierarchy
-He was also buried with 250 people
-50 women ~21 years old
-Mass burial of 40 men and women
-Not all people were dead when buried with him.
-Human Sacrifice
*4 men were interred with
their heads and hands
removed
Leadership Theory
-Weber's tripartite Classification of Authority
*Charismatic
*Traditional
*Legal
Ideological Legitimization
-A mechanism which creates the social and natural world for humans explaining and naturalizing it
-Mississippian religion nested the elite within this
Leadership Theory
-Why so much conspicuous consumption and human sacrifice?
*Burial rites, ceremony is for
the living
*Descendants may have
situated this significant,
charismatic person within a
structured ideology,
increasing their own power
-Routinization of Power
*Unless this "power" is
distributed to other personnel
in a stable institutional
structure, the movement itself
is liable to die with the death
or failure of individual prophet,
king, or war lord.
Chiefdom Cycling
-These polities were inherently unstable
-Perhaps because of the social and authority system based on descent, as my be evidenced by Mound 72
-Perhaps environmental
Guitarrero Cave
-Earliest steps of agriculture were taken here
-Large natural rock shelter at 2580m above sea level
-Mountains of Northern Peru (Andes)
-Twining/ finger weaving fabrics
-bone knives, fragments of gourd bowls, cordage, basketry and textiles
Moundville
-Nonlocal materials were abundant
*marine shell from the Floria
Gulf Coast
*copper from the Great Lakes
*pottery from many areas of
the Southeast
*galena from Missouri
*finished ceremonial objects
from tennessee and the Spiro
site in Oklahoma
-Artifacts associated with rich burials
-Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
-Occupied around A.D. 1050
-Mounds were large, flat-topped earthen structures constructed to elevate temples or dwellings of important individuals above the surrounding landscape
The Draper Site
-Almost the entire site was excavated
-One of more than 15 Iroquoian villages in the Duffin drainage
-Located in the White Pine hardwood forest region of southern Ontario
-Inhabited between A.D. 1450 and 1500
-Longhouses
*Held up to 2000 people
Snaketown
-Inhabited by Hohokam people
-Arizona
-~300 B.C. and 1200 B.C.
-More open villages
-More settled existence
-Pithouses
Chaco Canyon
-Four corners region of the Southwest
*Arizona, New Mexico,
Colorado, and Utah
-The Colorado Plateau
-Lack of trees and experiences dramatic temperature extremes
-Depended on rainfall for floodwater farming
Ozette
-Pacific coast of Washington's Olympic Peninsula at Cape Alava
-People settled into this area over 2,000 years ago
-Major whaling village
-Permanent villages
-Developed large food surpluses
-Decorative wood carvings
*Totem poles
*carved boxes
*Canoes
*masks
*Cedar bark baskets
*Textiles
-Social Ranking