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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pacific Islands
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-Marked by the appearance of distinctively decorated Lapita Pottery
-Could have been discovered because of: *New crops *New canoes *New navigation skills *Wanderlust |
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Lapita Pottery
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-Named after a site where it was found in New Caledonia
-Originated in Southeast Asia |
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Lapita People
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-Skilled seafarers who, beginning around 1500 b.c., spread eastward through the islands of Melanesia and into the remote archipelagos of the central and eastern Pacific
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Lapita People
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-Sailors and farmers reached Tonga and Samoa by roughly 1000 B.C.
-Reached the Marquesas by A.D. 300 -Reached Hawaii by A.D. 600 |
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Easter Island
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-Colonized around A.D. 400
-Colonized by the people who eventually raised hundreds of colossal stone heads on the island |
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New Zealand
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-Bypassed in the expansion
-Not colonized until A.D. 1000 |
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Oxygen isotope Curve
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-From marine sediments
-Recorded ration depends on climate (precipitation and evaporation) |
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Habitat Tracking
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-C14 dating of shallow water mollusks, coralline algae, beachrock, and salt-marsh peat
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Sea-Level Changes
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-Oxygen isotope curve
-Habitation Tracking |
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The New World
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-Discovered by Columbus
-Consisted of two entire continents with a native population estimated to have been in the tens of millions and speaking more than 1,500 different languages and dialects -Diversity of cultures: hunter gatherers to kingdoms |
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Beringia (Bering Land Bridge)
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-During long periods in the Pleistocene
-People in northeast Asia could have walked into the New World across this body of land -Sometime before 15,000 ya. (unknown) |
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Ushki I
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-Excavated by Nikolai Dikov
-Contained a grave filled with red ochre, and several large, peanut-shaped dwellings -Small, stemmed, bifacial flint projectile points similar to ones from Alaska -Inhabitants hunted bison, reindeer, and probably mammoth and large salmon |
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Beringia
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-Probably dry land between 60,000 and 13,000 years ago
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Possible Routes for the spread from Alaska into North America
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-Beringia (Bering Land Bridge)
-Western Coastline |
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First inhabitance of Eastern Siberia
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-We don't know
-After humans adapted to life in the Arctic -ca. 40,000 B.P. |
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Oldest Evidence of Humans in the Arctic
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-Mamontovaya Kurya, Russia (40,000 B.P._
-Lake Baikal, cental Siberia (34,000 B.P.) -Dyuktai Cabe, central Siberia (18,000 B.P.) -Ushki Lake, eastern Sibera (11,300 B.P.) |
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Beringia (Bering Land Bridge)
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-Sea level 125 m (400 feet) lower than modern
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Laurentide Ice Sheet
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-Split between 15,000 and 7,000 B.P.
-Formed Cordilleran and an Eastern part by a massive ice stream that drains into the Arctic Ocean |
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Indian Archaeology
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-Dominated by the Harappan (indus valley) Civilization
-Overt (not hidden/open) Architecture -Led archaeologists to believe this was the beginning of inhabitation in this region (~5,000 ya) |
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Mehrgarh
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-Disproved the prevailing theory of the beginning of inhabitation
-Provides unique insight into the later Indus Valley Civilization -Early Neolithic Site (9,000-7,500 B.P) -Important Location *Bolan Pass connects the Indus River Valley with Southwest Asia) |
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Mehrgarh
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-Early Levels
*9,000-8,000 B.P. -No Pottery *But all kinds of clay figurines -Focus on Wild Resources |
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Mehrgarh: ~6,000 B.P. Upper Deposits
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-Mostly domesticated animals, but still some wild animals
-Other wild animals= 13% -Swamp deer= 0% -Antelope= 0% -Gazelle= 13% -Cattle= 55% -Sheep= 18% -Goat= 20% |
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Mehrgarh: ~8,000 B.P. Middle deposits
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-Mostly Domesticated animals (cattle, sheep and goats), but still some Wild animals
-Other wild animals= 12% -Swamp deer= 0% -Antelope= 0% -Gazelle= 14% -Cattle= 32% -Sheep= 39% -Goats= 20% |
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Megrgarh: Between 9,000 and 8,000 B.P. Lower deposits
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-All Wild Animals
-Other wild animals= 5% -Swamp deer= 17% -Antelope=17% -Gazelle= 33% -Cattle= 11% -Sheep= 17% -Goats= 20% |
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Mehrgarh
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-Two transitional Burials
-Two examples of middle-aged male -Buried with: *5 domestic goats at their feet *Trade goods >Lapis Lazuli *Covered with Red Ochre |
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Mehrgarh
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-Domestication: Diffusion or Independent development?
-Both? *Wheat seems to have been imported *Sheep and goats imported *Barley may have been domesticated *Cattle were domesticated |
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Mehrgarh
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-Middle and Upper Deposits
-Subsistence Shifts *Zebu Cattle (aka Brahman) -Suggests cattle husbandry may have begun at the same time as in SW Asia *Sheep/goats may have been brought in, but these cattle were domesticated in India |
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Mehrgarh
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-Craft Specialization in late occupations
*~6,000 B.P. -Pottery *Potter's Wheel invented/introduced *Highly efficient production of standardized pottery -Jewelry *Beads of Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, and carnelian |
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Lapis Lazuli
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-Trade Good of Mehrgarh
-Source: ~600 miles away *Badakhshan, Afghanistan -if person walks 20 miles a day it would take a month to walk |
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Turquoise
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-Trade Good of Mehrgarh
-Source: ~800 miles away *Khorasan Province, Iran -40 days walk |
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Ban-po-ts'un
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-First extensively excavated Neolithic village in China
*~7,000-5,000 B.P. -Redefined Chinese archaeology >Chinese Civilization was previously thought to have originated through diffusion |
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Ban-po-ts'un
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-Settlement
*~100 circular huts *Arranged in a circle *Surrounded by a ditch >Drainage/defense? *Long duration >Superimposed houses |
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Ban-po-ts'un
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-Resources
*Domestication of Millet, not rice *Hemp for fiber *Silk >Evidence *Silkworm cocoons *Spindle Whorls -Animals *Dogs *Pigs, Sheep, Goats and cattle |
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Millet
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-A grassy plant, often used for silage or birdseed now
-King of lake Chenopodium such as Quinoa -The fundamental domesticate in Northern China at this time -Supplemented by nuts |
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Ban-po-ts'un
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-Ceramic Industry
-Large concentration of kilns outside of the village -500,000 pottery sherds recovered -Cooking pots: *Coarse and gritty -Water and eating pots: *finely made and decorated *Geomorphic and Zoomorphic designs |
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Ban-po-ts'un
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-Handling of the dead
-Adults *Extended burials in a cemetery outside of the village -Children and Infants *Interred within redware pottery jars near the houses |
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V. Gordon Childe
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-Diffusion from a few primary cultural cores
-Mehrgarh and Ban-po-ts'un show that this was wrong for these areas *Civilization did not need an evolutionary external force |
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Hunters and Getherers
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-Dolni Vestonice
-Clovis -Meadowcroft -Monte Verde |
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Foragers
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-Vedbaek
-Sannai Maruyama -Carrier Mills |
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Early Agriculturalists
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-Abu Hureyra
-Jericho -Catalhoyuk -Mehrgarh -Ban-po-ts'un |
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Mexican Domestication
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-Zea maize
-Cucurbita pepo -Beans -Peppers |
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Zea maize
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-Ancestor of corn
-Shattering inflorescences *Mechanism by which the seeds of the plant are dispersed naturally -Selective use and cultivation of teosinte grass over thousands of years |
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Teosinte
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-Giant wild grass so closely related to Zea mays that most botanists place it with corn in the same species
-Still grows in the foothills and highlands of Mexico and Guatemala -Only large-seeded, wild, annual grass in the tropical Americas -lacks a cob, instead its seeds are contained in fruitcases -Seeds dispersed through shattering |
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Guila Naquitz Cave
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-"White Cliff"
-Seasonally inhabited *Late Summer/Early Winter -"Micro-bands" *Small group of hunter- gatherers -Mainly seasonally available plants *Nuts, agave, seeds, some meat *How does this compare to modern diets? |
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Guila Naquitz Cave
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-Domesticated varieties of squash
*~8,000 B.C. -Incidental Domestication at first? |
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Tehuacan Valley
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-Extensive work by Richard MacNeish in the 1960's
*Went here to fidure out the domestication of maize -Chose the tehaucan Valley for dryness and its location near other finds -MacNeish's research questions: 1. What led to the domestication of maize? 2. How did these changes lay the foundation for later Mesoamerican civilization? |
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Tehuacan Valley
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-MacNeish created a 12,000 year sequence in the valley
-For pre-ceramic groups: *Lived in microbands that dispersed periodically *Scheduled their seasonal movements to coincide with the periodic availability of local plant and animal species -Squash *~8,000 ya *protein -Maize *small * |
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Zea maize
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-Spread throughout most of North America
-It appeared in the Eastern United States around 2,500 B.P. -It did not become a stable crop for another 1,500 years. |
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Eastern Agricultural Complex
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-Kind of a misnomer
-Native Americans domesticated and cultivated many indigenous crops as far west as the Great Plains -Edible oily seeds *Sumpweed *Sunflower -Starchy Seeds *Erect Knotweed |
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Eastern Agricultural Complex
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-Grain and Vegetable Crops
*Grains to make flour >Maygrass >Little Barley *Leafy vegetable >Chenopod/goosefoot |
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Eastern Agricultural Complex
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-Gourds
*Bottle gourds *Pepo Squash -Dual use *Storage containers *Food |
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How EAC domestication occured
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-The Floodplain Weed Theory
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The Floodplain Weed Theory
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-The EAC was a suite of weedy floodplain crops which were at first incidentally encouraged to group, and then actively cultivated and domesticated
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The Floodplain Weed Theory
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1. Floodplain weeds are pre-adapted to thrive in anthropogenic open habitats
-These habitats are where plants were domesticated 2. Deliberate planting/cultivation creates new selective pressures, which are the mechanism of domestication 3. Natural habitat research: EAC plants are documented as living in modern floodplain environments -Arch/Climate/Geomorph research: Anthropogenic open habitats available ~7,000-5,700 B.P. -SEM/AMS developed: phenotypic changes associated with domestication evident ~4,000-3,000 B.P. |
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Coevolution
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-Bruce Smith's Floodplain Weed Theory is based on humans and plants interacting and affecting one another
*David Rindos - Darwinian Approach |
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David Rindos - Darwinian Approach
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-Humans Clear land for settlement
-Plants like this land -Humans like these plants -Humans clear more land, this time for plants -Plants use humans- enjoy a nice habitat -Humans use plants - enjoy nice food -Positive feedback loop |
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Early Woodland Period
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-Time period throughout the Eastern Woodlands
*Adena is an EWL cultural complex in Ohio -3,000-2,000 B.P. -Represents increasingly sedentary occupations in the Eastern Woodlands *Similar in some ways to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic components at many of the sites we looked at. |
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Adena
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-Early Woodland
*Defined by ceramics -Dispersed sedentary communities -EAC supplemented by meat, nuts |
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Adena Earthworks
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-A defining characteristic of Adena culture
*Earthen burial mounds |
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Ohio Hopewell
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-"Moundbuilders"
-2,000-1,500 B.P. -Known for elaborate earthworks and long distance trade networks -A delineation or an intensification? *Archaeological Systematics |
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Serpent Mound
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-Traditionally thought to be created by later groups
*This is questionable |
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Ohio Hopewell
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-Sacred/secular dichotomoy
*so what about everyday life? -Vacant Ceremonial Model *Olaf Prufer -Habitations? |
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Hopewell Culture
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-200 B.C. - A.D. 350
*Centers in Ohio and Illinois *Earthworks *Long-Distance Exchange for Mortuary Rituals -Then - decline *"Good and Grey" cultures - Late Woodland *A.D. 400 - A.D 1000 -Mississippian groups developed out of local late Woodland populations in many areas throughout the Southeaster US *~A.D. 1000 - Contact |
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Mississippian Culture
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-Maize agriculture
-Sedentary Villages -Social Inequality -Earthworks -Southeastern Ceremonial Complex |
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Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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-Southern Cult
-Duality -Axis Mundi -Underwater Panther Motif -Spiral Motif |
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Cahokia
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-Largest Mississippian Site
*First? -1,050-1,300 A.D. -2,200 acres -Population estimates vary *3,000-12,000 (Holley 1999) -Developed out of Late Woodland traditions -"Big Bang" c. A.D. 1050 (Pauketat 1997) |
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Cahokian Ideology
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-Manifestations of SECC
-Late Woodland Traditions are also evident -Based on Ideologically Segregating the Elite -Nobility and Fertility Cults |
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Monumental Labor
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-Deliberately Planned Mounded Landscape
*120 mounds *55 million cubic feet of soil >4.3 Billion pounds -Plazas *Great Plaza is 40 acres >The OSU oval is ~11 acres -Palisade *2 miles long. The last wall was composed of about 20,000 timbers |
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Cahokian Social Hierarchy
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-Monks Mound covers 14 acres, rises 100 feet, and was topped by a massive 5,000 acre square-foot building another 50 ft. hight.
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Cahokian Social Hierarchy
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-Traditionally, 2 tiers
*Elite/commoner -Distinct differences *Households *Material Wealth *Diet -Subsequent analyses have revealed a more intricate power structure *Priest Class? -Mortuary Cults -Compare to Hopewell |
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Mound 72
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-Sits on an important N-S Axis
-Elite burial mound focused on 1 person -Buried on a layer of 20,000 shell beads -Buried with a number of significant grave good *A cache of finely made projectile point, produced from a number of raw material types |
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Cahokian Social Hierarchy
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-He was also buried with 250 people
-50 women ~21 years old -Mass burial of 40 men and women -Not all people were dead when buried with him. -Human Sacrifice *4 men were interred with their heads and hands removed |
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Leadership Theory
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-Weber's tripartite Classification of Authority
*Charismatic *Traditional *Legal |
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Ideological Legitimization
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-A mechanism which creates the social and natural world for humans explaining and naturalizing it
-Mississippian religion nested the elite within this |
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Leadership Theory
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-Why so much conspicuous consumption and human sacrifice?
*Burial rites, ceremony is for the living *Descendants may have situated this significant, charismatic person within a structured ideology, increasing their own power -Routinization of Power *Unless this "power" is distributed to other personnel in a stable institutional structure, the movement itself is liable to die with the death or failure of individual prophet, king, or war lord. |
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Chiefdom Cycling
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-These polities were inherently unstable
-Perhaps because of the social and authority system based on descent, as my be evidenced by Mound 72 -Perhaps environmental |
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Guitarrero Cave
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-Earliest steps of agriculture were taken here
-Large natural rock shelter at 2580m above sea level -Mountains of Northern Peru (Andes) -Twining/ finger weaving fabrics -bone knives, fragments of gourd bowls, cordage, basketry and textiles |
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Moundville
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-Nonlocal materials were abundant
*marine shell from the Floria Gulf Coast *copper from the Great Lakes *pottery from many areas of the Southeast *galena from Missouri *finished ceremonial objects from tennessee and the Spiro site in Oklahoma -Artifacts associated with rich burials -Southeastern Ceremonial Complex -Occupied around A.D. 1050 -Mounds were large, flat-topped earthen structures constructed to elevate temples or dwellings of important individuals above the surrounding landscape |
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The Draper Site
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-Almost the entire site was excavated
-One of more than 15 Iroquoian villages in the Duffin drainage -Located in the White Pine hardwood forest region of southern Ontario -Inhabited between A.D. 1450 and 1500 -Longhouses *Held up to 2000 people |
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Snaketown
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-Inhabited by Hohokam people
-Arizona -~300 B.C. and 1200 B.C. -More open villages -More settled existence -Pithouses |
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Chaco Canyon
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-Four corners region of the Southwest
*Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah -The Colorado Plateau -Lack of trees and experiences dramatic temperature extremes -Depended on rainfall for floodwater farming |
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Ozette
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-Pacific coast of Washington's Olympic Peninsula at Cape Alava
-People settled into this area over 2,000 years ago -Major whaling village -Permanent villages -Developed large food surpluses -Decorative wood carvings *Totem poles *carved boxes *Canoes *masks *Cedar bark baskets *Textiles -Social Ranking |