World Politics Final Exam Study Guide

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Nationalism

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A mind-set glorifying a particular state and the nationality group living in it, which sees the state’s interest as a supreme value.

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Democratic Peace Theory

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The theory that although democratic states sometimes wage wars against nondemocratic states, they do not fight one another.

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Power Transition Theory

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The theory that war is likely when a dominant great power is threatened by the rapid growth of a rival’s capabilities, which reduces the difference in their relative power.

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political terrorism

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Terrorism practiced by an expanding set of diverse actors with new weapons “to sow panic in a society, to weaken or even overthrow the incumbents, and to bring about political change.

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The Diversionary Theory

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draws a direct connection between civil strife and foreign aggression. It maintains that when leaders sense their country is suffering from conflict at home, they are prone to attempt to contain that domestic strife by waging a war against foreigners—

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The power transition theory

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The theory that war is likely when a dominant great power is threatened by the rapid growth of a rival’s capabilities, which reduces the difference in their relative power.

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who is the leading globalweapons exporter is and what the implications are?

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The US. while seeking to promote democratization, less democratic countries receive the greatest amounts of U.S. arms

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Preemptive War

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A quick first-strike attack that seeks to defeat an adversary before it can organize an initial attack or a retaliatory response.

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deterrence

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Preventive strategies designed to dissuade an adversary from doing what it would otherwise do.

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coercive diplomacy

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The use of threats or limited armed force to persuade an adversary to alter its foreign or domestic policies.

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compellence

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A method of coercive diplomacy usually involving an act of war or threat to force an adversary to make concessions against its will.

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power and power politics

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politics based primarily on the use of power (such as military and economic strength) as a coercive force rather than on ethical precepts

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brinkmanship

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The intentional, reckless taking of huge risks in bargaining with an enemy, such as threatening a nuclear attack, to compel its submission.

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the security dilemma

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The tendency of states to view the defensive arming of adversaries as threatening, causing them to arm in response so that all states’ security declines.

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hegemony

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A preponderant state capable of dominating the conduct of international political and economic relations.

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soft power

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The capacity to co-opt through such intangible factors as the popularity of a state’s values and institutions, as opposed to the “hard power” to coerce through military might.

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strategic defense intitative

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was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (Intercontinental ballistic missiles and Submarine-launched ballistic missiles).

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mutual assured destruction

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A condition of mutual deterrence in which both sides possess the ability to survive a first strike with weapons of mass destruction and launch a devastating retaliatory attack.

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nine recognized nuclear states

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US, Russia, France, Britian, North Korea, Isreal, India, Pakistan,China

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Regime Theory

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a theory within international relations derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states (or other international actors).

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balancer

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Under a balance-of-power system, an influential global or regional great power that throws its support in decisive fashion to a defensive coalition

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collective security

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A security regime agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest.

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unipolar

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refers to the concentration of power in a single preponderant state.

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collective security

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requires collective decisions for collective goals, such as containing armed conflict, which is guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met with a unified response from the rest

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balancer

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Under a balance-of-power system, an influential global or regional great power that throws its support in decisive fashion to a defensive coalition.

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Know the main limitationsof international law.

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1.no legislative body is capable of making truly binding laws. Rules apply only when states willingly observe or embrace them in the treaties to which they voluntarily subscribe.

2. no judicial body exists to authoritatively identify and record the rules accepted by states, interpret when and how the rules apply, and then identify violations. Instead, states are responsible for performing these tasks themselves.

3.there is no executive body capable of enforcing the rules.

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adjudication

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is a judicial procedure for resolving conflicts by referring them to a standing court for a binding decision.

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diplomacy

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Communication and negotiation between global actors that is not dependent upon the use of force and seeks a cooperative solution.

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reciprocity

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Mutual or reciprocal lowering of trade barriers.

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mediation

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A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party proposes a nonbinding solution to the disputants.

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arbitration

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A conflict-resolution procedure in which a third party makes a binding decision between disputants through a temporary ruling board created for that ruling.

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conciliation

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the action of mediating between two disputing people or groups:

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good officesfoP)

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Third-party provision of a place for negotiation among disputants; but the third party does not serve as a mediator in the actual negotiations.

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Just War Theory

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a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics studied by theologians, ethicists, policy makers, and military leaders. The purpose of the doctrine is to ensure war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just.

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Just War Doctrine

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The moral criteria identifying when a just war may be undertaken and how it should be fought once it begins.

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sovereignty

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the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

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Globalization

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The integration of states through increasing contact, communication, and trade, as well as increased global awareness of such integration.

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"global village"

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A popular cosmopolitan perspective describing the growth of awareness that all people share a common fate because the world is becoming an integrated and interdependent whole

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The digital divide

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The division between the Internet-technology rich Global North and the Global South in the proportion of Internet users and hosts.

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Arbitrage

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The selling of one currency (or product) and purchase of another to make a profit on changing exchange rates.

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Globalization Of Production

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Transnationalization of the productive process, in which finished goods rely on inputs from multiple countries outside of their final market.

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agenda setting

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The thesis that by their ability to identify and publicize issues, the communications media determine the problems that receive attention from governments and international organizations.

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global norm

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Norms in development are typically established atthe global level to solve complex development challengeson the ground. These norms are standards ofexpected behavior about how things ought to beconducted and are deemed crucial for societies toflourish.

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derivatives

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newer financial instruments that are essentially “side bets” placed on the prospective future value of assets such as stocks and bondsprivate contracts and thus not formally declared,

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genocide

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The attempt to eliminate, in whole or in part, an ethnic, racial, religious, or national minority group.

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Know the world poverty level

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about 1 billion people (about 17 percent of the world) live in extreme poverty and another 2.2 billion (about 36 percent of world population) seek to survive on $2 or less a day (WDI, 2015).

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Gender empowerment measure

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an index designed to measure of gender equality. GEM is the United Nations Development Programme's attempt to measure the extent of gender inequality across the globe's countries, based on estimates of women's relative economic income, participations in high-paying positions with economic power, and access to professional and parliamentary positions.

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Gender Empowerment Measure

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is a measure of inequalities between men’s and women’s opportunities in a country. It combines inequalities in three areas: political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and power over economic resources.

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the two covenants on human rights

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the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). together form the “InternationalBill of Human Rights.”

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five categories of human rights

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Rights of the person.Rights associated with the rule of law. Political Rights. Economic and Social RightsRights of communities

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Commercial liberalismt

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An economic theory advocating free markets and the removal of barriers to the flow of trade and capital as a locomotive for prosperity.

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Bretton Woods System

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based on the theoretical premises of commercial liberalism, which advocates free markets with few barriers to trade and capital flows.

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free rider

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Those who obtain benefits at others expense without the usual costs and effort.

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public good

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a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.

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commercial good

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Commercial Industry are those that makes the finished goods, supplied by the manufacturing industries, available to the consumers. Transport, trade, commerce

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free trade

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international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

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open markets

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an economic system with no barriers to free market activity. An open market is characterized by the absence of tariffs, taxes, licensing requirements, subsidies, unionization and any other regulations or practices that interfere with the natural functioning of the free market.

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global currency

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a currency that is transacted internationally, with no set borders.

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exchange rate

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The rate at which one state’s currency is exchanged for another state’s currency in the global marketplace.

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devaluation

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lowers the relative prices of a country’s exports. However, it can also reduce the spending power of citizens within that country.

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floating exchange rate

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An unmanaged process in which governments neither establish an official rate for their currencies nor intervene to affect the value of their currencies and instead allow market forces and private investors to influence the relative rate of exchange for currencies between countries.

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inflation

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A decrease in the value of money, which increases the prices paid for goods and services. It is generally expressed in percentages and calculated on a yearly basis.

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balance-of-trade deficit

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Alternatively, currencies that are relatively strong face the opposite dilemma—though their consumers have relatively more spending power, both at home and abroad, their exporting industries suffer

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World Trade Organization

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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which later became the World Trade Organization (WTO), was formed to encourage trade liberalization.

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International Monetary Fund

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To provide a stabilization fund to help countries offset short-term balance-of-payments problems,o function somewhat like a global credit union—countries contributed to the fund and were able to draw capital from it to help them maintain a balance-of-payments equilibrium, and hence exchange rate stability.

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gross domestic product

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Total value of all goods and services produced in a country within a year.

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World Bank

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an international banking organization established to control the distribution of economic aid among member nations, and to make loans to them in times of financial crisis

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Human rights

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The political rights and civil liberties recognized by the international community as inalienable and valid for individuals in all countries by virtue of their humanity.

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human development index

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An index that uses life expectancy, literacy, average number of years of schooling, and income to assess a country’s performance in providing for its people’s welfare and security.

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humanitarian intervention

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The use of peacekeeping troops by foreign states or international organizations to protect endangered people from gross violations of their human rights and from mass murder.

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the effects of continued rising temperatures.

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droughts, floods from melting ice caps, heat deprivation, food scarcity, rising sea levels

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renewable sources of energy

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Solar, tidal, and wind power, as well as geothermal energy and bioconversion, nuclear energy

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non-renewable sources of energy

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fossil fuels, coal,

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global warming

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the gradual rise in world temperature—would cause destructive changes in world climate patterns and that rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and freak storms would provoke widespread changes in global political and economic relationships

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effects of global warming

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ozone depletion, and the loss of tropical forests and marine habitats.

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Genetic engineering

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Research geared to discover seeds for new types of plant and human life for sale and use as substitutes for those produced naturally.

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Trans-genetic crops

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New crops with improved characteristics created artificially through genetic engineering that combine genes from species that would not naturally interbreed.

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Organic Crops

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crops produced by methods that comply with the standards of organic farming. Standards vary worldwide; however, organic farming in general, features practices that strive to foster cycling of resources, promote ecological balance, and conserve biodiversity.

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sustainable development

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Economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain life and prosperity.

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greenhouse effect

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The phenomenon producing planetary warming when gases released by burning fossil fuels act as a blanket in the atmosphere, thereby increasing temperatures.

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Desertification

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The creation of deserts due to soil erosion, overfarming, and deforestation, which converts cropland to nonproductive, arid sand.

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Ozone Layer Depletion

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most notably, an “ozone hole” over Antarctica that has grown to a size larger than the continental United States. They have conclusively linked the thinning of the layer to CFCs—a related family of compounds known as halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), methyl bromide, and other chemicals.exposes humans to health hazards of various sorts, particularly skin cancer, and threatens other forms of marine and terrestrial life.

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Biodiversity

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The variety of plant and animal species living in the Earth’s diverse ecosystems.

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Acid Rain

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Precipitation that has been made acidic through contact with sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

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collective good

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is a specific good that is beneficial for most/all of its members;