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105 Cards in this Set

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What is absolute poverty?

Refers to a condition where a person does not have the minimum income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living need (water, food, shelter, etc..)

Why is absolute poverty important?

Demonstrates that poverty is not one- dimensional phenomenon, in which requires a wide range of solutions.

Region that is plagued with absolute poverty?

Many regions in Africa

What is an IGO?

An Intergovernmental Organization is composed primarily of sovereign states, or of other IGOs to work in good faith on issues of common interest.

Significance of IGOS

To create a world that more successfully works together in the areas of peace and security, and also deal with economic and social issues. . Helps facilitate conflict resolution, serve as information provides, are impartial.

Example of an IGO

United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund

What is the Bretton Woods System

A system of economic and financials accords. Have 2 goal; one is to promote economic and political stability, and the other is to promote trade cooperation. Goal of security and stability

Significance of the Bretton Woods System?

Created gloating exchange rates so that the currency was no longer fixed to the US dollar

Criticisms of the Bretton Woods System

unequal representation, lack of transparency, undemocratic decision-making, perpetuates cycle of poverty

Compulsory Licensing

When a government allows someone else to produce the patented product or process without the consent of the patent owner. It is one of the flexibilities on patent protection in the TRIPS agreement

What are some of the grounds used for compulsory licensing?

Public health reasons, emergency situation, epidemics, public non-commercial use

Significance of compulsory licensing

They encourage patent owners to behave correctly. They give a sign to the patent owner that in the case of abuse of rights, a third party could use the invention. This prevents malpractice and misuse of monopoly rights

ISIS

is a terrorist/ insurgency hybrid group. Has 30,000+ members, engages in direct combat with military forces, motivated by apocalyptic interpretation of history, uses violence to gain legitimacy and project power

What is deregulation?

is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry

Significance of deregulation

Gives consumers choices. A deregulated market allows you to choose you supplier. It also motivates retailers to differentiate their products from the utility and those of competitors by developing innovative features.

Example of deregulation

Deregulation in the airline industry in 1978

Export processing zone

is an area of a country where some normal trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas are eliminated and bureaucratic requirements are lowered in hopes of attracting new business and foreign investment

Significance of EPZs?

For the home country, they serve the purpose of enhancing exports and balancing trade. For the country that receives the exports, they provide cheap goods. For the TNC they provide a cheaper place to do business, reducing costs and increasing profits

United States has _____ EPZs and Africa has ____

213, 47

Define Free Trade

International trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions.

Significance of free trade

Help nations develop the best economic policies for their citizens, improve job opportunities in the economic market

Example of free trade

Canada has free trade agreement with the US and Mexico (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Just War Theory

the purpose of the doctrine is to ensure war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just

2 criteria of just war theory

jus ad bellum (just causes of war)


- right intention, just cause, last resort, self defence




jus in bell (right conduct in war)


- hague conference


- geneva conventions

Significance of just war theory

provide a guide to the right way for states to act in potential conflict situations. Provides a useful framework for individuals and political groups to use for their discussions of possible wars.

Modernisation theory

as developing states progress along the path of industrialization and economic growth, they will shed tradition and become more modern

Modernisation significance

There has been modernization in science and technology that facilitates development and increases production and growth. Assumes that unlimited economic growth is possible.

Criticisms of modernisation theory

Has a narrow focus on monetary measures of well-being, and helps perpetuate global inequalities

Examples on modernization theory

Poverty (lack of money to provide for material needs). Solution lies in industrialization and technological advancements

Neglected Dieases

medically diverse groups of infections common in low-income populations in developing regions. Caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths.

Significance of Neglected diseases

1 billion people globally suffer from NTD. They are significantly disability and diminish quality of life and opportunities to succeed. NTDs can reinforce the cycle of poverty.

Examples of NTD

Rabies, Worm Infestations

Gender-Based Analysis

analytical tool used to assess the potential impacts of policies, programs and services on diverse groups of women and men, taking into account gender and other identifying factors

Significance of gender-based analysis

can contribute to attaining the overarching goal of gender equality. Also is important because current society fails to consider that men and women can be affected differently by similiar situations

Example of Gender-Based Analysis

The Status of Women Canada has used the analysis

New Terrorism

Aims at destruction as an end in itself


- increased prevalence of social media to promote terrorist ideologies


- communication channels, transportation and tech advancements has allowed terrorism to grow


- claim for territory

Significance of new terrorism

- far greater reach and ability to perpetrate their message, and persuade individuals to join their movement


- harder to combat


- increased resources leads to increased power

New terrorism example

ISIS

Geneva Conventio

4 treaties and 2 protocols, that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment in war


- established protections for wound soldiers


- utilization of volunteers for relief assistance

Significance of the Geneva Convention

Protect people who are disadvantaged. Requires humane treatment for all persons in enemy hands.

NGo

non-profit organization that is independent from the government engaging in collective action

Significance of NGOS

Perform service, humanitarian functions, publish info, bring citizen concerns to the government, and encourage participation of stakeholders

Example of NGO

GreenPeace, Carnitas, World Vision, Doctors without Border

Genocide

deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation

Significance of Genocide

Acts of genocide perpetrate hate. Other effects include damaged relationships, demobilizations, murder.

Examples of Genocide

Rwanda Genocide, and the Holocaust

Overseas Development Assistance

used to measure aid. Indicator of international aid flow

Significance of Overseas Development Assistance

Welfare of developing countries is the main objective. This contributes to the reduce of poverty, and aims to further sustainable development.

Examples of ODA

The European Union is the largest contributor to the ODA

Human Poverty Index

Indication of the standard of living in a country. Measures things like mortality rate, access to education, literacy, access to employment and standard of living

Significance of Human Poverty Index

Studies of the problems of poor people and communities, and of the obstacles they face, can open ip to the opportunity to improve their situation because of the increased understanding of poverty in certain regions

Example of Human Poverty Index

Sweden has the highest HPI, demonstrating high standard of living

Religious Outbidding

Leaders or groups try to outbid each other in order to enhance their religious credentials and legitimacy. Resources can be obtained by framing a conflict in religious terms

Significance of religious outbidding

the more religious outbidding that occurs, the more likely it is that religion will go from peripheral to central. The more central religion is, the less likely negotiations will be successful. Additionally, the more central religion is, the more likely that violence will be used against non-believers.

Examples of Religious Outbidding

ISIS appeals for global support

Remittances

transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country. Money competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries

Significance of remittances

accounts to be a significant part of international capital flows. Plays an increasingly large role in the economies of many countries, as it contributes to economic growth and to the livelihoods of less prosperous people

Responsibility to Protect (r2p)

International community has the responsibility to prevent mass atrocities, react to current crises by diplomatic engagement, protect citizens who are victims of war or abuse, rebuild by bringing security, and prevent future problems

Significance of R2P

Seeks to ensure that the international community never again fails to act in the face of genocide and other gross forms of human rights abuse

Example of a time R2P was used?

R2P in Syria, to help mitigate conflict (by UN)



Sustainable development is....

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Significance of Sustainable development

creates a stable relationship between human activities and the natural world. Encourage us to conserve and enhance our resource base, by gradually changing the ways in which we develop and use tech

Examples of sustainable developments

Solar energy, wind energy

Sustainable development goals

is a set of 17 aspirational global goals, spearheaded by the UN in collaboration with 193 member states

Importance of sustainable development goals

Seeks to strengthen universal peace and greater freedom. It recognizes that eradicating poverty in all of its forms, is the greatest global challenge and indispensable requirement for sustainable development

Examples of global goals for sustainable development

no poverty, zero hunger, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, climate action

Resurgence of religion

new wave of religious activism is driven by serious believers of many faiths all of whom are opposed to many of the values commonly accepted by modern secular society. Goal of restructuring society on the basis of scriptural belief and practice

Significance of resurgence of religion

reverts the world back to a place of non-secularization. Has caused increased conflict (fundamentalism)

Examples of where resurgence of religion has occured

ISIS in Syria and Iraq

Third Wave Feminism

critics the second wave of feminism for being rigid and judgemental


- claims to be inclusive


- refine what it is to be a feminist


- based on the idea of intersectionality. This is where people carry multiple identities simultaneously, and some of these identities have more privilege than others ex. black US citizen

Significance of third wave

Played a large role in the progression of the feminist movement, and its greater inclusion of all types of people

Rio Declaration

Link development with environmental protection and re-eradicating poverty

Significance of the Rio Declaration

States that long term economic progress is only ensured if it is linked with the protection of the environment.


- development must not threaten the needs of present or future generations


- environmental protection shall constitute as integral part of development

Tragedy of the commons

economic problem in which every individual tries to reap the greatest benefit from a given resource. As the demand for the resource overwhelms the supply, every individual who consumes an additional unit directly harms others

Significance of the tragedy of the commons

demonstrates the implications for the use of resources to sustainability.

Depletion of non-renewable resources is an example of

tragedy of the commons

Secularization

the separation between religion and the state

Significance of secularization

people of different religion and beliefs are all equal under the law. This ensures political decisions are not being made under the bias of religion, and helps guarantee fairness within politics

Example of secular and non-secular regions

North America is secular, Saudi Arabia is non-secular

Transnational advocacy network (TAN)

A network of activist (usually a collection of NGOS) dedicated to taking affirmative action on a specific cause

Significance of TANs

Activists bring new issues to the table, reshape alliances among platers, redefine the rules of international politics, open the field to weak players

Example of a TAN

Boys and Girls Club of America

Security Council

Primary responsibility under the UN charter is to maintain international peace and security. 5 permanent members: United States, China, UK, Russia, France

Purpose of the Security Council

Call on members to apply sanctions


- authorize military action


- procedural issues (require 9 votes)


- substantial issues (9 votes, including all 5 permanent members)

Significance of the security council

Responds to crises around the world on a case-by-case basis. Creates security and peace on a worldwide scale

Treaty Westphalia

series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities, effectively ending the European wars of religion.

Significance of the Westphalia Treaty

the treaty is considered the beginning of the international system of laws. Argued that it was the most important event in regards to state sovereignty

Soft Power

ability to attract and co-opt as a means to persuade rather than using force

Significance of soft power

rests in the ability to shape preferences of others. The suppression of terrorism and achievement of national objectives, require the willing assistance of other nations.

Examples of soft power

can be expressed in terms of propaganda

TRIPS Agreement

an international agreement by the WTO that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property

Significance of TRIPS agreement

The main feature of the agreement seeks to achieve is to create standards in respect of each of the main areas of intellectual property, enforcement, and dispute settlement

TRIPS agreement example

Compulsory licensing under TRIPS

Waterboarding

harsh interrogation method that stimulates drowning and near death


- cloth is held tightly over subjects face, water poured onto cloth over face

Significance of waterboarding

Used as enhanced interrogation techniques in order to acquire information from suspects

Example of waterboarding

widely used by the CIA

State sovereignty

is the idea that states operate as autonomous and independent entities in world politics. Also implies that states are equal and suggest non-intervention in international affairs.

Significance of state sovereignty

states act in the interest of their own citizens, and therefore protect them and treat them according to humanitarian laws

Example of a sovereign state

United States

State

a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government

Significance of state

a state is more than a government. governments change, but states endure.

Example of a state

196 independent countries, United States being one

WTO

is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct business

Significance of the WTO

ensures that countries that trade goods and services have a say in how trade is conducted on an international level, promoting peaceful relations, stimulating global economic growth. This evens the playing field for smaller and poorer nations.

Example of WTO

During a year in which certain crops experience poor yields, the organization works with all nations that grow the crop to help affected nations.