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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 largest water users in the typical home?
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First, toilets then washing machines
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Know the % of water used globally for Domestic, Industrial, and Irrigation use
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Domestic - 10%
Industrial - 20% Irrigation - 70% |
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How many gallons of water are required to produce a single 1/4 lb. hamburger?
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3,000 gallons (3 tons)
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Know the average daily and annual household water use.
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Daily - 350 gallons
Annually - 127,400 gallons |
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Know the dimensions of the Earth and the volume of water on Earth.
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Radius - 4,000 miles
Diameter - 8,000 miles Circumference - 25,000 miles Volume of Water - 326 million mi^3 |
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Know the % of total Earth water that is readily available freshwater, and where most of the fresh water is found.
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% of total freshwater on Earth - 0.8%
Most fresh water is ground water. |
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Evidence for water appearing 3.5 billion years ago?
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Pillow Lava formations
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Evidence for water appearing 4.1 billion years ago?
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Zycron crystals found in Australia in 2001
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What are the 3 potential sources of Earth's water?
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Volcanic Outgassing, Asteroids, and Comets
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What % of volcanic gas is water vapor?
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70%
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What is the largest known asteroid? and What is the significance of it's composition?
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Ceres. It holds enough frozen ice around it's core that it holds more fresh water than all found on Earth.
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How is deuterium different from ordinary hydrogen? and Why is it important in terms of the origins of Earth's water?
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Deuterium has a neutron in it's nucleus. It is important because heavy water may have been deposited here by comets.
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What is the % of water in living systems?
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70%
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What is the longest period anyone has ever survived without water?
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12 days
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What are 3 reasons why water is an ideal medium for life processes?
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It regulates temperature/heat extremely well, it participates in all chemical reactions, and it is an excellent solvent
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What does anaerobic mean (in terms of the earliest organisms)?
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The organism is able to live in low oxygen environments
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What does autotrophic mean (in terms of the earliest organisms)?
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The organism is self feeding
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What is the difference between photoautotrophs and chemautotrophs?
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Photoautotrophs use light to assemble carbon compounds while the chemautotrophs use chemical reactions
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Which were the first organisms?
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Chemautotrophs
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What is the evidence for the first organisms? How long ago did they appear?
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Pillow Lavas and Microtubles. 3.5 billion years ago.
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What was the primary importance of the appearance of Cyanobacteria on Earth?
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Production of oxygen and CO2
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What is a stomatolite and why are they important to Earth's atmosphere?
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It was the first macroscopic lifeform on Earth. They are important because colonies of these bacteria would stack up in things called turfs) and released tons of O2 in to the atmosphere
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Understand why massive production of oxygen in Earth's oceans did not lead to an immediate increase in atmospheric oxygen
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The oxygen combined with the iron in the water and created rust sediments which just sunk. It took 700 million years for all of the iron to be removed and for the oxygen to stop reacting with it
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What was the time around which the first land plants and animals arose?
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480 million years ago
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What was the development that allowed for colonization of land on Earth?
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The development of the Ozone layer
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When was the Carboniferous period and why is it important?
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It was 350 million years ago. It was the source for all of the coal that we use today.
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When did the first homosapien appear?
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200,000 years ago
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What innovation in pre-human development does "Lucy" demonstrate and what is her age?
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Walking upright. She is 3.2 million years old.
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What was the first condition necessary to the settling of humans?
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Water
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What is the time period of the Paleolithic?
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12 million to 2 million years ago
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What was the primary importance of the appearance of Cyanobacteria on Earth?
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Production of oxygen and CO2
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What is a stomatolite and why are they important to Earth's atmosphere?
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It was the first macroscopic lifeform on Earth. They are important because colonies of these bacteria would stack up in things called turfs) and released tons of O2 in to the atmosphere
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Understand why massive production of oxygen in Earth's oceans did not lead to an immediate increase in atmospheric oxygen
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The oxygen combined with the iron in the water and created rust sediments which just sunk. It took 700 million years for all of the iron to be removed and for the oxygen to stop reacting with it
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What was the time around which the first land plants and animals arose?
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480 million years ago
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What was the development that allowed for colonization of land on Earth?
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The development of the Ozone layer
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What is the time period of the Neolithic?
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3,500 to 12,000 years ago
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What are the fundamental differences between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic?
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Paleolithic - Stone Tools
Neolithic - Agriculture |
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What was the human development that caused the Neolithic revolution and it's approximate date?
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Agriculture. 12,000 years ago.
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What was the amount of time between the first tool users and the development of agriculture?
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2 million years
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What is the freezing point of water?
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0 degrees Celsius
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What is the boiling point of water?
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100 degrees Celsius
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Know the total number of electrons in hydrogen and oxygen
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Hydrogen - 1
Oxygen - 8 |
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How many electrons does oxygen have in it's outer shell?
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6
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How is hydrogen bonded to oxygen in a single water molecule and what is the name of that bond?
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Sharing an electron. Covalent bond.
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Understand why water is polar.
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Oxygen draws electrons to itself due to it being more electronegative. There is a (+) charge near the hydrogen atom and a (-) charge near the oxygen atoms.
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Understand how water molecules are bonded to each other and the name of the bond.
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The molecules align themselves in the typical (-) attracted to (+) manner and create hydrogen bonds.
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Why is liquid water more dense than solid water?
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Liquid water - each molecule bonded on avg to at least 3 water molecules. Moving really fast.
Solid - Bonded 4 times. Fixed position. Occupy greater volume. |
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What is heat capacity?
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of something by 1 degree.
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What is the value of heat capacity for water?
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1 cal/ g X degrees Celsius
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What causes water to have a high heat capacity?
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Hydrogen bonds
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Why is it important that water has a high heat capacity?
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Large bodies of water wouldn't have temperature fluctuations if this did not exist
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What is evaporation?
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Heat applied to water, breaks bonds to enter the gaseous phase
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What is condensation?
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Cooling of gaseous water in the air. Stops moving fast and becomes water.
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What are the fundamentals of rainfall?
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Warm air holds more moisture than cold air and warm air rises
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Understand why it rains predictably in Florida during the summer and the relationship to water's heat capacity relative to land.
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Solar radiation heats up the land faster due to land having a lower heat capacity than water. Creates a low pressure zone that allows the warm rising off of the water know to fill in. The air rises up and cools down into rain.
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What is latent heat?
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Amount of energy added or removed to cause a phase change
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What is latent heat of vaporization?
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Energy required to change from a liquid to a gas. 580 cal/g
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What is latent heat of condensation?
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Amount of heat removed from gaseous water to change it from gas to liquid. 580 cal/g
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What is the main reason water has high latent heats?
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Hydrogen bonding
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Understand essentially how latent hear of water contributes to heat redistribution globally.
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Air from 30 deg N and 30 deg S fill in the low pressure gap at 0 deg.
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Know the direction of air and heat flow between 0 and 30 degrees latitude and between 30 and 60 degrees latitude in the absence of the Coriolis effect (N.Hemisphere only)
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30 N to 0 - Descends
30 N to 60 N- Ascends |
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Name the winds
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30 N to 0 - Easterlies (Trade Winds)
30 N to 60 N - Westerlies |
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Why do Atlantic hurricanes track from east to west and weather fronts in the U.S. track from west to east?
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The prevailing wind is blowing to FL.
The prevailing wind is blowing to Africa. |
