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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Annales School
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historical movement begun by Marc Block in France during the early 20th century, named after the journal Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. Their approach was to look at a social and economic history with a major focus on quantitative methods with the goal of explaining how society/families/homes function- long durée discusses economy and society over long periods of time using collective biography identifying basic social structures that exist over centuries
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Domus
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sense of house which encompasses dwelling, family, possessions, household members, social structures -- involved everything from the kitchen fire to goods and lands to conjugal alliances. Would be threatened by epidemics, bereavements, remarriage etc. Played a key role in the construction/reconstruction of Catharism. Pierre and Bernard were the heads of the Clergue Domus. type of house occupied by freeman. Physical house often also contained area for animals, extra rooms for visitors and workers
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Cabane
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French word for cabin, hut or lodge. Refers to a group of shepherds gathered together to form a temporary home and a sort of cooperative. A fundamental institution which was to the shepherds what the domus was to the people of the village/town. essential social unit. Summer cabane in pyrenees, winter cabane located in Catalonia. Cabane was where dairy products were made, paths of shepherds crossed and village news was exchanged. Usually 6-10 shepherds with 200-300 sheep
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Paratge
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Term in Occitan that has no literal translation. It rose with the cathars who believed in an evil god and a good god. The components of Paratge are honour, civility, tolerance, right living, balance, courtesy, excellence, nobility of soul and grace. Maintaining paratge means that rank and order are decently observed, rights over land and personal honor. Paratge is threatened by the disinheriting of the counts of Toulouse-anonymous.
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William of Tudela
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Wrote “The Song of the Albigensian Crusade” about the military campaign against the cathar heretics. William supports the crusade and spends 2/3 of the book attacking the cathars. The final 1/3 of the epic poem is written by an anonymous source who claims that William did not tell the full story and then attacks the crusaders.
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Pierre Maury
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Pierre is a simple shepherd whose life is known through his deposition and the deposition of his friends. Consideres himself to be poor but was content with his status. Denounced “riders of fat mules” (people who pretended to forget heretical past), was a “goatskin philosopher”, rich in non-material sense. He was deposed because he was believed to be a heretic. He was the main character deposed in Ladurie’s book on Montaillou.
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Pierre Clergue
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Pierre is another central figure in Ladurie’s book. He was a priest in the 13th and 14th century and a head of the Clergue domus. Held remarkable clerical power and the inquisition empowered him further. Inquisition eventually turned on him and he was declared a Cathar heretic. He and his brother the Bayle, Bernard Clergue had immense power in Montaillou. He had numerous mistresses, including married women (slept with Beatrice of Planissoles) and may have raped some of the women in the village. Pg 367 in Montaillou
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Beatrice of Planissoles
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A minor noble who also played a role in the depositions of Jacques Fournier. She had many Cathar tendencies and her father was convicted of heresy but she also supported the church. She had a few affairs and was brought in front of the inquisition. Thought to have had an affair with Pierre Clergue. Twice widowed with four daughters, also accused of being a witch. Though she was originally sentenced to death, it was reduced to wearing a yellow cross for the rest of her life. Pg 369 in Montaillou
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Pope Innocent III
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Elected pope in 1198, came from inside papal administration, one of the youngest and most powerful popes in history. Attempted to rid Occitania of suspected heresy through preaching, very concerned with William VIII’s desire for a divorce. Calls for crusade against heretics of Toulouse March 10 1208, a holy war to cleanse land between the Garonne and Rhone rivers, after the murder of papal legate Peter of Castelnau. Died before the end of the war at 55. The main agenda of Pope Innocent III was to organize the crusade against Muslim rulers of Spain, call
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Jacques Fournier
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Inquisitor at Montaillou, records likely survived because he became Pope Benedict XII in 1334. Questions Beatrice of Planissoles among others
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Peter of Castelnau
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cistercian monk and legate to Pope Innocent III, murdered by the Rhône River in 1208 while leaving Raimon VI, Count of Toulouse Forgave murderer while he lay dying. Innocent believed him to have been murdered by Raymond VI, who he excommunicated in 1207.
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Simon de Montfort
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Not particularly wealthy Lord of Montfort l’Amaury in Ile de France, claimant to English earldom of Leicester through his mother. Went on crusade to Constantinople, denounced crusaders at Zara as mercenaries and turned back. Viscount of Béziers and Carcassone, Lord of Trencavel lands and Toulouse. Known for his tremendous cruelty and unique military strategy which twisted the traditional oaths given by nobility to overlords -- gave opportunity to surrender before he attacked, if they surrendered he would take their oaths and land and in return transplant them to unfortified lands closer to his own center of power.
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King Louis VIII of France
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agreed to take up the cross and lead his army into the Albigensian lands in 1226, despite initial hesitancy due to Pope Innocent III’s lack of evidence of heresy in the region. Avoided Toulouse. Died in 1226 during the journey back to France from Avignon.
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Count Raymond V of Toulouse
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Wife Constance was sister to King Louis VII of France. Ermengard’s friend and most serious enemy, to whom she gave Narbonne. Died by the end of 1194. Made alliances w Spain through betrothal of his sister (Not yet called “Spain” so who did he make alliances with, specifically?). Infuriated Louis VII by allying with King Henry II of England.
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Count Raymond VI of Toulouse
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Born 1156, married Ermessen in 1172 after betrothal to Douce. Accused of murdering Peter of Castelnau, then devoted himself to the Church in an attempt to avoid being attacked by crusade. Publicly humiliated by being forced to hand over lands to the Church and walk through street naked in pennance. Married Elionor, sister to Peter II of Aragon, in 1200. Took back Toulouse from Simon de Montfort in 1218. Died in 1222.
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King Peter II of Aragón
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crowned King of Aragon by Innocent III in Rome in 1204, was a well known and triumphant crusader. Lord of Montpellier through marriage to Maria. Attempted to stay out of troubles in Toulouse, but eventually decided to lead his army into battle against Simon de Montfort. Died in battle in 1213.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Married first to King Louis VII of France and later to the future King Henry II of England. Granddaughter of William IX of Aquitaine, first troubadour.
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Béziers
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people refused to leave town despite warnings of coming attack. Laid to waste, supposedly because of impetuous actions of peasant boys and servants of crusader- attacked the town without orders, killing everyone, looting, and burning it to the ground. Horrors of Béziers inspired great fear in other towns. “Kill them all God will recognize his own”
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Carcassonne
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next town after attack on Béziers. People of Carcassonne fought back and crusaders cut off water supply. King Peter of Aragon attempts to negotiate peaceful agreement, but nothing comes of it. After full summer without water, Viscount and crusaders come to parlay, Carcassonne was taken but citizens were allowed to leave first.
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Toulouse
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people of toulouse refused to give into crusaders. Count Raymond Vi came back to defend against attack, lords from Aragon and Catalonia come to his aid seeking revenge for death of Peter II of Aragon. excruciatingly long battle. Simon de Montfort killed in battle in 1218
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Council of Pamiers (1212)
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called by Simon de Montfort, intending to transform southern culture into that of the pure Northern France. Established customs -- all heretic houses became churches, anyone helping heretics lost their land, no heretics could be judges, no heretics permitted to remain in the villages, only bishops and priests to determine who is a heretic, Primogeniture, noble girls not permitted to marry local men for ten years.
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Treaty of Paris (1229)
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Raymond VII named count of Toulouse in all papal and French documents after swearing devotion to the Church and King Louis IX of France, swore to expel heretics, those who aided heretics had to pay heavy fines, all mercenaries expelled, walls of Toulouse were demolished, former ecclesiastical properties restored to the Church, 10,000 silver mark fine = funding for four masters in theology, 2 masters in canon law. Daughter Joanna married to brother of King Louis IX and all inheritance went to King Louis IX if she died without children (which she did).
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Waldensian Heresy
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less “perverted” than dualists. Wore sandals in imitation of Christ and the Apostles, “infested” the lands of Toulouse preaching in the streets. Partially approved by Pope --- but approval was rescinded by Pope ---. Founded by Peter Waldo of Lyon, considered heretics. Denied that the spirit was connected to worldly power.
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Cathar Heresy
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“Pure Ones” “Good Men and Women” - believed universe has two creators, one of Good and one of Evil, that war between Good and Evil is inevitable in the universe. Renounced world and worldly appetites -- “food from procreation” (meat, eggs, milk etc.), sex, comfort. Flesh is born of corruption. Must attain “Perfect” state in order for soul to be released and go to heaven. Also known as “weavers”. Don’t believe in transubstantiation (eucharist is the actual body of Christ). Cannot kill animals because they too have spirts. Soul has 9 chances to attain “Perfection” before it is damned forever.
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Was the war on heresy, initiated in 1207 with the call for the Albigensian crusade and continued after 1229 by the periodic use of inquisitions, really a war on Occitan culture? (A good answer will make reference to both primary texts and to the secondary works we have read in the second half of the semester. An excellent answer will briefly consider the opposing view to show its inferiority.)
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Mark Pegg
Song of the Cathar War Fournier Register Montaillou(Opposing view) William of Tudela(Opposing view) Women in Occitan |
