World Music

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polyrhythm

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multiple rhythms

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Maraca/Shekere

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gourd rattle from Ghana with external bead netting

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Donno

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double headed hourglass shaped drum

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palm wine guitar

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popular music style where folk musicians would play for drinks

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highlife

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a broad label for variety of urban popular music in Ghana

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pygmies

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people from Central Africa with a smaller stature named by white conquerors

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The Forest People of Central Africa

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pygmies...basically.

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Herbie Hancock "watermelon man"

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a song with pygmy influence

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Madonna "Sanctuary"

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yet another song with pygmy influenced. she sampled from 'watermelon man'

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balafon

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a xylophone from West Africa played by oral historians

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mbalax

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popular music genre in Senegal that combines praise singing and percussion with afro-cuban rhythmic and other popular elements

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Jali/griot

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a poet/praise singer and oral historian

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Oral tradition

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messages and testimony transmitted orally

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Akan drumming

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drumming by people inhabiting southern Ghana

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birimintingo

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the instrumental solo sections of a jali performance from West Africa

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kumbengo

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the sung sections of a jali performance from West Africa

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Yossou N'Dour

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Senegalese singer of mbalax hella popular

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emic

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an insiders cultural perspective

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etic

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an outsiders cultural perspective

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santur

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hammered zither from Persian classical tradition

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baglama

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round bodied lute from Turkey

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zurna

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double-reed aerophone from Turkey and Greece

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Ki Mantle Hood

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American ethnomusicologist specializing in Indonesian Gamelan music

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bimusicality

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method of learning about music by learning how to play the instrument being studied. created by Mantle Hood

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Alan Merriam

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ethnomusicologist who published The Anthropology of Music where defined ethnomusicology as 'the study of music in culture'

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armchair ethnomusicology

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when ethnomusicologists base their fieldwork on recordings made by others

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indigenization

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to force local cultures to adopt another

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labels: classical, folk, popular

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terms most commonly used to categorize and distinguish among various types of music. they assert a hierarchical value system where classical is considered highest, folk much less than that, and popular as the lowest level

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Erik von Hornbostel and Kurt Sachs

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ethnomusicologists that made a standard classification system for musical instruments

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aerophone

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instruments that require air to produce sound (flutes, reeds, trumpets...)

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chordophone

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four types of stringed instruments: lutes, zithers, harps, lyres

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idiophone

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instruments that themselves vibrate to produce sounds: bells, rattles...etc

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membranophone

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instruments, such as drums, that use a vibrating stretched membrane as principal means of sound production

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timbre

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the tone quality of musical sound (describing the sound)

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medium

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source of sound (instrument or voice)

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organology

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study of musical instruments

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fret

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bar or ridge found on chordophones that allow you to change the pitch

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phonic structure

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relationship between different sounds in given piece

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texture

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phonic structure

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monophony

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music with single melodic line

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polyphony

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juxtaposition of multiple lines of music (homophony, independent polyphony, heterophony)

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homophony

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multiple lines of music expressing same musical idea in same meter (harmonizations)

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independent polyphony

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multiple lines of music expressing independent musical ideas as a whole

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heterophony

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multiple performers playing simultaneous variations of the same line of music

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dynamics

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the relative volume of musical sound

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form

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the overall pattern of a piece of music as it unfolds in time

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pitch

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tone's specific frequency level, measured in hertz

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tuning system

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all the pitches common to a musical tradition

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ornamentation

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an embellishment or decoration of a melody

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melody

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organized succession of pitches forming a musical idea

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melodic contour

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general direction and shape of melody

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drone

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a continuous sound

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text setting

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rhythmic relationship of words to melody; can be syllabic or melismatic

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melisma

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term for a text-setting style; more than one pitch is sung per syllable

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syllabic

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text setting in which only one pitch is sung per syllable

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rhythm

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the lengths, or durations, of sounds as patterns in time

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beat

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a regular pulsation

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accent

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an emphasized beat

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tempo

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the relative rate of speed of a beat

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rhythmic density

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the quantity of notes between periodic accents or over a specific unit of time

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meter

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division of music beats into regular groupings

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privilege

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accommodations give to the privileged certain groups in society. if you enjoy privilege you usually don't notice it

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fieldwork

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first hand study of music in original context

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Gerhard Kubik

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ethnomusicologist from Vienna who worked primarily in Africa

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kwela

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dance music popular amongst South Africans; includes a whistle

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Frances Densmore

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ethnomusicologist who worked directly with Native American singers/instrumentalists and wrote books and articles

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John Blacking

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british anthropologist who defined music as 'humanly organized sound'