World Literatuture

Front 1

what are the 4 elements of civilization

Back 1

1. economic provisions
2. political organization
3. moral traditions
4. the pursuit of knowledge of the arts through leisure time

Front 2

a half legendary figure who brought the "two lands" (upper and lower Egypt) under his united power, governed by laws given him by the God...who is the god of wisdom

Back 2

Menes, Thoth

Front 3

first real person in known history is.. he is chief advisor to Pharoah Zorer and is also high priest for the god Ptah

Back 3

Imhotep

Front 4

god of craftsman

Back 4

Ptah

Front 5

Imhotep is responsible for the worlds first known monumental stone building..

Back 5

the step pyramid of Saggara

Front 6

the Egyptians believed that every body was inhabited by a soul called the..

Back 6

ka

Front 7

poetry has two subjects in Egypt:

Back 7

religious and love poetry

Front 8

The creator of all gods

Back 8

Ra or Re

Front 9

proposed that there is only one God Aton; henceforth, he was called the heretic king because of his disruption of Egyption life from ancient times

Back 9

Amenhotep IV because Ikhnaton meaning "Aton is satisfied"

Front 10

the Trojan war occurred somewhere around

Back 10

1250-1150 BC

Front 11

professional story tellers

Back 11

Bards

Front 12

honor, what you conquer, what you gain

Back 12

time

Front 13

was kown by the Greeks as "Anthropos Polytropos" meaning the man with many tricks

Back 13

Odysseus

Front 14

virtue or greatness that you establish on the battlefield(possession

Back 14

arete

Front 15

fame, the only immortality that a Greek warrior can have

Back 15

Kleos

Front 16

duty or obligation to oneself and the community

Back 16

aidos

Front 17

fate, by doing your duty, you will earn your fate

Back 17

moira

Front 18

our desire to see ourselves in what is glorified by other cultures

Back 18

cultural narcissism

Front 19

uncle of the Pandawas and Kurawas.

Back 19

Bisma

Front 20

father of the 5 Pandawa brothers; a gentle, handsom Ksatria warrior

Back 20

King Pandu Dewanta

Front 21

Oldest brother of King Pandu; blind; father of the 100 Kurawa brothers; a weak personality

Back 21

Destarata

Front 22

mother of Yudistiri, Bima and Arjuna; married to Pandu

Back 22

Dewi Kunti

Front 23

mother of twins Nakula and Sadewa; married to Pandu

Back 23

Madrim

Front 24

illigetimate son of Kunti and the Sun God, Surya, raised by a coach driver; faithful warrior of evil Kurawas

Back 24

Karna

Front 25

the Mahaguru-great teacher- to both the Kurawas and Pandawas

Back 25

Durna

Front 26

Eldest Pandawa brother; ruler of Hatinapura following King Pandu; son of God of Dharma; truthful, patient, wise and never angry

Back 26

Yudistiri(Punta Dewa/Dharmawangsa)

Front 27

second Pandawa brother; son of the wind God; very strong; a giant

Back 27

Bima

Front 28

Arjunas wife, a skilled archer

Back 28

Srikandi

Front 29

younger sister of Srikandi; marries Yudistiri after an archery competition between the Pandawas and the Kurawas.

Back 29

Drupadi

Front 30

original home of the Pandawas and Kurawas

Back 30

Hastinapura

Front 31

New Kingdom for the Pandawas

Back 31

Amarta

Front 32

the place where Arjuna meditates before the Great War and where he receives his magic bow and arrow.

Back 32

Mt. Indrakila

Front 33

The son of the military man Peleus and the sea-nymph Thetis. The most powerful warrior in the Iliad, _____ commands the Myrmidons, soldiers from his homeland of Phthia in Greece. Proud and headstrong, he takes offense easily and reacts with blistering indignation when he perceives that his honor has been slighted. _____’ wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize, the maiden Briseis, forms the main subject of the Iliad.

Back 33

Archilles

Front 34

King of Mycenae and leader of the Achaean army; brother of King Menelaus of Sparta. Arrogant and often selfish, _____ provides the Achaeans with strong but sometimes reckless and self-serving leadership. Like Achilles, he lacks consideration and forethought. Most saliently, his tactless appropriation of Achilles’ war prize, the maiden Briseis, creates a crisis for the Achaeans, when Achilles, insulted, withdraws from the war.

Back 34

Agamemnon

Front 35

Achilles’ beloved friend, companion, and advisor, _____ grew up alongside the great warrior in Phthia, under the guardianship of Peleus. Devoted to both Achilles and the Achaean cause, ____ stands by the enraged Achilles but also dons Achilles’ terrifying armor in an attempt to hold the Trojans back.

Back 35

Patroclus

Front 36

A fine warrior and the cleverest of the Achaean commanders. Along with Nestor, _____ is one of the Achaeans’ two best public speakers. He helps mediate between Agamemnon and Achilles during their quarrel and often prevents them from making rash decisions.

Back 36

Odysseus

Front 37

The youngest of the Achaean commanders, ______ is bold and sometimes proves impetuous. After Achilles withdraws from combat, Athena inspires ____ with such courage that he actually wounds two gods, Aphrodite and Ares.

Back 37

Diomedes

Front 38

An Achaean commander, ________ (sometimes called “Telamonian Ajax” or simply “Ajax”) is the second mightiest Achaean warrior after Achilles. His extraordinary size and strength help him to wound Hector twice by hitting him with boulders. He often fights alongside Little Ajax, and the pair is frequently referred to as the “Aeantes.”

Back 38

Great Ajax

Front 39

An Achaean commander, ______ is the son of Oileus (to be distinguished from Great Ajax, the son of Telamon). He often fights alongside Great Ajax, whose stature and strength complement ______’s small size and swift speed. The two together are sometimes called the “Aeantes.”

Back 39

Little Ajax

Front 40

King of Pylos and the oldest Achaean commander. Although age has taken much of ____’s physical strength, it has left him with great wisdom. He often acts as an advisor to the military commanders, especially Agamemnon. _____ and Odysseus are the Achaeans’ most deft and persuasive orators, although _____’s speeches are sometimes long-winded.

Back 40

Nestor

Front 41

King of Sparta; the younger brother of Agamemnon. While it is the abduction of his wife, Helen, by the Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan War, ______ proves quieter, less imposing, and less arro-gant than Agamemnon. Though he has a stout heart, _______ is not among the mightiest Achaean warriors.

Back 41

Menelaus

Front 42

King of Crete and a respected commander. _____ leads a charge against the Trojans in Book 13.

Back 42

idomeneus

Front 43

A healer. ____ is wounded by Paris in Book 11.

Back 43

Machaon

Front 44

An important soothsayer. ____’s identification of the cause of the plague ravaging the Achaean army in Book 1 leads inadvertently to the rift between Agamemnon and Achilles that occupies the first nineteen books of the Iliad.

Back 44

Calchas

Front 45

Achilles’ father and the grandson of Zeus. Although his name often appears in the epic, _____ never appears in person. Priam powerfully invokes the memory of _____ when he convinces Achilles to return Hector’s corpse to the Trojans in Book 24.

Back 45

Peleus

Front 46

A kindly old warrior, _____ helped raise Achilles while he himself was still a young man. Achilles deeply loves and trusts ______, and _____ mediates between him and Agamemnon during their quarrel.

Back 46

Phoenix

Front 47

The soldiers under Achilles’ command, hailing from Achilles’ homeland, Phthia.

Back 47

the Mymidons

Front 48

A son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, _____ is the mightiest warrior in the Trojan army. He mirrors Achilles in some of his flaws, but his bloodlust is not so great as that of Achilles. He is devoted to his wife, Andromache, and son, Astyanax, but resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city.

Back 48

Hector

Front 49

King of Troy and husband of Hecuba, ____ is the father of fifty Trojan warriors, including Hector and Paris. Though too old to fight, he has earned the respect of both the Trojans and the Achaeans by virtue of his level-headed, wise, and benevolent rule. He treats Helen kindly, though he laments the war that her beauty has sparked.

Back 49

Priam

Front 50

Queen of Troy, wife of Priam, and mother of Hector and Paris.

Back 50

Hecuba

Front 51

A son of Priam and Hecuba and brother of Hector. ____’s abduction of the beautiful Helen, wife of Menelaus, sparked the Trojan War. ____ is self-centered and often unmanly. He fights effectively with a bow and arrow (never with the more manly sword or spear) but often lacks the spirit for battle and prefers to sit in his room making love to Helen while others fight for him, thus earning both Hector’s and Helen’s scorn.

Back 51

Paris

Front 52

Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world, ____ left her husband, Menelaus, to run away with Paris. She loathes herself now for the misery that she has caused so many Trojan and Achaean men. Although her contempt extends to Paris as well, she continues to stay with him.

Back 52

Helen

Front 53

A Trojan nobleman, the son of Aphrodite, and a mighty warrior. The Romans believed that ____ later founded their city (he is the protagonist of Virgil’s masterpiece the Aeneid).

Back 53

Aeneas

Front 54

Hector’s loving wife, _____ begs Hector to withdraw from the war and save himself before the Achaeans kill him.

Back 54

Andromache

Front 55

Hector and Andromache’s infant son.

Back 55

Astyanax

Front 56

A young Trojan commander, _____ sometimes figures as a foil for Hector, proving cool-headed and prudent when Hector charges ahead. _____ gives the Trojans sound advice, but Hector seldom acts on it.

Back 56

Polydamas

Front 57

A powerful Trojan warrior, _____ nearly fights a duel with Diomedes. The men’s exchange of armor after they realize that their families are friends illustrates the value that ancients placed on kinship and camaraderie.

Back 57

Glaucus

Front 58

A Trojan warrior who attempts to fight Achilles in Book 21. _____ delays Achilles long enough for the Trojan army to flee inside Troy’s walls.

Back 58

Agenor

Front 59

A Trojan sent to spy on the Achaean camp in Book 10.

Back 59

Dolon

Front 60

A Trojan archer. ______’s shot at Menelaus in Book 4 breaks the temporary truce between the two sides.

Back 60

Pandaras

Front 61

A Trojan nobleman, advisor to King Priam, and father of many Trojan warriors. _____ argues that Helen should be returned to Menelaus in order to end the war, but Paris refuses to give her up.

Back 61

Antenor

Front 62

One of Zeus’s sons. _____’s fate seems intertwined with the gods’ quibbles, calling attention to the unclear nature of the gods’ relationship to Fate.

Back 62

Sarpedon

Front 63

Chryses’s daughter, a priest of Apollo in a Trojan- allied town.

Back 63

Chryseis

Front 64

A war prize of Achilles. When Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis to her father, he appropriates _____ as compensation, sparking Achilles’ great rage.

Back 64

Brisies

Front 65

A priest of Apollo in a Trojan-allied town; the father of Chryseis, whom Agamemnon takes as a war prize.

Back 65

Chryses

Front 66

King of the gods and husband of Hera, ____ claims neutrality in the mortals’ conflict and often tries to keep the other gods from participating in it. However, he throws his weight behind the Trojan side for much of the battle after the sulking Achilles has his mother, Thetis, ask the god to do so.

Back 66

Zeus

Front 67

Queen of the gods and Zeus’s wife, ____ is a conniving, headstrong woman. She often goes behind Zeus’s back in matters on which they disagree, working with Athena to crush the Trojans, whom she passionately hates.

Back 67

Hera

Front 68

The goddess of wisdom, purposeful battle, and the womanly arts; Zeus’s daughter. Like Hera, _____ passionately hates the Trojans and often gives the Achaeans valuable aid.

Back 68

Athena

Front 69

A sea-nymph and the devoted mother of Achilles, _____ gets Zeus to help the Trojans and punish the Achaeans at the request of her angry son. When Achilles finally rejoins the battle, she commissions Hephaestus to design him a new suit of armor.

Back 69

Thetis

Front 70

A son of Zeus and twin brother of the goddess Artemis, ----- is god of the arts and archery. He supports the Trojans and often intervenes in the war on their behalf.

Back 70

Apollo

Front 71

Goddess of love and daughter of Zeus, _____ is married to Hephaestus but maintains a romantic relationship with Ares. She supports Paris and the Trojans throughout the war, though she proves somewhat ineffectual in battle

Back 71

Aphrodite

Front 72

The brother of Zeus and god of the sea. _____ holds a long-standing grudge against the Trojans because they never paid him for helping them to build their city. He therefore supports the Achaeans in the war.

Back 72

Poseidon

Front 73

God of fire and husband of Aphrodite, ______ is the gods’ metalsmith and is known as the lame or crippled god. Although the text doesn’t make clear his sympathies in the mortals’ struggle, he helps the Achaeans by forging a new set of armor for Achilles and by rescuing Achilles during his fight with a river god.

Back 73

Hephaestus

Front 74

Goddess of the hunt, daughter of Zeus, and twin sister of Apollo. ______ supports the Trojans in the war.

Back 74

Artemis

Front 75

God of war and lover of Aphrodite, ___ generally supports the Trojans in the war.

Back 75

Ares