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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Industrial Revolution
A period in the late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century when technological developments radically changed industry; had its start in the textile industry in Britain
enclosure movement
The incorporation of common grazing lands into the estates of wealthy landowners to form large farms
domestic system
Workers living at home and working there with their own hand tools
factory system
Production system that brought the workers, raw materials, and machinery under one roof
automation
Machines running the machines that make products
interchangeable parts
Identical parts that can be used to replace broken parts in manufactured goods
division of labor
Dividing the manufacturing process into several simple procedures among a number of workers
assembly line
Workers stationed along a conveyer belt assembling specific parts of a product as the item moves down the line
Chartism
Nineteenth-century British reform movement that advocated reform in voting
welfare state
A state in which the government assumes the responsibility for the material and social well-being of every individual "from cradle to the grave"
socialism
Government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society
utopian socialism
Belief that if the inequities in society could be abolished, man's natural goodness could be perfected
Marxism
Theory that every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group of people to take economic advantage of another group; taught that history would naturally progress toward perfection (communism)
proletariat
the workers in Marxism
bourgeoisie
French middle class property owners, capitalists, and industrialists or factory owners
Fabian socialism
Political philosophy of British socialists who sought to achieve a socialist society without revolution
Christian socialism
Philosophy held by theological liberals who viewed socialism as "the embodiment of christianity in our culture"
realism
An artistic style that sought to portray life as it really is
impressionism
Nineteenth-century french art style; focused on light and color using short, choppy brush strokes
post-impressionism
Nineteenth-century artistic style that emphasized universal themes and tried to outline more clearly than impressionism the figures in paintings
Corn Laws
Laws that placed a high tariff on imported grain
Reform Bill of 1832
bill that reorganized the electoral system for the House of Commons; prior to this, only land owners could vote
Richard Arkwright
invented a spinning frame that not only produced thread superior to the spinning jenny but also was powered by water; "Father of the Industrial Revolution"
Eli Whitney
American who devised a simple cotton gin which separated the cotton seeds from the fiber much faster than if done by hand
Henry Bessemer
invented the process of shooting a jet of air into molten iron to rid it of more impurities; also discovered that adding carbon and other metals to iron made steel
James Watt
Scotsman who designed the first practical and efficient steam engine
John McAdam
devised a method of constructing roads with tightly packed, crushed rocks to provide a smooth and durable surface which made travel by road faster than ever before
Richard Trevithick
built a steam-powered locomotive
Robert Fulton
American who put a steam engine in a ship
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Americans who made the first successful airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
Henry Ford
began production of his famous Model T automobile
William Wilberforce
led the movement to abolish slavery in Great Britain
Benjamin Disraeli
prime minister of the British Parliament whose greatest success was buying, on behalf of the British government, 44 percent of the share in the Suez Canal from the ruler of Egypt
William Gladstone
British prime minister who emphasized domestic reforms that established a single national court system
Karl Marx
staunch proponent of communism and wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Capital explaining his socialistic ideas
Robert Raikes
established Sunday schools in Britain to teach children not only about Jesus but also how to read and write
George Mueller
founded Christian orphanages for the orphans of Bristol, England
George Williams
founded the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
William Booth
founded the Salvation Army working in the slums of London
C. H. Spurgeon
"The Prince of Preachers"; famous London preacher known for his refusal to sacrifice principle for popularity
Dwight L. Moody
held evangelistic campaigns in the large industrial cities of Britain and America bringing thousands of people to Christ
Charles Darwin
man who laid the basis for the modern theories of biological evolution; famous works Origin of Species in which he outlines his theory called "the survival of the fittest" and The Descent of Man in which he taught that man resembles other creatures
John Dalton
known as the formulator of the atomic theory
Dmitri Mendeleev
developed the periodic table
William Roentgen
discovered x-rays
Marie and Pierre Currie
discovered radioactive matter
Ernest Rutherford
stated the atom was composed of two distinct parts - a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
Niels Bohr
developed the model of the aton
Albert Einstein
showed the relationship between matter and energy and developed the theory of relativity; E-mc2
Charles Dickens
realist novelist; social critic who attacked injustice in society through his vivd portrayals of such places as industrial slums and debtors' prisons
Samuel Clemens
realist novelist; pen name was Mark Twain; wrote about man's struggles but chose to use humor to convey his ideas
Leo Tolstoy
Russian realist novelist; realistically described life in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars
Gustave Courbet
famous realist painter; said "an abstract object, invisible or nonexistent, does not belong to the domain of painting"
Claude Monet
famous impressionist painter; light was all important, what the light revealed did not matter
Auguste Rodin
impressionist sculptor; famous for the sculpture "The Thinker"
Claude Debussy
largely responsible for the impressionistic style in music
Vincent Van Gogh
post-impressionism artists; believed that impressionism rejected too many traditional artistic concepts