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57 Cards in this Set
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Industrial Revolution
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A period in the late eighteenth-century and early nineteenth-century when technological developments radically changed industry; had its start in the textile industry in Britain
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enclosure movement
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The incorporation of common grazing lands into the estates of wealthy landowners to form large farms
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domestic system
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Workers living at home and working there with their own hand tools
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factory system
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Production system that brought the workers, raw materials, and machinery under one roof
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automation
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Machines running the machines that make products
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interchangeable parts
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Identical parts that can be used to replace broken parts in manufactured goods
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division of labor
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Dividing the manufacturing process into several simple procedures among a number of workers
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assembly line
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Workers stationed along a conveyer belt assembling specific parts of a product as the item moves down the line
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Chartism
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Nineteenth-century British reform movement that advocated reform in voting
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welfare state
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A state in which the government assumes the responsibility for the material and social well-being of every individual "from cradle to the grave"
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socialism
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Government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods for the presumed welfare of society
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utopian socialism
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Belief that if the inequities in society could be abolished, man's natural goodness could be perfected
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Marxism
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Theory that every social, political, or religious movement springs from a desire by one group of people to take economic advantage of another group; taught that history would naturally progress toward perfection (communism)
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proletariat
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the workers in Marxism
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bourgeoisie
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French middle class property owners, capitalists, and industrialists or factory owners
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Fabian socialism
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Political philosophy of British socialists who sought to achieve a socialist society without revolution
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Christian socialism
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Philosophy held by theological liberals who viewed socialism as "the embodiment of christianity in our culture"
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realism
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An artistic style that sought to portray life as it really is
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impressionism
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Nineteenth-century french art style; focused on light and color using short, choppy brush strokes
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post-impressionism
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Nineteenth-century artistic style that emphasized universal themes and tried to outline more clearly than impressionism the figures in paintings
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Corn Laws
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Laws that placed a high tariff on imported grain
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Reform Bill of 1832
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bill that reorganized the electoral system for the House of Commons; prior to this, only land owners could vote
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Richard Arkwright
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invented a spinning frame that not only produced thread superior to the spinning jenny but also was powered by water; "Father of the Industrial Revolution"
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Eli Whitney
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American who devised a simple cotton gin which separated the cotton seeds from the fiber much faster than if done by hand
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Henry Bessemer
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invented the process of shooting a jet of air into molten iron to rid it of more impurities; also discovered that adding carbon and other metals to iron made steel
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James Watt
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Scotsman who designed the first practical and efficient steam engine
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John McAdam
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devised a method of constructing roads with tightly packed, crushed rocks to provide a smooth and durable surface which made travel by road faster than ever before
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Richard Trevithick
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built a steam-powered locomotive
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Robert Fulton
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American who put a steam engine in a ship
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Orville and Wilbur Wright
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Americans who made the first successful airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
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Henry Ford
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began production of his famous Model T automobile
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William Wilberforce
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led the movement to abolish slavery in Great Britain
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Benjamin Disraeli
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prime minister of the British Parliament whose greatest success was buying, on behalf of the British government, 44 percent of the share in the Suez Canal from the ruler of Egypt
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William Gladstone
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British prime minister who emphasized domestic reforms that established a single national court system
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Karl Marx
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staunch proponent of communism and wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Capital explaining his socialistic ideas
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Robert Raikes
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established Sunday schools in Britain to teach children not only about Jesus but also how to read and write
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George Mueller
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founded Christian orphanages for the orphans of Bristol, England
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George Williams
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founded the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
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William Booth
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founded the Salvation Army working in the slums of London
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C. H. Spurgeon
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"The Prince of Preachers"; famous London preacher known for his refusal to sacrifice principle for popularity
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Dwight L. Moody
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held evangelistic campaigns in the large industrial cities of Britain and America bringing thousands of people to Christ
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Charles Darwin
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man who laid the basis for the modern theories of biological evolution; famous works Origin of Species in which he outlines his theory called "the survival of the fittest" and The Descent of Man in which he taught that man resembles other creatures
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John Dalton
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known as the formulator of the atomic theory
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Dmitri Mendeleev
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developed the periodic table
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William Roentgen
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discovered x-rays
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Marie and Pierre Currie
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discovered radioactive matter
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Ernest Rutherford
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stated the atom was composed of two distinct parts - a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
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Niels Bohr
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developed the model of the aton
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Albert Einstein
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showed the relationship between matter and energy and developed the theory of relativity; E-mc2
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Charles Dickens
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realist novelist; social critic who attacked injustice in society through his vivd portrayals of such places as industrial slums and debtors' prisons
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Samuel Clemens
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realist novelist; pen name was Mark Twain; wrote about man's struggles but chose to use humor to convey his ideas
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Leo Tolstoy
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Russian realist novelist; realistically described life in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars
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Gustave Courbet
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famous realist painter; said "an abstract object, invisible or nonexistent, does not belong to the domain of painting"
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Claude Monet
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famous impressionist painter; light was all important, what the light revealed did not matter
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Auguste Rodin
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impressionist sculptor; famous for the sculpture "The Thinker"
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Claude Debussy
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largely responsible for the impressionistic style in music
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Vincent Van Gogh
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post-impressionism artists; believed that impressionism rejected too many traditional artistic concepts
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