Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What did the Industrial Revolution bring a change to? Domestic System->
|
Factory System
|
|
|
Home/cottage to?
|
Factories
|
|
|
Rural/villages
|
Cities/urbanization
|
|
|
Handmade
|
Machines
|
|
|
Slow production
|
Faster production
|
|
|
Small quantities
|
Mass production
|
|
|
Local Markets
|
National/International
|
|
|
Expensive goods
|
Inexpensive
|
|
|
Why was Britain the first country to industrialize? (abbreviated)
|
-rapid population growth
-abundant natural resources -vast colonial empire -economy had ample capital -freedom to conduct business -stable political system -naval strength, island nation -improvements in agriculture |
|
|
Why was Britain the 1st country to industrialize? (Detailed)
|
-Because of its naval strength and location, it didn't experience the devestation of war that other European nations suffered in the 1600 to 1800's. Foreign wars strained the treasury, but it did not damage the land and population.
-There was a rapid growth in population, which provided a growing market for goods and a ready source of labor. -They had abundant natural resources such as coal, iron ore, water power, as well as navigable rivers and seaports for transportation. -The vast colonial empire provided both raw materials-cotton, lumber, and dyes- and markets for manufactured -Merchants, bankers, and other capitalists who profited from trade reinvested the surplus in new expanding businesses. Thus, the economy had the ample capital for growth. -People had the freedom to conduct businesses without excessive government regulation, unlike the French who worked under a strict mercantilist system. (Free Enterprise, Laissez Faire economics, or capital economy) The gov. passed laws to protect businesses and helped expansion. -They had a stable political system, not susceptible to violent revolution, unlike France. -Improvements in agriculture led to increased crop and meat production, providing more food for the growing population. The enclosure movement forced many people to move to the towns and cities to find work, becoming a source of cheap labor for the industrial revolution. |
|
|
Made by 1 person
|
Division of Labor
|
|
|
John Kay
|
He made the flying shuttle; it sped back and forth on wheels, which doubled the amount of work a weaver can do in a day.
|
|
|
James Hargreaves
|
Spinning Jenny: it wove 8 threads at a time
|
|
|
Richard Arkwright
|
Water frame, used waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels
|
|
|
Edmund Cartwright
|
invented power loom
|
|
|
Samuel Crompton
|
He combined the spinning jenny and the water fame to make the spinning mule
|
|
|
Eli Whitney
|
Cotton gin: skyrocketed cotton production, from 1790-1810, the production went from 1.5 million to 85 million.
|
|
|
James Watt
|
He made a steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently, and it also used less fuel.
|
|
|
Robert Fulton
|
Made the first steamboat, the Clermont
|
|
|
John McAdam, Thomas Telford
|
Made new 'macadam' roads, which were equipped with a layer of large stones for drainage, and topped with a carefully smoothed layer of crushed rock.
|
|
|
Matthew Boulton
|
Entrepreneur who paid Watt to build better engines
|
|
|
Richard Trevithick
|
Hauled 10 tons of iron over 10 miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive.
|
|
|
George Stephenson
|
Began work on the world's first railroad line in 1821 from Darlington (Yorkshire) to Stockton. It opened in 1825 , using 4 locomotives that Stephenson had designed and built.
|
|
|
The first passenger railroad
|
From Liverpool to Manchester, using the Rocket, traveling at 24 mph
|
|
|
What were the three factors of production?
|
Land (resources) Labor (workers) and capital (wealth).
|
|
|
Land Organization
|
It changed open and common land used by the public to an enclosed field system with fences. (Enclosure Movement) There was faciliated experimentation, use of machinery, greater efficiency, scientific farming.
|
|
|
Livestock Breeding....
|
To selective breeding (Robert Bakewell). Average weight for lambs changed from 18 to 50 lbs
|
|
|
Crop Rotation
|
It changed from a 3 year rotation with fallow year (land rested for recovery/restore soil and nutrients) to a 4 year rotation with no fallow year (Duke of Norfolk and Charles "Turnip" Townshend) had wheat, turnips, barley, and clover.
|
|
|
Machines
|
It changed from hand operated/wooden tools and broadcast system (scattering by hand) of planting seed, to machinery and systematic planting, using a new planting machine, the seed drill (Jethro Tull, 1701) seed was planted underground in neat, well spaced lines.
|
|
|
What was the outcome of having machinery?
|
More food was produced, faster, fewer people were needed. It freed up more people to become industrial laborers. More and less expensive food contributed to the population. It had growth necessary for a successful industrial revolution.
|
|
|
The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without...
|
advances in the production or iron and steel
|
|
|
What were iron and steel essential for?
|
Building factories, making machines, trains, railroad tracks, etc.
|
|
|
Who developed the Puddling and Rolling Method?
|
Henry Cort
|
|
|
What is the Puddling and Rolling Method, and what is it used for?
|
Heat, stir, sieve, dry, roll. It was used to refine pig iron into steel. The impurities were eliminated.
|
|
|
Who discovered the Bessemer (aka Kelly-Bessemer) process?
|
William Kelly and Henry Bessemer, both working independently.
|
|
|
What is the Bessemer process?
|
It involves forcing air through the hot melted iron to speed up burning of carbon and other impurities.
|
|
|
Smelting, where does it take place?
|
The process of producing steel from iron by melting the iron...takes place in an iron foundry, or a steel mill.
|
|
|
Who developed a practical steam engine that burned coal?
|
James Watt
|
|
|
What was steam power eventually replaced by?
|
Electricity
|
|
|
Canal transportation was often preferred for....
|
bulky, heavy, non-perishable foods.
|
|
|
How many miles of canals had been built by the mid-1800s?
|
4,250
|
|
|
Samuel Morse
|
Telegraph system, 1831
|
|
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
Telephone, 1876
|
|
|
Cyrus McCormick
|
Reaper, which boosted wheat production, 1831
|
|
|
Singer
|
Improved sewing machine with a foot treadle
|
|
|
Samuel Slater
|
Spinning machine, smuggled plans to the US
|
|
|
Moses Brown
|
Opened the first factory in the US to house Slater's machine; Pawtucket, Rhode Island
|
|
|
Frances Cabot Lowell
|
Helped revolutionize the textile industry, mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth, used women to work in factories
|
|
|
John D. Rockefeller
|
founded Standard Oil
|
|
|
Andrew Carnegie
|
founded Carnegie Steel Company
|
|
|
William Cockerill
|
Smuggled plans for building spinning machines to Belgium
|
|
|
John Cockerill
|
William's son, built and industrial enterprise in eastern Belgium
|
|
|
Ruhr Valley
|
Germany, coal, iron, railroads
|
|
|
Catalonia
|
Spain, cottow
|
|
|
Northern Italy
|
textiles/ silk
|
|
|
Moscow and St. Petersburg
|
Russia, serf labor
|
|
|
Poor city dwellers
|
lacked adquate housing, education, and police protection, widespread sickness, lived in dark, dirty shelters or tenements and row houses
|
|
|
Factory workers
|
Workplace seldom well-lit/clean, 12-14 hours of work per day, possibility of injuries, no program to provide aid in case of injury, long hours, low pay
|
|
|
Wealthy merchants, factory owners, shippers
|
Fancy homes in the suburbs, became wealthy, but looked down on because they made money by working
|
|
|
Children
|
Worked in factories, long working hours, often injured, whipped if they fell asleeep, fluff filled their lungs and caused health problems
|
|
|
Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers
|
Enjoyed comfortable standards of living
|
|
|
Large landowners and aristocrats
|
Wielded power and money
|
|
|
Long term consequences of the IR: environment
|
Coal blackened the air, textile dyes poisoned the Irwell River of Manchester, frequent fires.
Water and air pollution |
|
|
Long term consequences of the IR: education
|
People lacked education and worked instead, little-no education
|
|
|
Negatives of IR:
|
-disease (cholera, typhoid, TB, lung disease)
-high crime levels -alcoholism -strict supervision -heavy unfair fines -labor unions illegal "Imperialism was born out of the cycle of Indus" |
|
|
Positives of IR:
|
-From the wealth generated by the IR a new upper class of merchants and factory owvers emerged (despised by the old wealth/landed aristocracy)- this class benefitted the most
-a new well-off Middle Class emerged: this included the upper Middle Class of government employees, doctors, lawyers, and the managers of factories, mines, and shops and a Lower Middle Class o factory overseers and skilled workers -over time, the standard of living of the working class would also improve -improved technology and inventions brought progress/benefits such as less expensive, mass produced housing, clothing, etc. -medical developments brought improved health care....vaccination/inoculation -the need for skilled workers led to improvements and more opportunities in education -eventually workers would get better wages |
|
|
Jeremy Bentham
|
-philosophy of utilitarianism
-late 1700s -government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people -individuals should pursue their own advantage -people should judge ideas based on usefulness |
|
|
John Stuart Mill
|
-questioned unregulated capitalism
-better conditions -do away with great differences in wealth -women suffrage -wrong that workers led deprived lives -favored cooperative system of agriculture/women's rights |
|
|
Robert Owen
|
-British factory owner
-improved working conditions for employees -prohibited under-10s to work -free schooling -low rent houses -New Lanark, New Harmony(failed) |
|
|
Charles Fourier
|
-offset effects of industrialization with socialism
-public ownership -factors of production owned by public and operate for welfare of all: grew out of an optimistic view of the human nature, a belief in progress, and a concern for social justice -government control would abolish poverty and promot equality |
|
|
Marx and Engles
|
-The Communist Manifesto
-Das Kapital -IR had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor -believed history shaped by economics -bourgeoisie: haves proletariats:have nots -3 classes would become 2: the rich and the poor -the proletariat would revolt and produce what society needed. they would bring about a dictatorship of the proletariat. the government would eventually wither away and it would become a classless society, without poverty or exploitation |
|
|
Capitalism
|
Private ownership
|
|
|
Socialism
|
Public (government) ownership
|
|
|
Communist Revolutions
|
Russia, China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam
|
|
|
Why did much fewer Communist Revolutions happen than Marx predicted?
|
Political, religious, and psychological forces also affect events, not just economic forces
|
|
|
What did Marx not foresee?
|
That workers' conditions would improve (pressure from unions)
|
|
|
What happened to the middle class instead of disappearing?
|
It became bigger instead of being pushed down to the working class.
|
|
|
Nationalism
|
Workers put country befor class
|
|
|
Why did Communist countries become dictatorships?
|
The human nature is full of greed, ambition, and lust for power
|
|
|
Why did Communist countries decline?
|
They had a lack of incentive, initiative, and reward, and therefore underproduced
|
|
|
Luddites
|
Named after Ned Ludd, smashed machines that they thought were putting them out of work, attacked factories beginning 1811, riots
|
|
|
Who would oppose communism?
|
Capitalists
|
|
|
William Cooper
|
10 year old, 16 hour workday, sister had 18 hour workday
|
|
|
Who opposed government intervention?
|
Traditional Economists
|
|
|
What did economists believe?
|
Minimum wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system
|
|
|
Adam Smith
|
-The Wealth of Nations (book)
-defended the idea of a free economy/ free markets -economic liberty guaranteed economic progress -government need not interfere in economy -argued that if individuals freely followed their self-interests, the world would be orderly and progressive -In a marketplace where sellers produce what others would buy, social harmony would result without any government direction |
|
|
David Ricardo
|
-wealthy stockbroker
-Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (book) -supported Smith's basic ideas -believed natural laws governed economic life -permanent underclass would always be poor -wages would be forced down as population increased |
|
|
Thomas Malthus
|
-An Essay On The Principle of Population (book)
-argued that population would increase more rapidly than food supply -without wars and epidemics to kill off the extra people, most were destined to a life of poverty and misery (seemed to be coming true in 1840s) |
|
|
Unions
|
-Voluntary associations
-spoke for all the workers in a particular trade |
|
|
Collective bargaining
|
Negotiations between workers and their employers. They bargained for better working conditions and higher pay. If factory owners refused the demand, union workers could strike
|
|
|
Who led the way in forming unions, and why?
|
Skilled workers, their special skills gave them extra bargaining power. Management would have trouble replacing suched skilled workers as carpenters, printers, and spinners
|
|
|
Whom did unions help the most?
|
Middle class
|
|
|
Why did the British government deny workers the right to unions?
|
They were seen as threats to order and stability
|
|
|
Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800
|
outlawed unions and strikes (repealed in 1824 because factory workers joined unions anyway)
|
|
|
What were the goals of British unions?
|
Raising wages and improving working conditions
|
|
|
When did British unions win the right to strike and picket peacefully?
|
1875
|
|
|
American Federation of Labor
|
Gained higher wages and shorter hours
|
|
|
Factory Act of 1833
|
Illegal to hire under-9 year old, 9-12 year olds could not work more than 8 hours a day, 13-17 year olds could not work more than 12 hours
|
|
|
Mines Act
|
Prevented women and children to work underground
1824 |
|
|
10 Hours Act of 1847
|
Limited workday to 10 hours for women and children factory workers
|
|
|
Reform Bill
|
1832,
-Eased the property requirement so that middle class men could vote -Modernized the districts for elcting members of parliament, eliminating "rotten boroughs" or empty districts: this gave new or growing cities more equitable representation -votes based on population |
|
|
National Child Labor Commitee (US)
|
1904, pressured national courts and state politicians to end child labor, Supreme Court allowed individual states to limit working hours (1919)
|
|
|
William Wilberforce
|
-Led the fight for the aboliton of slavery
-1807 Slave trade in British West Indies was ended -1833 Britain abolished slavery in its empire |
|
|
Motives against slavery
|
Morally against slavery, and some viewed slave labor as an economic threat
|
|
|
A new class of industrialists developed who supported...
|
cheap labor
|
|
|
US slavery ended when...
|
the Union won the Civil War, 1815
|
|
|
Slavery persisted in the Americas in....
|
Puerto Rico (ended 1873), Cuba (ended 1886), and Brazil, (ended 1888)
|
|
|
Why was the IR a mixed blessing for women?
|
Factory work offered higher wages, but they still only earned 1/3 as much as men
|
|
|
Women formd unions in the trades where they dominated...
|
Some women served as safety inspectors where other women worked.
|
|
|
Jane Addams
|
Opened settlement houses which served the poor residents of slums, such as Hull House in Chicago, the most famous settlement house.
|
|
|
Women activists joined to found....
|
the International Council for Women in 1888
|
|
|
Who attended the 1899 meeting for the International Council for Women?
|
Delegates and observers for 27 countries.
|
|
|
Horace Mann
|
Favored free public education for all children
"If we do not prepare our children to become good citizens... if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction." |
|
|
When did free public schooling become available in Western Europe?
|
Late 1800s
|
|
|
Alexis de Tocqueville
|
had contrasted brutal prison conditions in America to the "extended liberty" of American society. Reformers took on the challenge of prison reform.
|
|
|
Chartists
|
Called for suffrage for all men, annual Parliamentary elections, secret ballots, pay for the members of Parliamen, and an end to the property requirements for serving in Parliament. All their demands were met except for annual elections because it was too lengthy and costly
|
|
|
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
|
organized campaign for women's rights
|
|
|
Seneca Falls Convention
|
issued a Declaration of Women's Rights based on the Declaration of Independence
|
|
|
Why did resistance to women suffrage demands increase?
|
They thought it was too radical and some claimed women lacked the ability to take part in politics
|
|
|
Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst
|
Britain suffragettes, organized the Women's Social and Political Union, did demonstrations, heckled government speakers, cut telegraph wires, committed arson
|
|
|
Emily Davison
|
Sacrificed her life at the English Derby, threw herself under the king's horse
|
|
|
Edison
|
Lightbulb, phonograph, movies
|
|
|
How many inventions did Edison make?
|
1093
|
|
|
Alexander Graham Bell
|
Telephone
|
|
|
Marconi
|
radio in 1895
|
|
|
Ford
|
Made car more affordable with interchangeable parts and assembly lines. People could travel at will
|
|
|
Wright Brother
|
Flew a gasoline powered flying machine at Kitty Hawk for 59 sec, began new industry: aircraft manufacture
|
|
|
Pasteur
|
Germ theory of disease
|
|
|
Pasteurization
|
killing bacteria in liquids
|
|
|
Lister
|
Insisted on cleanliness in his hospital, antiseptic washes
|
|
|
Darwin
|
theory of evolution, On the Origin of Species, survival of the fittest, advantages are passed on, species change and evolve over time
|
|
|
Mendel
|
Found pattern to the way certain traits are inherited, began science of genetics
|
|
|
Dalton
|
atoms
|
|
|
Mendeleev
|
organized the known elements into a chart by weight (periodic table)
|
|
|
Curies
|
Discovered 2 elements, radium and polonium, discovered pitchblende release powerful form of energy, radioactivity
|
|
|
Rutherford
|
suggested atoms were made of smaller particles, nucleus surrounded by electrons
|
|
|
Pavlov
|
conditioned response
|
|
|
Freud
|
unconscious mind drives how people think and act. memories, desires, and impulses shape behavior, psychoanalysis
|
