World History Midterm Review Test

Front 1

Major states and empires in the Eastern Hemisphere
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Back 1

England
• France
• Spain
• Russia
• Ottoman Empire
• Persia
• China
• Mughal India
• Songhai Empire

Front 2

Major states and empires in the Western Hemisphere
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Back 2

Incan Empire
• Aztec Empire

Front 3

Renaissance
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Back 3

“Rebirth” of classical knowledge; “birth” of the modern world
• Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city-states to northern Europe

Front 4

Contributions of the Renaissance
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Back 4

Accomplishments in the visual arts: Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci
• Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays, essays): Shakespeare
Accomplishments in intellectual ideas (humanism): Erasmus

Front 5

Location of world religions in 1500 A.D. (C.E.)
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Back 5

Judaism: Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East
• Christianity: Concentrated in Europe and the Middle East
• Islam: Parts of Asia, Africa, and southern Europe
• Hinduism: India and part of Southeast Asia
• Buddhism: East and Southeast Asia

Front 6

Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome
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Back 6

Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury.
• German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
• The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
• Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.

Front 7

Martin Luther (the Lutheran tradition)
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Back 7

Views: Salvation by faith alone, Bible as the ultimate authority, all humans equal before God
• Actions: 95 theses, birth of the Protestant Church

Front 8

John Calvin (the Calvinist tradition)
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Back 8

Views: Predestination, faith revealed by living a righteous life, work ethic
• Actions: Expansion of the Protestant Movement

Front 9

King Henry VIII
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Back 9

Views: Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
• Actions: Divorced; broke with Rome; headed the national church in England; appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England

Front 10

Queen Elizabeth I
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Back 10

Anglican Church
• Tolerance for dissenters
• Expansion and colonialism
Victory over the Spanish Armada (1588)

Front 11

Reformation in Germany
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Back 11

Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending the authority of the Pope in their states.
• The Hapsburg family and the authority of the Holy Roman Empire continued to support the Roman Catholic Church.
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars (e.g., Thirty Years’ War).

Front 12

Reformation in France
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Back 12

Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict.

Front 13

Catholic Reformation
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Back 13

Dissenters prior to Martin Luther: Jan Huss, John Wycliffe
• Counter-Reformation:
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices.
– The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
• The Inquisition was used to reinforce Catholic doctrine.

Front 14

Role of the printing press
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Back 14

Growth of literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.
• The Bible was printed in English, French, and German.
• These factors had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and the Renaissance

Front 15

Factors contributing to the European discovery of lands in the Western Hemisphere
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Back 15

Demand for gold, spices, and natural resources in Europe
• Support for the diffusion of Christianity
• Political and economic competition between European empires
• Innovations of European and Islamic origins in navigational arts
• Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator

Front 16

Establishment of overseas empires and decimation of indigenous populations
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Back 16

Portugal: Vasco da Gama
• Spain: Christopher Columbus, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan
• England: Francis Drake
• France: Jacques Cartier

Front 17

Americas
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Back 17

Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America
• Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires
• Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America
• Forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved
• Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent countries

Front 18

Africa
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Back 18

European trading posts along the coast
• Trade in slaves, gold, and other resources

Front 19

Asia
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Back 19

Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China)
• Influence of trading companies (Portuguese, Dutch, British

Front 20

Columbian Exchange
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Back 20

Western Hemisphere agricultural products, such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco, changed European lifestyles.
• European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians.
• European diseases, such as smallpox, killed many American Indians.

Front 21

Impact of the Columbian Exchange
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Back 21

Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves.
• Slavery was based on race.
• European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment.

Front 22

what did triangular trade do

Back 22

The triangular trade linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves, sugar, and rum were traded.

Front 23

Export of precious metals
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Back 23

Gold and silver exported to Europe and Asia
• Impact on indigenous empires of the Americas
• Impact on Spain and international trade

Front 24

Original location of the Ottoman Empire
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Back 24

Asia Minor

Front 25

Expansion and extent of the Ottoman Empire
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Back 25

Southwest Asia
• Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula
• North Africa

Front 26

Development of the Ottoman Empire
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Back 26

Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul
• Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions
• Trade in coffee and ceramics

Front 27

Location of the Mughal Empire
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Back 27

North India

Front 28

Contributions of Mughal rulers
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Back 28

Spread of Islam into India
• Art and architecture: Taj Mahal
• Establishment of European trading outposts)
• Influence of Indian textiles on British textile industry

Front 29

Trade with European nations
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Back 29

Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent.
• Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems.

Front 30

China
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Back 30

Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade
• Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade
• Increase in European demand for Chinese goods (tea, porcelain)

Front 31

Japan
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Back 31

Characterized by a powerless emperor controlled by a military leader (shogun)
• Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

Front 32

African exports
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Back 32

Slaves (triangular trade)
• Raw materials (ivory, gold)

Front 33

African imports
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Back 33

Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia, and the Americas
• New food products (corn, peanuts)

Front 34

Terms to know
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Back 34

mercantilism: An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient; based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

Front 35

Commercial Revolution
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Back 35

European maritime nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources.
• A new economic system emerged:
– New money and banking systems were created.
– Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved.
• Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country.

Front 36

Pioneers of the scientific revolution
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Back 36

Nicolaus Copernicus developed heliocentric theory.
• Johannes Kepler discovered planetary motion.
• Galileo Galilei used telescope to support heliocentric theory.
• Isaac Newton formulated law of gravity.
• William Harvey discovered circulation of the blood.

Front 37

Importance of the scientific revolution
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Back 37

Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
• Formulation of the scientific method
• Expansion of scientific knowledge

Front 38

Characteristics of absolute monarchies
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Back 38

Centralization of power
• Concept of rule by divine right

Front 39

Absolute monarchs
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Back 39

Louis XIV of France: Palace of Versailles as a symbol of royal power
• Peter the Great of Russia: Westernization of Russia

Front 40

Development of the rights of Englishmen
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Back 40

Oliver Cromwell and the execution of Charles I
• The restoration of Charles II
• Development of political parties/factions
• Glorious Revolution (William and Mary)
• Increase of parliamentary power and decrease of royal power
• English Bill of Rights of 1689

Front 41

The Enlightenment
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Back 41

Applied reason to the human world, as well as to the rest of the natural world
• Stimulated religious tolerance
• Fueled democratic revolutions around the world

Front 42

Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas
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Back 42

Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.
• John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.
• Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.
• Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state.

Front 43

Influence of the Enlightenment
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Back 43

Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.
• Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.
• The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

Front 44

Causes of the French Revolution
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Back 44

Influence of Enlightenment ideas
• Influence of the American Revolution

Front 45

Events of the French Revolution
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Back 45

Storming of the Bastille
• Reign of Terror

Front 46

Outcomes of the French Revolution
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Back 46

End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI
• Rise of Napoleon

Front 47

Representative composers, artists, philosophers, and writers
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Back 47

Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Classical composer
• Voltaire: Philosopher
• Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist
• Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

Front 48

New schools of art and forms of literature
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Back 48

Painting depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits).
• New forms of literature evolved, such as the novel (e.g., Cervantes’ Don Quixote).

Front 49

Technologies
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Back 49

All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.
• New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).
• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

Front 50

Characteristics of the colonial system
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Back 50

Colonial governments mirrored the home governments.
• Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.
• A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.
• Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority.
– Havana
– Mexico City
– Lima
– São Paulo
– Buenos Aires

Front 51

Rigid class structure
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Back 51

Viceroys / colonial officers
• Creoles
• Mestizos

Front 52

Influence of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America
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Back 52

Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.
• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.
• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Front 53

Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s
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Back 53

Mexico
• Haiti
• Colombia
• Venezuela
• Brazil

Front 54

Contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture
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Back 54

Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French
• Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain

Front 55

Contributions of Simón Bolivar
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Back 55

Native resident who led revolutionary efforts
• Liberated the northern areas of Latin America

Front 56

Impact of the Monroe Doctrine
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Back 56

The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823.
• Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent.
• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

Front 57

Legacy of Napoleon
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Back 57

Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination
• Napoleonic Code
• Awakening of feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Front 58

Legacy of the Congress of Vienna
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Back 58

“Balance of power” doctrine
• Restoration of monarchies
• New political map of Europe
• New political philosophies (liberalism, conservatism)

Front 59

Unification of Italy
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Back 59

Count Cavour unified Northern Italy.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy.
• The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy.