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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is mecca?
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A city in western Arabia which... 1)houses the most holy shrine for muslims.- the Ka'ba - which is the most sacred spot on earth for muslims.(built by Abraham and Ishmael)
2) the birthplace of Islam’s founder, the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca is considered a holy city. - first many gods were worshipped, but then changed to only Allah -was also the center of Caravan trade |
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Who is Muhammad? and why was he important?
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was born in a clan of a powerful Meccan family
-powerful tradesman/businessman who liked to pray in solitude -converted to be the "last prophet" -called by Gabriel to be the messenger of Allah (had a vision) - taught Islam and Allah's teachings to the people, as revealed to him by Gabriel |
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Islam
-its main teaching? |
in arabic islam means "submission to the will of Allah"
- a monotheistic religion whose main belief is: Allah is the only God and teh center of your life (ethical monotheism) -started by Muhammad in the 600s |
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Muslim
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means " submitted" "surrendering"
- people who believe in the ISLAM religion: that Allah is the only god people are MUSLIMS religion is ISLAM |
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what was the Hijrah?
- why did it happen? |
-The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to the town of Yathrib (later named Medina)
-emigration: starting point of Islamic calendar -Because many Arabs did not agree with Muhammad preaching in Mecca for a single god, so they were harassing, and attacking Moh. and his followers. -They believed in MANY arabic gods and thought people would stop coming to Mecca if Mecca was perceived to be monotheistic |
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the five pillars of Islam
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1. Faith -only God is Allah (Moh is his messenger)
2. Prayer - must pray 5 times a day facing mecca 3. Alms - support the poor (religious tax -2.5% of ur wealth) 4. Fasting - from dawn to sunset during Ramadan (holy mth) 5. Pilgrimage (the hajj) - pilgrimage to mecca at least once in lifetime **to be Muslim you have to carry out five duties** |
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Mosque
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an islamic house of worship.
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Hajj
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pilgramage to mecca usually once in a life time
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what are belivers of islam religion forbiddon to eat or drink?
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pork and intoxiating beverages
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What is the Qur'an
- language? |
the holy book of the muslims
- their source of authority as it contains all of Allah's revelations that Muhammed received from ANgel Gabriel - written in Arabic as only Arabic can be used to worship |
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the Sunna
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-the moral conduct of Islam
- the best model for proper living was Muhammad's example - taught them how to behave properly |
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what is the Shari'a
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the system of law that regulates the life for the muslims. Regulates:
- family life - business deals - moral conduct |
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Describe the geography of the Arabian Peninsula
- how was the land - border waters -border countries |
-is the peninsula were Saudi Arabia is on , Mecca is in the peninsula
- mostly dessert land - very little farming -1200 miles long, 1300 m wide - at the crossroads of by Big 3: Africa, Europe and Asia -bordered by Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Med See - TRADE IS BIG b/c of geography |
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TRADE was HUGE for the Arabs since very early on...
What did they trade? |
- IDEAS /culture
And - Goods: spices, incense, perfume, precious metals, silk, ivory |
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Examples of Mohammed's leadership skill - all displayed in Medina
** These mark a turning point for Mohhamed*** |
Viewed as a leader b/c he was able to...
1) to join his own people with the Arabs and Jews of Medina in a single community 2) He also became a military leader in growing hostilities between Medina and Mecca and won at Mecca ** Since he won, people saw his as the protection sent from God - they believed in him, so he unified eveyone and was perceived to be his leader** |
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WHAT was Mohammed's biggest accomplishment
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He unified the entire Arabian Peninsula under Islam
- by converting Mecca to Islam and by providing good political and military leadership |
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who said this and when ?
'what shall I proclaim" |
Muhammed when he was with the Angel Gabriel
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Where did Mohammed return to prior to his death? and what happened when he returned?
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Mohammad received a revelation: to return to Mecca
- Mohammad gathered arms. Bloody battles took place against the Meccans, but he won. - The people of the desert began to see Mohammad’s victories as a protection of God. - He destroyed the idols in the shrine |
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the earliest surviving Islamic monument
hint: it's in Jerusalem |
Dome of the rock
- is also the 3rd most holy place in Islam as they say it's the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven to learn of Allah's will (before he returned to earth to bring Allah's message) - located where the jews had their temple that was destroyed by the romans (where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac) |
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Other Muslims Customs
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- Friday afternoons - they get together to pray
- no priests - everyone prays on their own - Religion is a way of life, Muslims do not separate personal from religious life |
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how do muslims pray? describe their ritual of praying
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They pray five times a day
- facing Mecca - they perform a ritual of cleansing before praying - they remove their shoes - call to prayer usually comes over a loudspeaker or radio (in big cities) |
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how are Muslim, Christianity and Jewish religions similar?
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-Muslims believe Allah is the same God that Christians/Jews worship
-Muslisms think Jesus was also a prophet of God, whereas Christians think he is the son of God. (Muslims think Muhammad was the last prophet) - All believe in heaven and hell and day of judgment - All trace ancestry to Abraham |
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"people of the book"
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- term given by Muslims to Christians and Jews b/c they also have a book that teaches them similar teachings of God that are taught in the Qu'ram
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What does Islam law (sharia) teach Muslims about Christians/Jews?
How did Muslims treat Jews/Christians back then? |
- Muslims are taught to have religious tolerance for the Christians and Jews but they were not allowed to spread their religion
-the Qu'ram forbade forced conversions -They had to pay a toll tax to avoid the military but were allowed to have great jobs (officials, scholars and bureaucrats) - |
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How did Islam help spread Arabic Culture?
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- the official language of prayer is arabic so all the muslims around the world have to pray in Arabic. Common language helps keep the "arabic" culture together.
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What is the world's fastest growing religion?
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islam - millions of people
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After Muhammad died what was the crisis that the community had?
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They lacked a clear way to choose a new leader this eventually caused the Muslim world to divide.
- this was a challenge to the Umma (the community) - birth of the caliphate |
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What is a caliph? And who was the first one?
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A caliph is the successor of Muhammad
- in 632 Abu- Bakr became first caliph |
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Who were the “rightly guided caliphs” ?
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1) Abu-Bakr -2 yrs (632-34) - had to invoke Jihad - military force b/c muslims were not paying taxes, claiming to be prophets, abandoning Islam
2) Umar (634-44) - expanded the empire 3) Uthman (644-656) - killed -expanded further the empire to Iran, Egypt, Persia 4) ALI (656-661). son in law of Muh. -also killed - triggered Civil War - - Caliphs ended after Ali was killed - replaced by Ummayyads who took over |
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What is a “rightly guided Caliph”?
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One who used the Qur’an and Muhammad actions as guides to leadership. The four rightly guided caliphs made grade progression in spreading the Muslim religion
- the Muslim state and religion expanded all the way to Spain, lower Egypt, Syria (from Atl Ocean to Indus River) |
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What caused the civil war?
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- there were too many people fighting for power of the empire
- Ali was also murdered by those struggling for power - the Umayyads took over |
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Who came into power after Ali was killed?
how was this group? |
A family known as the Umayyads then came into power
-661-750 (almost a century) - they abandoned the simple life and liked to display and surround themselves with wealth |
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What did the Umayyads do?
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-moved the Muslim capital from Mecca to Damascus,
- their lifestyle (surrounded themselves with wealth) lead to the division of Muslim community - set up a heredetary system of succession (ended caliphs - elected) |
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What were the groups formed by the muslims when they split?
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1) Sunni - the ones who did not resist the Umayyads (the majority-83%) - should follow the Sunna', Moh's example
2) Shi’a -believed the leader should be a descendant from Mohammad - "party of Ali" - 16% (Ali was son in law) 3) Sufis - rejected the luxuries of the Umayyads - wanted poverty and spiritual life - focused on Qu'ran |
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Abbasids
- who were they? |
The most powerful group who took over the Ummayyads empire in 750 when they were split b/n Shiites and Sunnis
- lasted until 1258 (500+ years) -killed the Umayyad family (except for one prince that left to Spain) - had many contributions |
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Al- Andalus
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a Muslim settlement (state) in Spain
-set up by fleeing Umayyad and Berbers (muslims from N Africa) when Abasids were persecuting Umayyads -currentday Andalusia -main city: Cordoba - became a dazzling center of Muslim culture |
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Fatimid
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caliphate was formed by Shi’a Muslims who claimed descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima.
- tried to separate from te Abbasids |
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what made it so easy for the Muslim empire and religion to spread
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1) they had a very strong military
2) the territories they were conquering were weak from previous struggles/wars 3) people they were conquering welcomed a newcomer as many were being persecuted for not following christianity/zoroastrinsim. They liked the "tolerance" exhibited by the muslims when they conquered them. 4)They welcomed message of hope provided by Islam. |
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jihad
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an armed struggle against nonbelievers
-mentioned in the Qu'ram -invoked by AbuBakr when some tribes refused to pay taxes and support the religion (early caliph) |
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What did the Abbasids do for the Muslim Empire?
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1) moved the capital of Muslim empire to Bagdad, Iraq (more central to trade)
2) set up extensive trade network on both land (on Silk Roads)and sea (Med Sea and Indian Ocean) 3) set up bureacracy (govt) to control the HUGE empire - set up taxes - set up group to control the army - set up Treasury to keep track of money *** Empire grew very big via trade and very prosperous** |
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What things did the Abbasids do to support the trade network?
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1) set up banks in cities throughout the empire
2) offered "sakks" to merchants - these were like checks/letters of credits that could be used to get currency at another bank 3) single currency - ABBASID DINAR that could be used everywhere on the various trade routes |
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What 4 things tied the Abbasis caliphate and the independent Muslim states (ex Fatimid) together?
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1 common religion
2 common Arabic language 3 the trade 4. the economy |
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what attracted non-Muslins to Islamic culture?
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- Islamic religion offered hope and equality for all
-Also, in many cases nonmuslims were being persecuted for other religious reasons |
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What was the most populous city in 900 a.d ?
other important cities |
Baghdad was with 1 million people
Other: 1) Damascus,2) Cordoba (Spain), 3) Cairo - the Faitimid Capital (Egypt), 4) Jerusalem ** Look at map - p 261*** |
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What were the four social classes in Muslim society? Highest to lowest
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Highest to lowest,
1)Upper class – those who were Muslims as birth. 2)those who converted to Muslim 3)the protected people the Jews, Christians. 4) The lowest class was composed of slaves. |
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What were common professions for the slaves?
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Either performed household work, or fought in Military
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What does the Qur’an say about woman?
- Role of the Women in Islam |
It says “men are the managers of the affairs of women” "Righteous women are therefore obedient"
- however the Qur’an also declares that men and women as believers are equal - Muslim women had more rights that European women (at the time) - responsible for raising children |
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Did Muhammad believe in learning?
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Yes he did. he persuaded people to acquire as much knowledge as possible
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What is the House of Wisdom ?
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In early 800’s, Caliph Al Ma’mun opened in Baghdad a combination library, academy, and translation center called the House of wisdom
- scholars of different beliefs worked together traslating texts from Egypt, Greece, Persia into Arabic - -researchers researched |
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In litature what is the Qur’an the standard for ?
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It is the standard for all Arabic Litature and poetry
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What is calligraphy?
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It is the art of beautiful handwriting
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who was the greatest Muslim physycian
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Al - RAZI
- wrote books (treatment small pox and measels -studied best location for hospitals |
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two Muslim ideas that stand out re: math and science?
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1) the importance of scientific observations and experimentation (do work in labs)
2) math was the basis of all knowledge (same thing Aristotle believed) |
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What were the three Muslim empires when the muslim state broke up?
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Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal.
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How did Muslim scholars help preserve the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans
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Thru the writing of books and storing them in libraries
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BEDOUINS
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-the early nomad tribes that lived in the Arabian Peninsula
-moved in Caravan - traded |
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Umma
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the creation of the Islamic community or a community by faith.
-When Mohammad left Mecca, he created an "UMMA" in Medina |
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Message in the Qu'ram
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1) that there is only 1 god - can't worship false gods
2) Need to treat fairly the poor, the orphans, widows and women (Immorality) 3)final judgment day - eternal glory or punishment based on ur actions |
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why were the Muslims so interested in learning?
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1) their prophet Mohammad ecnouraged them to learn: "Acquire knwoledge... our way to heaven; it guides us to happiness..."
2) needed to study astronomy in order to fullfill the 5 pillars (fasting during holy month, facing the mecca) |
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An example of an important text in literature written by the Muslims
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The Thousand and One Nighr
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Describe Muslim Art
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1) lots of calligraphy -considered to reflect the Glory of Allah
2) no images of living things (for fear of worshipping images) 3) lots of geographic patterns - |
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What characterizes Muslim Architecture
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- BLENDED style of architecture
- it is in the architecture that the blend of culture of Muslims can be seen |
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What is meant by the "ideal man"
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the value of many cultures were recognized by the Muslims. They described the ideal man as one that should be..."East Persian derivation, arabic in faith, Iraqui in education, Hebrew in astuteness..." -> a blend of cultures
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IBd Rushd
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Bets Muslim Philosopher whose writings influenced all of Europe
-some considered him a threat and stoned him in front of a mosque in Cordoba |
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what united scholars of different cultures who worked together at the House of Worship
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thirst and curiosity of knowledge
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important developements in Math & Astronomy
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Algebra
optics astrolabe - measures <s of the sun/stars cartography |
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What is the Sacred City that only Muslims are allowed to enter?
hint: Mohammad to refuge here |
Medina
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What is the Sacred City that only Muslims are allowed to enter?
hint: Mohammad to refuge here |
Medina
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