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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1) Economies of Dependency:
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2) Extraterritoriality:
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3) Socialism:
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optimistic/utopian ideology, progressive theory of human perfection, advocates social, economic and political equality (communism); critique of French Revolution, formed communism
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4) “The White Man’s Burden”:
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task of civilizing other people, responsibility
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5) Indirect Rule:
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locals have to be cooperative
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6) The Communist Manifesto:
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by Karl Marx, belief that communism is inevitable and was going to happen > class struggle is last stage before communism > violence and war would result in communism
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7) Zionism:
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Freedom of the Jewish and establishment of Israel estate
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8) Secularism/Secularization:
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decline in church attendance, growing separation between church and state, incompatibility between loyalty to church and nation, Jewish Emancipation, assimilation, new political movements, rise of sciences and social sciences, The Secularization Thesis says religious belief is incompatible with human progress or modern society, religion as a sign of cultural backwardness, gendered and geographic limitations
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9) The Proletariat:
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working class, Karl Marx focused on, causes communism to take over
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10) The Second Great Awakening:
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new religion becomes more popular again (not necessarily in Europe)
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11) “Gunboat Diplomacy”:
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Diplomacy involving intimidation by threat or use of military force
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12) Assimilation:
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fitting into society (under nationalism), undermine religion and focus on country
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13) Nationalism:
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concept of national uniqueness and superiority, national competition, colonies as a sign of national strength; the nation is a people sharing the same language, history, customs, culture, and ethnicity / an independent, sovereign people, accountable to each other, a political entity whose physical boundaries are defined by cultural and ethnic boundaries; nationalist government imposes culture of the dominant nation on ethnic minorities, ’ethnic cleansing’ through mandatory primary school education, civil requirements, mandatory military service, cultural projects; social Darwinism and scientific racism, Mazzini; two problems: imagine communities: devotion to country and no one knows how to create a nation
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14) Marxism:
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Communist Manifesto, Communism as historically inevitable, class struggle as the engine of history, brought about change through violent revolution, Reform/Fabian socialism, Marxist socialism, bolshevism, anarchism, overcome fake consciousness (religion and other non-comunist views)
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15) Quinine:
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reduced Malaria, gin and tonic to make it taste better, European technological advance over world
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16) Everyday Resistance:
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‘folly’ and ‘sloth’, small acts of protest and disobedience, sustained ‘spirit of resistance’
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17) Anti-Semitism:
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against proponents of Zionism; when Jews were assimilated, economy went down and they were blamed
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18) Social Darwinism:
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Ability and racial superiority, hierarchy of races, human races engaged in a continual struggle for the “survival of the fittest”, both a justification an a defense for European imperialism; the better the race the better the country, European Imperialism had to happen or they would fall behind, Darwin noted it but not this extreme
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19) Fabianism:
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reform socialism, bread and butter socialism
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20) Sepoy Rebellion:
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1857, ......
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21) Class Consciousness:
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knowing place in society, industrial revolution caused this, associated with Karl Marx,
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22) Anarchism:
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most aggressive group, violent acts to wake up working class
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1) How did the industrial revolution help to create an era of European dominance?
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- European technological advantage over rest of world (economic dependencies)
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2) How did different technological inventions help Europeans to conquer parts of Asia and Africa during the nineteenth century?
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- better rifles, guns, light-weight clothing, steamships, improved iron, Quinine, latitude and longitude, speed and travel, marine
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3) What was the relationship between nationalism and European empire building during the nineteenth century?
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- built empire around nationalism, wanted everyone to have same views and right people
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4) Nineteenth-Century European Empires
How did they grow? What made them possible? How did European justify imperial expansion into Asia and Africa? What made them different from early-modern empires? How strong was European imperial rule, and how was it conducted? What types of short and long-term effects did European empires have on the rest of the world? |
How did they grow?
- colonization and imperialism What made them possible? - technological advantages and industrial revolution How did European justify imperial expansion into Asia and Africa? - social Darwinism What made them different from early-modern empires? - no nationalism or technological advantages, grew rapidly, didn’t integrate races How strong was European imperial rule, and how was it conducted? - destroys threats and influences others to focus on European needs What types of short and long-term effects did European empires have on the rest of the world? - economies of dependency, wars on ethnic differences, modernized Africa and India (railroads) |
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5) What made nineteenth-century imperialism different from the empires of the early-modern era?
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- negotiation, free trade, influenced by Industrial Revolution
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6) What is the difference between Economic/Business/Informal imperialism and Political/Formal imperialism?
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7) The extent of European Empires during the nineteenth century:
What parts of the world were colonized and ruled by Europeans by 1900? What parts of the world were subject to only to European Business Imperialism by 1900? What parts of the world remained free from European colonization or Economic Imperialism in 1900? |
What parts of the world were colonized and ruled by Europeans by 1900?
U.S. not colonized, almost all controlled by European world What parts of the world were subject to only to European Business Imperialism by 1900? United States, certain parts of Asia and South America What parts of the world remained free from European colonization or Economic Imperialism in 1900? Ethiopia, Japan, Liberia, and Afghanistan |
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8) The First (1839-182) and Second (1856-1860) Opium Wars:
Who did the wars involve? What caused the wars? What did the victors receive as a result of the wars? |
Who did the wars involve?
Great Britain and China What caused the wars? Great Britain tried to sell Opium, China said to stop, Great Britain angered and starts war What did the victors receive as a result of the wars? China forced to open new ports for European trade; Great Britain got Hong Kong as a colony, extraterritoriality, China’s laws no longer applied in Hong Kong, Christian missionaries, Great Britain wins because of technological advantage * Same thing happens in both wars, Gunboat Diplomacy in Second Opium War. Second: China tried to outlaw Opium and loses again and Great Britain leaves |
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9) What types of technologies helped Europeans to conquer non-European peoples during the nineteenth century? (Be sure to know examples of these technologies and how they specifically aided European colonization.)
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10) How did Africans and Asians resist European colonization?
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Direct wars, Indian national assembly , political immobilization without violence, everyday resistance
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11) What role did Native Collaborators and Local Conflicts in Asia and Africa play in the growth of nineteenth-century European Empires?
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indirect rulers
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12) The Taiping Rebellion
What was it? What caused it? What was its significance in nineteenth-century Chinese and world history? |
What was it?
Hong Xiuquan, failed 3 times, thought he was son of Jesus Christ, violent response to Confucian traditions, religious and social rebellion, religious movement to ‘purify’ China, influenced by Christianity, ‘Heavenly Kingdom of Peace’, Lasts 20 years, 20-30 million Chinese deaths, defeated with the aid of European armies What caused it? (notes) ^ What was its significance in nineteenth-century Chinese and world history? greatest tragedy, religion important again, country became dependent on European country |
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13) How did the Industrial Revolution change the practice and organization of religions and political parties?
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promoted nationalism and socialism, secular religions, more political views that replaced religious, end of Industrial Revolution, ethnic differences highlighted countries and races
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14) How did the beliefs, doctrine, and ritual practices of the major religions of the world change during the nineteenth century? What factors encouraged these changes?
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Religions unified to one (Certain religions)
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15) How did different religions attempt to adjust to the new world created by modern science and industrial technology?
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new pamphlets, missionaries, everyday suffering (Rochester)
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16) How was Charles Finney’s 1830 revival in Rochester, NY representative of larger developments taking place in religious practice around the world during the nineteenth century?
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17) Why do historians refer to socialism and nationalism as ‘secular’ religions? Why did these political movements come to compete with religious movements by the end of nineteenth century?
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natural and scientific
replacing religion becoming a religion itself, religion defined as false/fake consciousness, not practical |
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18) What was nationalism? How did nationalist political parties and national governments foster nationalist sentiments among populations?
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(see term)
with assimilation through mandatory primary education, military service, arts and literature, defining nation, forced participation |
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19) What conditions made mass politics possible in the late nineteenth century?
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Industrial Revolution > printing; move away from religion and focus on politics
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20) What conditions helped to create the ideas of socialism?
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class consciousness and class differences (Karl Marx)
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21) What were the different strands of socialism?
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Fabianism/Reform, Marxism, Bolshevism, Anarchism
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22) How did the rise of the professional sciences and social sciences alter the nature of politics and ideas during the nineteenth century?
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